Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy Consultation draft

Transcription

1 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy Consultation draft SEA Environmental Report Prepared for Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit by Land Use Consultants January 2012

2 Project Title: Client: Version Date Version Details Prepared by Checked by Approved by Principal /01/12 Draft Environmental Report LT SO NJ

3 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy Consultation draft SEA Environmental Report Prepared for Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit by Land Use Consultants January 2012 Planning & EIA Design Landscape Planning Landscape Management Ecology Mapping & Visualisation LUC GLASGOW 37 Otago Street Glasgow G12 8JJ Tel: Fax: Offices also in: London Bristol Edinburgh FS EMS Land Use Consultants Ltd Registered in England Registered number: Registered Office: 43 Chalton Street London NW1 1JD LUC uses 100% recycled paper

4 SEA ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT COVER NOTE PART 1 To: SEA.gateway@scotland.gsi.gov.uk or SEA Gateway Scottish Government Area 1 H (Bridge) Victoria Quay Edinburgh EH6 6QQ PART 2 An Environmental Report is attached for: Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy The Responsible Authority is: Contact name Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit Alan Edgar PART 3 Job title Policy Officer Contact Address Contact tel no Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit, Room 208 Liberator House, Glasgow Prestwick International Airport, Prestwick, KA9 2PT Tel: Contact PART 4 Signature Date

5 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Purpose of the Environmental Report and Key Facts 1 SEA Activities to Date 0 Purpose of the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 Structure of the Ayrshire and Arran FWS 1 2 Relationship with other Plans, Programmes and Strategies and Environmental Protection Objectives 2 3 Relevant Aspects of the Current State of the Environment 6 Environmental Issues 13 Likely evolution of the environment without the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 15 4 SEA Methodology 16 Introduction 16 Assessment Methods 16 Assessment of Alternatives 19 5 Assessment of environmental effects 21 Introduction 21 Vision 21 Aims, Objectives and Priority Actions 22 Spatial Priorities 27 Future Forests 0 Scenario planning 4 6 Mitigation and Monitoring 14 Measures Envisaged For the Prevention, Reduction and Offsetting Of Significant Adverse Effects and the Enhancement of Positive Effects 14 Monitoring 15 7 Next Steps 17 Appendix 1 1 SEA Matrices of FWS Objectives and Priority Actions 1 Appendix 2 2 Scenario planning figures 1 Tables Table 1: Framework for assessing environmental effects 18 Figures Figure 1.1: location map 0

6 Figure 3.1: natural heritage designations 0 Figure 3.2: Historic environment designations 2 Figure 3.3: landscape designations 4 Figure 3.4: rates of social deprivation in Ayrshire 7 Figure 3.6: soil types 10 Figure 3.7: soil carbon content 11 Figure 3.8: Water catchments and flood risk 12 Figure 5.1: spatial framework 0

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8 Non-technical summary Background Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is required under the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act It is a systematic method of assessing the environmental effects of plans and programmes during their preparation, allowing for the mitigation of any adverse effects before implementation. This is the non-technical summary of the Environmental Report prepared as part of the SEA of the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy (FWS). It sets out a summary of the SEA process, followed by an outline of the likely regionally-significant effects of the FWS. An important element of SEA is making the information about possible impacts available to the public, and this non-technical summary describes how to make comments on the SEA process and outcomes. Summary of the SEA process The SEA process to date comprised a number of key stages. At the outset, a scoping exercise was undertaken to identify the method for and overall content of the SEA. This process involved extensive engagement with the Consultation Authorities Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), Historic Scotland (HS) and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). A scoping report was also submitted to the Consultation Authorities for their comments. Following consideration of comments on the scoping report, assessment progressed: first examining the high-level effects of the FWS key themes, vision and objective; and then moving on to more detailed assessment of its spatial content and strategic priorities resulting in the preparation of this environmental report. The findings of the assessment process have been used to inform the development of the consultation draft FWS. The report is now being circulated for further comment and will inform the final review of the FWS on conclusion of the consultation period. Scope of the Environmental Report The Environmental Report includes the following: Key facts about the FWS and an outline of its objectives Relationships with other plans, programmes and strategies Environmental baseline the current state of the environment and likely evolution of the environment without the FWS Identification of SEA objectives for the assessment Application of the objectives to the FWS Assessment of the spatial content of the FWS Assessment of alternatives Proposed mitigation and monitoring measures Main objectives of the Ayrshire and Arran FWS The Ayrshire and Arran FWS is intended as a strategic management tool helping to inform the location, design and management of woodlands in Ayrshire and Arran, providing a policy and a spatial framework to maximise the contribution of woodland and forestry to the people, environment and economy of the region. The FWS will also help to target grant support for forestry projects and guide the preparation of forest plans. It should also inform and support the three emerging Ayrshire Local Development Plans. The strategy sets out the following: A vision for Woodlands and Forestry;

9 A spatial expression of the vision setting out the Future of Forests including the extent of woodland and what it will look like; A set of Aims, Objectives and Priority Actions for delivering the vision; and, Specific guidance and priorities for woodland management for the seven spatial zones that make up Ayrshire and Arran. The Strategy is divided into the following themes, with key objectives outlined under each. These are as follows: To optimise the role of woodland and forests in addressing climate change: Reducing greenhouse gases emissions Helping communities, the timber sector and the natural environment adapt to the changing climate To maximise woodland and forests contribution to the economy of Ayrshire and Arran: Increasing and matching timber production and processing capacity Developing sustainable timber transport solutions Supporting development of a market for woody biomass Increasing the role of woodland in creating a high quality environment for economic investment and regeneration To maximise woodland and forests contribution to communities quality of life: Improving degraded urban and urban fringe landscapes Creating opportunities for active travel, recreation, education and training and healthy lifestyles Increasing community involvement in woodland planning, management and ownership To maximise woodland and forests role in creating a high quality, resilient and diverse natural environment: Reinforcing Ayrshire and Arran s landscape character and sense of place Improving degraded urban and urban fringe landscapes, derelict and vacant land and areas affected by mineral working Improving woodland biodiversity while protecting important non-woodland habitats and species Conserving historic designed landscapes and veteran trees Protecting and improving understanding and enjoyment of the historic environment Environmental baseline Schedule 3 of the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005 requires that the Environmental Report includes a description of the relevant aspects of the current state of the environment and the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the plan or programme and the environmental characteristics of areas likely to be significantly affected. This section therefore summarises the environmental context of the FWS. Air The Environment Act 1995 places a duty on local authorities to regularly carry out a programme of air quality management in their areas. A number of pollutants require to be assessed against targets which are prescribed in regulations and set out in The UK Air Quality Strategy. None of the three Ayrshire local authorities have a declared Air Quality Management Area.

10 Biodiversity The nature conservation interest of the area is widespread and includes a wide range of habitats, vegetation communities or species of interest. This ranges from remnant semi-natural habitats to more recently formed habitats, and occurs on the upland, lowland and close to more densely populated urban areas. Habitats of particular nature conservation interest and importance include the valley or gorge woodlands, a number of lowland mosses, upland and upland fringe habitats, the estuaries and wetlands and coastal habitats. Ayrshire and Arran have a significant number of sites that are of international importance for their biodiversity and a further 78 Sites of Special Scientific Interest and 15 Scottish Wildlife Trust Reserves. Climate change The climate change projections suggest that Ayrshire will experience milder, wetter winters and warmer drier summers. There is likely to be an increase in flood risk during the winter, but a risk of drought in summer. Storms may become more frequent and intense. Sea levels along the coastline are likely to continue rising, and there will be an increase in the risk of flooding from extreme tides associated with storm events. Cultural heritage There is large number of listed buildings and structures in Ayrshire and Arran with a particular concentration along river valleys. There are around 200 Scheduled Monuments, and one battlefield - the location of the battle of Largs in which took place in There are 60 conservation areas and 20 historic gardens and designed landscapes, making an important contribution to the area s landscape. Landscape and townscape The following paragraphs provide a description of the role of woodland within the main landscape character types in Ayrshire While tree cover in many of Ayrshire s towns and villages is relatively limited, it is here that some of the benefits are most clearly seen. Trees and woodlands in public greenspaces, along green corridors, road and rail routes and in public gardens all contribute to the quality of the urban environment. There is growing recognition of the importance of trees and woodland in contributing to urban regeneration, with initiatives such as Woodlands In And Around Towns and planting on stalled sites targeting new woodlands or woodland management projects where they provide the greatest community and economic benefits. The Ayrshire lowlands are characterised by pastoral agriculture, with hedges and field boundary trees creating a distinctive landscape found in few other parts of Scotland. More extensive areas of woodland are less common. The Ayrshire lowlands and plateau moorlands are cut by a series of river valleys. Often narrow and incised, these valleys are already more heavily wooded than most neighbouring areas, with native woodlands clinging to steeper valley slopes and historic gardens and designed landscapes in places adding to their character. Tree cover along the coast and islands is relatively limited. The principal exception is the southern part of Arran where the lower moorland hills are clothed with a number of large productive forests. Elsewhere, windbent woodlands cover former cliff-lines and policy woodlands create pockets of more wooded coast. The Ayrshire lowlands are enclosed by a rim of hills made up of the Clyde Muirshiel Hills in the north, areas of plateau moorland in the east and the Carrick Hills and Southern Uplands to the south. Woodland cover is limited within the Clyde Muirshiel hills, with some areas of productive forest and pockets of native woodland. The plateau moorlands are characterised by a combination of large scale open cast mineral working often concentrated on valley slopes, extensive areas of productive conifer forest and, increasingly, wind farms. The Carrick Hills and Southern Uplands have seen considerable woodland expansion over the past thirty or forty years with extensive areas of coniferous plantation. The area is under considerable pressure for wind farm development. Landscape designations include the North Arran National Scenic Area, and the local plan designations of sensitive landscape areas in North Ayrshire and East Ayrshire and scenic areas in South Ayrshire. The local designations cover extensive areas of land.

11 Material assets Ayrshire is rich in mineral resources including sand and gravel, peat, crushed rock aggregate, brick clay, building stone, limestone, silica sand, fireclay and shallow coal. Forestry planting over resources which may be worked in the future does not preclude future use of these resources. Forestry and woodland planting is important in the reclamation of mineral sites and waste deposits. Vacant and derelict land is categorised in The Scottish Government (2010) The Scottish Vacant and Derelict Land Survey This showed that there were 1715 ha of derelict and urban vacant land across Ayrshire in Population and human health Key population and health issues for the three community health partnership areas of Ayrshire include: East Ayrshire CHP: Male and female life expectancy and mortality are significantly worse than the Scotland average. Diabetes is significantly more common than the Scotland average The number of people walking, cycling or using public transport to travel to work is the second lowest of any council area in Scotland, and the road accident casualty rate is worse than the Scottish average. 46.0% of adults in East Ayrshire rate their neighbourhood a very good place to live, compared to 52% for Scotland as a whole). North Ayrshire CHP Life expectancy, mortality and coronary heart disease (under-75s) are all significantly worse than across Scotland as a whole. Alcohol and drug related health problems are significantly worse than the Scottish average. The percentage of the population living within 500 metres of a derelict site is significantly higher than the Scotland average. There is a relatively high proportion of people living in areas with poor accessibility to work, shopping and community facilities. South Ayrshire CHP Life expectancy, mortality and cancer rates are all significantly better than Scotland. The percentage of the population living within 500 metres of a derelict site is significantly lower than the Scotland average. 60% of people rate their neighbourhood as a very good place to live (compared to 52% for all of Scotland). Soil Extensive areas of lowland Ayrshire are classified as land capable of supporting mixed agriculture with the best agricultural land concentrated along the coastal edge between Ayr and Irvine. Soils are important as a carbon store and disturbance of soils with a high organic content can release CO2 into the atmosphere. Carbon rich soils are concentrated in the uplands, including the Renfrewshire Heights, plateau moorlands of the Ayrshire Rim, Southern Uplands and more elevated parts of Arran. Water Ayrshire and Arran s water environment extends from upland catchments of rivers such as the Ayr, Irvine, Doon and Garnock natural lochs, man-made reservoirs and coastal estuaries. Many of the major rivers flow through settlements, creating flooding problems and potential impacts on communities. At the same time, the river valleys have some of the most important woodland habitats in the area, and are important resources for recreation, with access opportunities such as the River Ayr Way. The coastline is also at risk of flooding from the sea. The region s industrial history and intensive agriculture have also created issues in maintaining good water quality. SEPA has identified over 100 catchments in Scotland that are currently failing to meet environmental standards and has prioritised the rivers Ayr, Doon, Garnock and Irvine and North Ayrshire coastal burns for action to improve water quality.

12 SEA Objectives The SEA was carried out by assessing the key priorities of the FWS against a set of agreed SEA objectives. The framework for assessing the core policy content is indicated below. Table 0.1: SEA Objectives Schedule 3 component Biodiversity Population & Human health Soil SEA objectives To conserve and enhance the diversity of habitats and species To avoid further blight in disadvantaged communities To promote and develop Green Network thinking To promote the health and well-being of people in Ayrshire and Arran. To avoid adverse direct and indirect impacts on soil stability, structure and quality Sub-criteria for assessment Expand habitat networks Conserve and enhance key habitats and species Target woodland expansion in areas where benefits can be optimised for blighted communities Contribute to community and health benefits by promoting access, recreation and active travel using the green network Increase access to nature for both recreation, active travel and to improve the mental health and wellbeing of local communities. Where appropriate, seek to re-use VDL for a range of woodland / green network purposes Steer woodland expansion away from sensitive soil resources (i.e. peat) to minimise the potential for pollution and loss of soil carbon Safeguard prime agricultural land Water To protect and improve relevant waterbody status Contribute to the delivery of River Basin Management Plans, Area Action Plans and flood management through sustainable flood management and protecting water quality Air Climatic factors To protect and enhance air quality To reduce GHG emissions To support climate change mitigation To support climate change adaptation Contribute to a reduction in air pollution Reduce the potential for unnecessary timber miles and associated emissions Contribute to sustainable travel and transport objectives Seek to minimise GHG emissions from the sector Seek to prevent new planting on peat soils to maintain carbon stores Support appropriate renewable energy development Safeguard the standing timber carbon resource Contribute to sustainable water management and erosion prevention

13 Schedule 3 component SEA objectives Sub-criteria for assessment Contribute to climate change resilience planning objectives Material assets Cultural Heritage Landscape To support sufficient infrastructure development To minimise waste To conserve and enhance the cultural and built environment Conserve and enhance the character of the region s landscapes Contribute to the appropriate re-use of VDL Promote the efficient operation of the sector and the safe treatment and disposal of non-reusable/recyclable arisings Seek to ensure that woodland expansion safeguards the fabric and setting of heritage assets Contribute to the character and significance of important historic landscapes Seek to promote responsible access to and appreciation of cultural heritage via the green network Steer woodland expansion proposals to appropriate locations Support measures to promote good woodland design and appropriate diversity Encourage the use of woodland to root new development and existing settlements in the landscape Woodland expansion should reflect current and future landscape capacity to accommodate change Likely effects of the GC FWS The FWS is likely to have a broadly positive effect on the environment. The SEA identified no overall significant environmental effects, scoring particularly positively in relation to biodiversity and human health objectives. The FWS Vision embraces the economic, social and environmental imperatives driving the Scottish Government s ambitions regarding woodland expansion. The Vision, by necessity, is very broad in scope and places woodlands and forests role in contributing to the region s economy, the health and wellbeing of its communities and the quality of its environment at its centre. The contribution the region s woodlands and forests could make to these three sectors is a consistent theme throughout the Vision, as is the benefits that woodlands and forests can provide to people. Currently, the vision makes no reference to the aspiration to expand woodland cover in Ayrshire and Arran. While this, in itself, has no direct environmental effects, there is a significant benefit to ensuring that the vision accurately reflects the more detailed content and aspirations for the FWS. The key effects of the strategy s more detailed themes and objectives are outlined in the table below.

14 Table 0.2: Summary of environmental effects SEA objective Summary of effects Mitigation SEA Objective 1: To conserve and enhance the diversity of habitats and species The FWS is likely to have significant positive benefits for conserving and enhancing the diversity of habitats and species in Ayrshire and Arran. Some effects will depend on the type and location of woodland expansion. Impacts may start to be felt in the medium term and are likely to be permanent in nature. Ensure that planting for biomass does not result in large areas of monoculture that have a negative impact on biodiversity. Promote methods of timber harvesting that minimise the disturbance to habitats and species. Zone woodlands according to which, if any, recreational activities may be most suitable for them, minimising the disturbance to wildlife. With respect to internationally important sites: Restricting new woodland planting within the hydrological unit of Natura sites reliant on water quality and quantity Maintaining an unplanted buffer zone where new planting occurs in proximity to the Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands, Arran Moors, Renfrewshire Heights, Glen App and Galloway Moors Ensuring that forestry activities take place outwith the hen harrier breeding season Locating new recreational development away from Natura sites SEA Objective 2: To avoid further blight in disadvantaged communities The expansion of woodland promoted by the FWS is likely to have significant benefits for disadvantaged communities. Impacts may start to be felt in the medium term and are likely to be permanent in nature. Some effects will depend on the type and location of woodland expansion. SEA Objective 3: To promote and develop Green Network thinking SEA Objective 4: To promote the health and wellbeing of people in Ayrshire and Arran The FWS is likely to have a significant positive effect on promoting and developing Green Network thinking and cumulatively could make a significant difference to the area s Green Network. Impacts may start to be felt in the medium term and are likely to be permanent in nature. The specific location of woodland will also help to determine the level of benefit to the Green Network The FWS is likely to have a significant positive effect on the health and wellbeing of people in Ayrshire and Arran and cumulatively could make a significant difference to the health and wellbeing of the area s population.

15 SEA objective Summary of effects Mitigation SEA Objective 5: To avoid adverse direct and indirect impacts on soil stability, structure and quality The FWS is likely to cumulatively have a positive effect on soil stability, structure and quality. Impacts are likely to be permanent in their effect and occur in the short to medium term. Care will need to be taken to ensure that enough forest residues are left behind to protect and enrich the soil in these areas. Methods of harvesting that minimise the disturbance of soil should be promoted. Establishing new woodlands and trees for biomass production on derelict and vacant land will need to be carefully managed to ensure that short term damage and disruption to soil structure is minimised. Ensure that woodlands with sensitive soils are protected from intensive recreational use. SEA Objective 6: To protect and improve relevant waterbody status The FWS is likely to have beneficial effects on the status of water bodies, overall. The promotion of the transport of timber by water has the potential to have significant adverse impacts on the status of water bodies. SEA Objective 7: To protect and enhance air quality The expansion of woodland have clear benefits for air quality. The FWS also has the potential to reduce air pollution resulting from transportation by reducing the distance that timber is imported from, the distance people have to travel to visit and enjoy woodlands and promoting more sustainable means of transporting timber. The promotion of woodfuel as a source of energy also has the potential to replace other more polluting sources of energy, though local air quality could be an issue. SEA Objective 8: To reduce GHG emissions The expansion of woodland will have clear benefits for greenhouse gas emissions. Effects are likely to be permanent in nature and be felt in the medium term. SEA Objective 9: To support climate change adaptation The FWS is likely to have a significant beneficial effect on supporting climate change adaptation. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term. SEA Objective 10: To support sufficient infrastructure development The FWS is likely to have a significant beneficial effect on supporting the provision of sufficient infrastructure development. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term.

16 SEA objective Summary of effects Mitigation SEA Objective 11: To minimise waste The FWS is likely to have mixed effects on minimising waste. Effects, whether they are positive or negative, are likely to be permanent and be felt in the medium term. SEA Objective 12: To conserve and enhance the cultural and built environment The FWS is likely to have a significant beneficial effect on conserving and enhancing the cultural and built environment. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term. SEA Objective 13: To conserve and enhance the character of the region s landscapes Whilst the FWS may have some mixed effects cumulatively they are likely to have a significant beneficial effect on conserving and enhancing the region s landscape. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term. Alternatives The performance of the FWS was assessed against three alternate approaches that could be adopted for the planning and management of woodlands and forestry. These were: business-as-usual scenario would be represented by continued application of the 2003 Ayrshire and Arran Woodland Strategy; An alternative affording less weight to landscape sensitivity; Four alternative scenarios for woodland expansion minor expansion, 25% woodland cover, high level expansion, notional environmental capacity based approach. None of the alternatives outperformed the FWS in terms of positive benefits, illustrating the value of its balanced approach to addressing key issues and the process of consultation that contributed to its development. Monitoring The Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005 requires significant environmental effects to be monitored. This needs to be done in such a way as to also enable them to identify any unforeseen adverse effects at an early stage and to enable them to take appropriate remedial action. Although no significant adverse environmental effects were identified, monitoring is required to identify any unforeseen adverse environmental effects. The following table outlines the key issues for which monitoring should be undertaken.

17 Table 0.3: Potential indicators for monitoring issues raised by assessment Issue Effects of biomass planting Indicator Area of short rotation coppice/forestry planted Potential effects on key species from biomass planting Regional-scale impacts of forest operations Rates of diffuse pollution resulting from forestry activities Incidence of species / habitat disturbance unlikely to be monitored directly New woodland proposals in close proximity to Natura sites Rates of brash and stump recovery, and potential effects on water and soils Levels of timber traffic on road, and effects on air quality Contact point For further information relating to the SEA, please contact: Alan Edgar Policy Officer Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit, Room 208 Liberator House, Glasgow Prestwick International Airport, Prestwick, KA9 2PT Tel:

18 1 Introduction Purpose of the Environmental Report and Key Facts 1.1 As part of the preparation of Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit is carrying out a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). SEA is a systematic method for considering the likely environmental effects of certain Plans, Programme or Strategies (PPS). SEA aims to: integrate environmental factors into PPS preparation and decision-making; improve PPS and enhance environmental protection; increase public participation in decision making; and facilitate openness and transparency of decision-making. 1.2 SEA is required by the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act The key SEA stages are: Table 1.1: Key stages of the SEA process Screening Scoping Environmental Report Adoption Monitoring determining whether the PPS is likely to have significant environmental effects and whether an SEA is required deciding on the scope and level of detail of the Environmental Report, and the consultation period for the report - this is done in consultation with Scottish Natural Heritage, The Scottish Ministers (Historic Scotland) and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency publishing an Environmental Report on the PPS and its environmental effects, and consulting on that report providing information on: the adopted PPS; how consultation comments have been taken into account; and methods for monitoring the significant environmental effects of the implementation of the PPS monitoring significant environmental effects in such a manner so as to also enable the Responsible Authority to identify any unforeseen adverse effects at an early stage and undertake appropriate remedial action. 1.3 The purpose of this Environmental Report is to: provide information on Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy; identify, describe and evaluate the likely significant effects of the PPS and its reasonable alternatives; provide an early and effective opportunity for the Consultation Authorities and the public to offer views on any aspect of this Environmental Report. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1 02 February 2012

19 1.4 The key facts relating to Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy are set out in Table 1 below. Table 1.2: Key facts relating to Ayrshire and Arran FWS Responsible authority Title of PPS What prompted the PPS (e.g. regulatory or administrative provision) Subject (e.g. transport) Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit (AJPU) Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006; Publication of Scottish Government guidance The right tree in the right place: Planning for forestry and woodlands Strategic Development Planning; Forestry Period covered by PPS 40 years ( ) Frequency of updates Area covered by PPS Purpose and/or objectives Contact point 5 years The FWS covers three separate local authorities: North Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, South Ayrshire The FWS will provide the strategic framework for woodland expansion and management across Ayrshire Alan Edgar, Policy Officer, Ayrshire Joint Planning Unit, Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 2 02 February 2012

20 Figure 1.1: location map Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

21 SEA Activities to Date 1.5 This section summarises the SEA activities to date, in relation to the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy. Table 1.3: SEA activities to date SEA action Date carried out Notes Screening Straight to scoping Scoping September 2011 Outline and objectives of PPS September 2011 Relationship with other PPS and environmental objectives Establish environmental baseline Identify environmental problems Assessment of future of area without PPS Alternatives considered Environmental assessment methods established Selection of PPS alternatives to be included in the environmental assessment Identification of environmental problems that may persist after implementation and measures envisaged to prevent, reduce and offset any significant adverse effects September 2011 September 2011 September 2011 October 2011 October 2011 January 2012 September 2011 October 2011 January 2012 January 2012 Monitoring methods proposed January 2012 Consultation timescales Notification/publicity action Purpose of the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1.6 The Forestry and Woodland Strategy (FWS) will be strongly aligned to the Scottish Forestry Strategy which provides the wider context and Scottish Ministers vision for multi-benefit woodland management and expansion, and should be read in parallel with this strategy. The Ayrshire and Arran FWS is intended as a strategic management tool helping to inform the location, design and management of woodlands in Ayrshire and Arran, providing a policy and a spatial framework to maximise the contribution of woodland and forestry to the people, environment and economy of the region. The FWS will also help to target grant support for forestry projects. 1.7 Current guidance from Scottish Ministers indicates that forestry and woodland strategies should form part of the development plan, reflecting their important status in relation to a range of land use planning and management decisions. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

22 1.8 There is also potential for it to be adopted as Supplementary Guidance to the three emerging Ayrshire Local Development Plans, in line with Circular 1/2009 and The Right Tree in the Right Place. Consultation with partner Local Authorities will inform this approach, although it will be for individual Councils to determine whether to adopt the FWS or use it as a guide to developing more detail local frameworks. 1.9 In addition the FWS will: inform local authority development management decisions on proposals that include woodland removal or creation; guide local authority responses to consultation on planting proposals and application for grant support for woodland creation and management; assist with the development and approval of Forest District Strategic Plans and long term Forest Design and Management Plans; and, guide development of Regional Priorities for the Scotland Rural Development Programme (SRDP). assist with screening and scoping of proposals that fall within the scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment (Forestry) (Scotland) Regulations 1999; Structure of the Ayrshire and Arran FWS 1.10 In order to provide the broad strategic, locational and delivery-focussed advice that is needed to maximise the contribution that woodland and forestry in Ayrshire and Arran makes to the people, environment and economy of the region the strategy sets out the following: A vision for Woodlands and Forestry; A spatial expression of the vision setting out the Future of Forests including the extent of woodland and what it will look like; A set of Aims, Objectives and Priority Actions for delivering the vision; and, Specific guidance and priorities for woodland management for the seven spatial zones that make up Ayrshire and Arran The SEA process has assessed all aspects of the strategy and the findings are presented in Chapter 5 of this Environmental Report. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1 02 February 2012

23 2 Relationship with other Plans, Programmes and Strategies and Environmental Protection Objectives 2.1 A review of relevant plans, programmes and strategies (PPS) has been undertaken and pertinent environmental issues for the area identified. Documents ranging from national policy down to local authority strategies and their associated environmental assessments have been reviewed. A summary of these is provided in the following paragraphs. 2.2 The Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) sets out the Scottish Government s national level policy on the purpose, practice and core principles of spatial planning. It also provides concise guidance on key policy themes. In line with Ministers policy, it is unnecessary to rehearse the full breadth of the SPP s content however, its provisions will be taken into account in the development of the FWS. 2.3 As the FWS also sits at the intersection of Scottish Government planning and forestry legislation and guidance, and is therefore subject to a range of policy interactions. These include: Section 159 of The Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997, as amended, places a duty on planning authorities to ensure that, whenever appropriate, planning permissions make adequate provision for the preservation or planting of trees The Scottish Forestry Strategy (SFS) sets out Ministers aspirations for Scotland s woodland resource, highlighting key themes, issues and policies for expansion and management. - The SFS sets a target of increasing Scotland s woodland cover to 25% by the second half of the century 1 - The policies of the SFS are supported by the current suite of Forestry Commission guidance and seek to implement the UK Forestry Standard (UKFS) and the UK Woodland Assurance Standard (UKWAS) National Planning Framework 2 reiterates the objectives of the SFS and the need to proactively plan for woodland expansion and confirms the protection that should be afforded to existing woodland. - NPF2 also affords National Development status to the development of the Central Scotland Green Network, the most ambitious environmental enhancement project of its type in Europe. The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 ( the 2009 Act ) sets ambitious targets for reductions in carbon emissions and establishes the duty for Ministers to produce a Land Use Strategy 2 and conveys the power to modify the functions of the Forestry Commissioners to facilitate efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change The Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009 places a duty on responsible authorities (including local authorities and Scottish Water) to manage flooding in a sustainable manner and ensure the adoption of consistent principles and practices. A consultation on the delivery of sustainable flood management is underway and this will have a significant impact on the development plans of the future. Scottish Government Policy on Control of Woodland Removal seeks to facilitate the desired increase in woodland area by preventing avoidable woodland loss. It establishes the need for compensatory planting where development proposals or forestry work necessitates the loss of woodland 1 Further developed in the Scottish Government Rationale for Woodland Expansion (FCS, 2009) 2 Section 57, The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 2 02 February 2012

24 2.4 The FWS is required to take account of such policies, and along with the SDP addresses the following key challenges: Mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change - Implementing the provisions of the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 and associated policy and strategy Protecting ecosystem services: - Facilitating the development and delivery of River Basin Management Plans (a requirement of the EU Water Framework Directive / Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act Implementing the provisions of the Scottish Soil Framework Climate change Climate Change (Scotland) Act The 2009 Act establishes the legal framework for emissions reductions by While the FWS can play only a very limited role in achieving these targets, it is important to acknowledge the reliance of the forestry sector in common with all land-based industries on the use of fossil fuels. Of particularly importance are issues of improving the sustainability of timber transport and forest operations reliant on the use of heavy machinery. Scottish Government - Scotland s Climate Change Adaptation Framework (2009). 2.6 The aim of the Framework is to lead planned adaptation across all sectors to increase the resilience of Scotland s communities and the natural and economic systems upon which they depend, to the impacts of climate change. There are three key pillars of the Framework: Improve understanding of the consequences of climate change and challenges and opportunities presented; Equip stakeholders with skills and tools for adaptation; Integrate adaptation into wider regeneration and public policy to help address climate change. 2.7 The Adaptation Framework represents a non-statutory forerunner, necessary to have systems in place to deliver the statutory requirements that come into force in It is accompanied by Sector Summaries, outlining the key issues and planned activity for addressing adaptation within sectors e.g. forestry, transport, water, agriculture, spatial planning and land-use etc. FCS - Climate Change Action Plan (2009). 2.9 Examines the Forestry Commission s strategy to increase the contribution and response of Scottish forestry to the challenges of climate change, by focussing on early actions, as highlighted by the Stern Review in 2006 and future preparedness FCS recognises the pivotal role played by the non-state forestry sector in helping to achieve the plan s purpose, since two-thirds of Scotland s forests are in their ownership. However, the following actions sum up the plan: Protecting and managing existing forests through sustainable management, conserving carbon stocks and minimising removal; Creating new woodland to capture carbon, produce wood and help adaptation; Minimising risk in planning and managing forests e.g. creation of forest habitat networks and using different timber species, or silvicultural systems; Promoting use of sustainably produced wood for energy and construction; Reducing the forestry sector s carbon footprint; Raising awareness and understanding of climate change and how forestry can make a positive contribution; and Measuring progress. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 3 02 February 2012

25 Getting the best from our land: A land use strategy for Scotland 2.11 Broadly, the land use strategy seeks to steer Scotland towards a low-carbon economy which affords a better consideration of the natural environment and enables people to maintain and enhance their connection to the land. The strategy defines a range of principles for land-use decision-making that is designed to deliver multiple benefits to the economy, the environmental and communities alike. Indicative Forestry Strategies are identified as a key means of securing appropriate and sustainable land use although the links to planning are poorly articulated in the current draft. Key interactions are likely to relate to: Carbon sequestration and management of existing carbon stores Understanding and conserving ecosystem services Understanding the relationship between land management change and ecosystem processes Integrating this knowledge in decision-making Developing appropriate regulatory and policy frameworks to facilitate transition to a low carbon economy Ecosystem services River Basin Management Planning 2.12 Ayrshire lies within the Scotland River Basin District, in which eight area management plans have been prepared of which the Clyde AMP is relevant to Ayrshire. Area Management Plans set out how the water environment will be managed over the next six years, with the current plan covering the period from 2009 to The plan sets out what needs to be achieved for all water bodies in the area to reach good ecological status Forestry practice has clear potential to impact on the water environment, therefore the FWS prioritises appropriate environmental protection through implementation of the Forestry Commission guidelines, adherence to the UK Forestry Standard and an ambition for woodland managers to meet the objectives set by the UK Woodland Assurance Standard. Scottish Soil Framework 2.14 The Scottish Soil Framework was published in May 2009 and aims to raise awareness of the services soils provide to society and the pressures they face. Scotland s soil resource is in generally good health, but is under pressure from soil carbon loss and the effects of climate change Ensuring forestry planning and practice protects key soil carbon resources and maximises woodland s potential to lock up carbon in soils is a key aspect of the FWS. FCS Woods for Health (2009) This strategy has been produced by FCS in partnership with NHS Health Scotland and SNH and presents a persuasive case for NHS Boards and Community Health Partnerships to use the green network to further their aims and objectives with regards to physical and mental health and wellbeing i.e. by encouraging and promoting walking, running and cycling for all, particularly in trees, woodlands and forests It sets out a strategy for woods and health for by creating new health promoting opportunities that are accessible, safe and attractive in Scotland s green network, in order to improve health and life expectancy and reduce health inequalities The strategy sets out the main challenges, one of which is to improve the social distribution of woodland and green spaces, uses an evidence base to back up the thinking behind the strategy and uses a set of indicators to gauge success. Historic Scotland - Scottish Historic Environment Policy (2011) The Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP ) document: Sets out Scottish Ministers policies for the historic environment, providing greater policy direction for Historic Scotland; Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 4 02 February 2012

26 Provides a framework that informs the day-to-day work of a range of organisations that have a role and interest in managing the historic environment. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 5 02 February 2012

27 3 Relevant Aspects of the Current State of the Environment 3.1 In line with the guidance set out in PAN 1/ the baseline information prepared for the SEA of the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy presents information relevant to the development of the AAFWS, at a relevant level of detail. Where appropriate this information is presented spatially. Air 3.2 The Environment Act 1995 places a duty on local authorities to regularly carry out a programme of air quality management in their areas. A number of pollutants require to be assessed against targets which are prescribed in regulations and set out in The UK Air Quality Strategy. None of the three Ayrshire local authorities have a declared Air Quality Management Area. Biodiversity 3.3 Ayrshire and Arran has a high number of internationally designated sites including Special Protection Areas (SPA), Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) sites, which include the following: Table 3.1: Natura 2000 designations in Ayrshire Designation SAC SAC SPA SAC SAC SAC SPA SPA SAC SPA SPA Name Airds Moss (1359ha) (overlaps with Muirkirk and North Lowther SPA) Merrick Kells (8698ha) Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands (26330ha) Bankhead Moss, Beith (33ha) Cockinhead Moss (48ha) Dykeneuk Moss (62ha) Arran Moors (10,737 ha) Renfrewshire Heights (8943 ha) Lendalfoot Hills Complex (1310 ha) Ailsa Craig (2760 ha) Glen App and Galloway Moors (8942ha) 3.4 In addition there are approximately 78 Sites of Special Scientific Interest and 15 Scottish Wildlife Trust Reserves. Figure 1.2 overleaf illustrates the location of natural heritage designations within Ayrshire and Arran. 3 Planning Advice Note 1/2010: Strategic Environmental Assessment of Development Plans Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 6 02 February 2012

28 Figure 3.1: natural heritage designations Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

29 Climate Change 3.5 Climate changes for the west of Scotland in the 2020s under the medium emissions scenario are set out on the UK climate projections website This provides an overview of potential climate changes within this 30 year period. In the text below the wider range is from the lowest to highest value for all emissions scenarios and three (10, 50, and 90%) probability levels for each 30-year time period. The detail from the UK climate projections website is set out in the following paragraphs, and summarised at the end of this section. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of increase in winter mean temperature is 1.2ºC; it is very unlikely to be less than 0.5ºC and is very unlikely to be more than 2ºC. A wider range of uncertainty is from 0.3ºC to 2ºC. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of increase in summer mean temperature is 1.4ºC; it is very unlikely to be less than 0.6ºC and is very unlikely to be more than 2.3ºC. A wider range of uncertainty is from 0.6ºC to 2.3ºC. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of increase in summer mean daily maximum temperature is 1.7ºC; it is very unlikely to be less than 0.3ºC and is very unlikely to be more than 3.2ºC. A wider range of uncertainty is from 0.3ºC to 3.2ºC. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of increase in summer mean daily minimum temperature is 1.4ºC; it is very unlikely to be less than 0.5ºC and is very unlikely to be more than 2.5ºC. A wider range of uncertainty is from 0.5ºC to 2.5ºC. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of change in annual mean precipitation is 0%; it is very unlikely to be less than 5% and is very unlikely to be more than 5%. A wider range of uncertainty is from 6% to 5%. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of change in winter mean precipitation is 7%; it is very unlikely to be less than 1% and is very unlikely to be more than 16%. A wider range of uncertainty is from 5% to 16%. Under medium emissions, the central estimate of change in summer mean precipitation is 6%; it is very unlikely to be less than 17% and is very unlikely to be more than 7%. A wider range of uncertainty is from 17% to 8%. 3.6 In summary: Mean winter temperatures are likely to increase; Mean summer temperatures are likely to increase; The temperature of the hottest days in summer are likely to increase, and the temperature of the nights are likely to increase; Annual precipitation is likely to stay about the same; Mean winter precipitation is likely to increase; Mean summer precipitation is likely to decrease. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

30 Cultural heritage 3.7 There is a high density of listed buildings and structures, particularly along the river valleys, which number 3281 in total. There are 199 Scheduled Monuments, and one battlefield in North Ayrshire which was the location of the battle of Largs in There are 60 conservation areas (including elements of the same conservation area). 3.8 Gardens and designed landscapes are an important feature of the landscape with a total of 20 within Ayrshire. Table 3.2: Gardens and designed landscapes in Ayrshire and Arran Council Number of Inventory-listed GDL East Ayrshire 7 North Ayrshire 5 South Ayrshire Figure 3.2 overleaf illustrates the cultural heritage resources within Ayrshire and Arran. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1 02 February 2012

31 Figure 3.2: Historic environment designations Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 2 02 February 2012

32 Landscape and townscape 3.10 Landscape designations include the North Arran National Scenic Area, and the local plan designations of sensitive landscape areas in North Ayrshire and East Ayrshire and scenic areas in South Ayrshire. The local designations cover extensive areas of land The following paragraphs provide a description of the role of woodland within the main landscape character types in Ayrshire While tree cover in many of Ayrshire s towns and villages is relatively limited, it is here that some of the benefits are most clearly seen. Trees and woodlands in public greenspaces, along green corridors, road and rail routes and in public gardens all contribute to the quality of the urban environment. They provide structure, screening, shelter, connections for habitats and people, places for play and can help shape the character of some of our most important public spaces. Equally, there is growing recognition of the importance of trees and woodland in contributing to urban regeneration, with initiatives such as Woodlands In And Around Towns and planting on stalled sites targeting new woodlands or woodland management projects where they provide the greatest community and economic benefits. Woodland can provide opportunities for education, training and employment and can help enhance poor quality urban environments. Proximity to potential markets suggest areas close to towns and villages could have potential for planting of woody biomass crops, particularly where land is derelict or underused The Ayrshire lowlands are characterised by pastoral agriculture, with hedges and field boundary trees creating a distinctive landscape found in few other parts of Scotland. Agriculture is likely to remain the principal activity in these areas, though the changing climate could bring new challenges and opportunities. The emphasis here is likely to be on developing new woodlands that complement farming, taking the form, for example, of small farm woodlands or shelterbelts, and bringing existing woodlands into better management. Carefully designed woodlands here can provide shade and shelter for stock and crops, can help reconnect fragmented habitats, create sources of wood fuel and opportunities for managed access and recreation The Ayrshire lowlands and plateau moorlands are cut by a series of river valleys. Often narrow and incised, these valleys are already more heavily wooded than most neighbouring areas, with native woodlands clinging to steeper valley slopes and historic gardens and designed landscapes in places adding to their character. Here, the emphasis is likely to be on linking woodlands along the river valley and expanding out from woodland cores to connect into neighbouring areas. The strategy should aim to secure benefits for communities along the river valleys encouraging community participation, creating new access and recreation opportunities and increasing income for local businesses Tree cover along the coast and islands is relatively limited. The principal exception is the southern part of Arran where the lower moorland hills are clothed with a number of large productive forests. Elsewhere, windbent woodlands cover former cliff-lines and policy woodlands create pockets of more wooded coast. There may be modest opportunities to expand woodland along the coast particularly where this provides shelter and increases resilience to climate change. On Arran there is likely to be an emphasis on restructuring productive forests and expanding and linking native woodlands around the coast and in the upland glens of the north The Ayrshire lowlands are enclosed by a rim of hills made up of the Clyde Muirshiel Hills in the north, areas of plateau moorland in the east and the Carrick Hills and Southern Uplands to the south. Woodland cover is limited within the Clyde Muirshiel hills, with some areas of productive forest and pockets of native woodland. Here, there is potential to expand native woodland and encourage the restructuring and enhancement of conifer plantations The plateau moorlands are characterised by a combination of large scale open cast mineral working often concentrated on valley slopes, extensive areas of productive conifer forest and, increasingly, wind farms. While there are opportunities for woodland expansion, in some places this will be constrained by the presence of peat soils. Elsewhere, the emphasis will be on restructuring and enhancing existing plantations and establishing native and energy woodlands on restored mineral sites. This could bring particular benefits for coalfield communities neighbouring these areas. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 3 02 February 2012

33 Figure 3.3: landscape designations Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 4 02 February 2012

34 3.18 The Carrick Hills and Southern Uplands have seen considerable woodland expansion over the past thirty or forty years with extensive areas of coniferous plantation. While there remain opportunities for sensitively designed woodland expansion including native woodlands and productive forests, there is also likely to be an emphasis on restructuring and enhancement as existing forests are harvested and replanted. The area is under considerable pressure for wind farm development Figure 3.3 illustrates the location of local landscape designations and the National Scenic Areas. Material assets 3.20 Ayrshire is rich in mineral resources including sand and gravel, peat, crushed rock aggregate, brick clay, building stone, limestone, silica sand, fireclay and shallow coal (Smith, R A, Bide, T, Hyslop, EK, Smith, NJP, Coleman, T and McMillan, AA. (2008) Mineral Resource map for North Ayrshire, East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. OR/08/014). Forestry planting over resources which may be worked in the future does not preclude future use of these resources. Forestry and woodland planting is important in the reclamation of mineral sites and waste deposits Vacant and derelict land is categorised in The Scottish Government (2010) The Scottish Vacant and Derelict Land Survey This identifies that there were 1715 ha of derelict and urban vacant land across Ayrshire in Table 3.3: Total derelict and urban vacant land Total derelict and urban vacant land (ha) % total VDL East Ayrshire North Ayrshire South Ayrshire 95 1 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 5 02 February 2012

35 Population and human health 3.22 Key population and health issues for the three community health partnership areas of Ayrshire are summarised from the ScotPHO Health and Wellbeing Profiles East Ayrshire CHP: Male and female life expectancies are significantly worse than the Scotland average. All-cause mortality (all ages) is also significantly worse than the Scotland average. Active travel to work is the second lowest of any council area. Diabetes prevalence is significantly worse than the Scotland average as is the road traffic accident casualty rate. In East Ayrshire, 46.0% of adults rate their neighbourhood a very good place to live (Scotland 52.0%). North Ayrshire CHP Life expectancy, all-cause mortality (all ages) and mortality rates from coronary heart disease (under-75s) are all significantly worse than Scotland, but early deaths from cancer and cerebrovascular disease are not significantly different to Scotland. Hospitalisation for alcohol and drug related conditions is significantly worst than the Scottish average. The percentage of the population living within 500 metres of a derelict site is significantly worse than the Scotland average, whilst 18.5% of people live within the 15% most access deprived areas in Scotland. South Ayrshire CHP Life expectancy, all-cause mortality (all ages) and mortality rates from cancer (under-75s) are all significantly better than Scotland. The percentage of the population living within 500 metres of a derelict site (22.8%) is significantly better than the Scotland average and 60% of people rate their neighbourhood as a very good place to live (compared to 52% for all of Scotland). Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 6 02 February 2012

36 Figure 3.4: rates of social deprivation in Ayrshire Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 7 02 February 2012

37 Soil 3.23 Prime agricultural land is recognised as a valuable and non-renewable resource to support food production within Scotland. Prime quality agricultural land is land classed as 3.1 or below. Extensive areas of lowland Ayrshire are classified as land capable of supporting mixed agriculture. Prime quality agricultural land within Ayrshire is principally found along the coastal edge between Ayr and Irvine Soils are important as a carbon store, particularly peat soils, and disturbance of organic matter rich soils through activity such as forestry operations may result in CO2 emissions. The percentage of soil carbon within the different soil types shows a higher percentage of carbon in the soils on the higher ground to the eastern areas of Ayrshire. This correlates with the location of peaty soils in the eastern and higher ground (see Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7). Water 3.25 The Scottish Government (2009) The River Basin Management Plan for the Scotland river basin district , provides information on water quality. The following issues are identified: The status of surface waters in 2008 across Ayrshire is typically moderate to bad, with small areas of good quality predominantly in South Ayrshire The groundwater status in 2008, is typically poor across much of East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire, with better quality in North Ayrshire The ecological status of surface water in 2008 is typically moderate with pockets of poor quality particularly on the River Ayr, and the catchments which drain south to Irvine. The water quality of bodies of surface water in 2008 was moderate for the majority of Ayrshire, with good to high status on Arran. The chemical status of bodies of groundwater in 2008 was generally poor for the majority of Ayrshire. Coastal areas in North Ayrshire and Arran have good quality. The condition of water flows and levels in bodies of surface water in 2008 shows a mixed picture across Ayrshire with some catchments of bad quality and others of high quality. The quantitative status of groundwater in 2008 shows a picture of poor quality in south and east Ayrshire and a pocket of poor quality to the north of Irvine. The condition of the beds, banks and shores of bodies of surface water in 2008 are generally good with some pockets of moderate quality SEPA has identified over 100 catchments in Scotland that are currently failing to meet environmental standards outlined in the Water Framework Directive. Fourteen diffuse pollution priority catchments, containing some of Scotland s most important waters (for drinking bathing, conservation and fishing) have been selected using a risk based approach for action in the first river basin planning cycle. Within the Clyde Area Management Plan, the rivers Ayr, Doon, Garnock and Irvine and North Ayrshire coastal burns are included in the first cycle. (See Figure 3.8) 3.27 Based on the SEPA Flood Risk Map (2010) flood risk is an issue significantly on the River Garnock, the River Irvine and within the town of Irvine which is the confluence of several water courses. The River Ayr, the River Doon, the Water of Girvan and the River Stinchar all show notable flood risk. The coastline is also at risk of flooding from the sea. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 8 02 February 2012

38 Figure 3.5: Land capability for agriculture Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 9 02 February 2012

39 Figure 3.6: soil types Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

40 Figure 3.7: soil carbon content Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

41 Figure 3.8: Water catchments and flood risk Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

42 Environmental Issues 3.28 Environmental problems that affect the PPS were identified through an analysis of the baseline data. Relevant environmental problems are summarised in Table below. Table 3.4: Environmental issues in Ayrshire and Arran Problem Supporting data Implications for PPS Natura 2000 sites, some qualifying features in unfavourable declining condition Habitat fragmentation and reduction of habitats Landscape change due to minerals and windfarm development, and forestry and agricultural practices Climate change High levels of vacant and derelict land, and areas of contamination Low levels of health and wellbeing SNH sitelink website Integrated habitat Network SNH windfarm map UKCP09 climate projections The Scottish Government (2010) The Scottish Vacant and Derelict Land Survey ScotPHO Health and Wellbeing Profiles 2010 Forestry and woodland planting affecting Natura 2000 sites could affect the condition of the qualifying features. In particular through water quality and hydrological impacts and loss of foraging areas. Forestry and woodland planting could result in further fragmentation of nonwoodland habitats such as wetlands or neutral grassland. Woodland planting should seek to avoid contributing to further fragmentation of sensitive habitats. Forestry and woodland planting can contribute positively to supporting the forest habitat network. Forestry and woodland planting should protect and enhance the landscape character of Ayrshire. Production of wood fuel Carbon sequestration and creation of carbon sinks Habitat restoration and habitat connectivity Managing flood risk Protecting soils at risk of erosion Providing woodland close to population Forestry and woodland planting can play a role in restoration of vacant and derelict land and this will be a key opportunity for reducing the area of VDL in Ayrshire. North Ayrshire and East Ayrshire experience poorer health than the rest of Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

43 Problem Supporting data Implications for PPS Scotland. The health issues could be improved by improving the quality of the environment, creating a greater number of opportunities for recreation and active travel Poor water quality Significant areas at risk of flooding The River Basin Management Plan for the Scotland river basin district SEPA Flood risk map (2010) Woodland and forestry planting can help to filter pollutants before they reach water courses and targeting woodland planting to areas with identified water quality issues can enhance overall water quality. Woodland and forestry planting can help to reduce the rate of water flow and reduce flood risk down-stream. Forestry and woodland planting should be targeted to catchments where flood risk is identified as an issue. Loss of soil carbon Macaulay soil survey data Woodland planting on carbon rich soils can result in a loss of soil carbon which contributes to climate change. Woodland planting should be directed to the most suitable soil type. Loss of productive farmland Macaulay Land Capability for agriculture in Scotland Woodland and forestry planting should be directed away from areas of most productive farmland Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

44 Likely evolution of the environment without the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 3.29 Without the Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy, the evolution of the environment would take place within the context of the existing Ayrshire and Arran Woodland Strategy 2003 and the Scottish Forestry Strategy The 2003 Ayrshire and Arran Woodland Strategy has a few key omissions in terms of the environment, with limited mention of soil or water resources and the importance of protecting them apart from in relation to acidification. Air quality is also not specifically mentioned and forestry s role in relation to climate change adaptation is only narrowly referred to in terms of renewable energy production Therefore the role that forestry and woodlands play is fairly narrow and the full benefits would not be exploited. Whilst the benefits that forestry and woodland provide would still occur, such as slope stabilisation and flood risk management, the full benefits and opportunities would not be taken advantage off as new woodland and forestry would not be specifically targeted at areas that might benefit most The Scottish Forestry Strategy provides a framework for strong support of the development of new woodlands, use of woodlands to deliver a range of social, health and educational benefits However there would be little protection of soil resources from inappropriate planting, beyond the context of erosion and flooding. There would be limited protection of existing carbon resources such as standing timber and peat soils, resulting in potential carbon losses. There would be limited resilience planning in relation to climate change impacts, in relation to species choice in new planting and restructuring of existing woodlands. This would potentially result in greater losses of trees and woodlands as a result of climate change. There may be air quality impacts arising from timber transport, processing and tourism activity. Although some environmental enhancements would occur these would be quite limited and localised in extent. There would also potentially be impacts on the historic environment as a result of new woodland planting and forest related tourism development The chief weakness of implementing the SFS at the regional level is the lack of strategic guidance as to the potential location of new woodland provided in the FWS by the Indicative potential for woodland expansion diagram Figure 5.2. This clearly highlights where significant sensitivities exist that must be considered in the development of woodland creation and management proposals. The ad hoc nature of woodland expansion that would be delivered using only the SFS (or indeed the draft Forestry Framework) is unlikely to have provided as balanced a suite of economic, social and environmental benefits as the Ayrshire and Arran FWS. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

45 4 SEA Methodology Introduction 4.1 This Environmental Report has been prepared to present the findings of the Strategic Environmental Assessment conducted in parallel with the development of the Forestry and Woodland Strategy. 4.2 This section of the report sets out the approach used in assessing the likely environmental effects generated by the FWS. Assessment Methods Framework for assessing environmental effects SEA objectives 4.3 In order to provide a framework for assessing environmental effects the SEA Objectives listed below have been drawn up. Where appropriate, issues have been grouped to facilitate the assessment and sub-criteria have been edited to reflect the specific focus of the FWS. It is considered that the objectives selected adequately reflect the requirements of Schedule 3 of the 2005 Act. Table 4.1: SEA Objectives Schedule 3 component Biodiversity Population & Human health Soil SEA objectives To conserve and enhance the diversity of habitats and species To avoid further blight in disadvantaged communities To promote and develop Green Network thinking To promote the health and well-being of people in Ayrshire and Arran. To avoid adverse direct and indirect impacts on soil stability, structure and quality Sub-criteria for assessment Expand habitat networks Conserve and enhance key habitats and species Target woodland expansion in areas where benefits can be optimised for blighted communities Contribute to community and health benefits by promoting access, recreation and active travel using the green network Increase access to nature for both recreation, active travel and to improve the mental health and wellbeing of local communities. Where appropriate, seek to re-use VDL for a range of woodland / green network purposes Steer woodland expansion away from sensitive soil resources (i.e. peat) to minimise the potential for pollution and loss of soil carbon Safeguard prime agricultural land Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

46 Schedule 3 component SEA objectives Sub-criteria for assessment Water To protect and improve relevant waterbody status Contribute to the delivery of River Basin Management Plans, Area Action Plans and flood management through sustainable flood management and protecting water quality Air Climatic factors Material assets Cultural Heritage Landscape To protect and enhance air quality To reduce GHG emissions To support climate change mitigation To support climate change adaptation To support sufficient infrastructure development To minimise waste To conserve and enhance the cultural and built environment Conserve and enhance the character of the region s landscapes Contribute to a reduction in air pollution Reduce the potential for unnecessary timber miles and associated emissions Contribute to sustainable travel and transport objectives Seek to minimise GHG emissions from the sector Seek to prevent new planting on peat soils to maintain carbon stores Support appropriate renewable energy development Safeguard the standing timber carbon resource Contribute to sustainable water management and erosion prevention Contribute to climate change resilience planning objectives Contribute to the appropriate re-use of VDL Promote the efficient operation of the sector and the safe treatment and disposal of nonreusable/recyclable arisings Seek to ensure that woodland expansion safeguards the fabric and setting of heritage assets Contribute to the character and significance of important historic landscapes Seek to promote responsible access to and appreciation of cultural heritage via the green network Steer woodland expansion proposals to appropriate locations Support measures to promote good woodland design and Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

47 Schedule 3 component SEA objectives Sub-criteria for assessment appropriate diversity Encourage the use of woodland to root new development and existing settlements in the landscape Woodland expansion should reflect current and future landscape capacity to accommodate change Defining significance 4.4 The strategic, regional focus of the FWS requires an environmental assessment with a similar scope. The SEA draws out environmental effects that are considered to be regionally significant. 4.5 The following factors are combined and used to identify the significance of effects: Probability of effects greater likelihood of effects is likely to increase significance Frequency, duration and reversibility Will effects be limited to a single event? Will they be temporary or permanent? Magnitude and spatial extent How large an area is likely to be affected? Will the effect comprise total loss or damage to a feature? Sensitivity of receptors Does the area have recognised environmental value? Could effects contribute to existing environmental problems? Assessing Different Parts of the FWS 4.6 Whilst the SEA Objectives provide a broad framework by which the effects of the FWS can be considered different parts of the plan need to be assessed using different methods. Thematic / objective-based assessment 4.7 The Vision, Objectives and Priority Actions and Spatial Priorities of the FWS have been assessed against the SEA objectives set out above. Whist a broad narrative considering the SEA Objectives has been undertaken for the Vision, for the Objectives and Priority Actions a traditional matrixbased approach has been applied, with the results of the assessment presented as a discussion of regionally significant effects by SEA Objective. 4.8 The following table outlines the framework for assessing environmental effects. Table 4.2: Framework for assessing environmental effects SEA Objective 1: To conserve and enhance the diversity of habitats and species Topic Evaluation Timeframe Duration Commentary ++/+/?/0/- /-- Short / medium / long Temporary / permanent FWS Objective 1 FWS Objective 2 Table 4.3: Range of potential evaluation scores Signific ant positive + + Neutral 0 Mixed Effects + /- Unknow n? Negative - Significa nt negative - - Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

48 4.1 A summary of the overall score for each FWS Objective is also given. Recommendations for changes to the FWS and proposed measures for preventing, reducing or offsetting significant adverse effects have also been set out for each SEA Objective. 4.2 A discussion of the alternatives considered during the policy development process is also presented. Map-based assessment 4.3 As the FWS makes a range of spatially-specific policy recommendations, an assessment method with a stronger spatial component is required. The extent of woodland and what it will look like in the future along with the spatial priorities have been assessed using a map based assessment. In setting a regional framework for lower-tier forestry policy, it is important to retain a focus on regionally significant effects. Using maps to represent the key spatial policies (for instance, the spatial framework and potential for woodland expansion) is more visually appealing and more accessible than lengthy descriptions or impenetrable matrices. 4.4 Spatial data outputs were compared against a series of GIS baseline maps that bring together the key data for each SEA objective. For example, Biodiversity mapping featured local, national and international designations, Integrated Habitat Network data, sensitive habitats etc. Scenario planning 4.5 In addition, a series of scenarios for woodland expansion were developed to assess the likely environmental effects of different levels of woodland creation. These are as follows: Low level expansion: resulting in 19% total cover CSGN target of a 50% increase in cover, as set out in the Central Scotland Green Network Prospectus SFS target of increasing national woodland cover to 25% A scenario based on notional environmental capacity of each landscape zone identified in the FWS 4.6 The scenarios were created using the GIS data developed to show the potential for woodland expansion (based on environmental constraints), as depicted in Figure 5.2, and sub-divided by each of the spatial framework zones. This process therefore provided a detailed breakdown of the areas of each class of land (i.e. preferred, potential, sensitive etc.) in each zone. For scenarios 1-3, this data was then manipulated to affect a standard conversion of each land class to woodland. Scenario 4 applied a disaggregated approach to conversion rates in each zone, based on broad inferences as to landscape and environmental capacity for new woodland. 4.7 These calculations then generated: indicative cover figures for each zone; overall regional cover; increase in woodland as a proportion of total land cover; and, indicative annual planting / regeneration rate required to achieve the target. 4.8 The conclusions of this process are set out from 5.48 below, with a summary of the data presented in Appendix 3. Assessment of Alternatives 4.9 Where viable alternatives have emerged during the development of the FWS, these have been recorded and assessed In the interests of maintaining a realistic and focussed assessment, these relate principally to the core policy content of the FWS the priorities for woodland expansion. As this approach to categorising land, and the associated mapping produced with it, will be the key tools used by land Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

49 managers to target woodland expansion and will inform the decision-making of FCS and the Ayrshire planning authorities it has the greatest scope to generate environmental impacts By contrast, the thematic content of the FWS has less potential for environmental effects in its own right as it will be applied through the filter of the mapping discussed above. Similarly, many of the strategic priorities identified stem from existing policy, guidance and strategy frequently subject to SEA in their own right. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

50 5 Assessment of environmental effects Introduction 5.1 This section of the ER sets out the results of the assessment of environmental effects that are predicted to result from the implementation of the Forestry and Woodland Strategy. 5.2 As the FWS sits within the overall framework of the Scottish Forestry Strategy which has already been subject to SEA the overall potential for significant environmental effects is relatively low. Similarly, a high level of assumed mitigation is built in to the woodland creation process which makes the occurrence of regionally significant effects very unlikely. 5.3 The following paragraphs provide a brief summary of the main assessment findings of the Vision, Future Forests, Aims, Objectives and Priority Actions and Spatial Priorities topic, full assessment tables are provided in Appendix 1. Vision 5.4 The Vision set out for the FWS aims to reconcile the economic, social and environmental imperatives driving the Scottish Government s ambitions regarding woodland expansion. 5.5 The development of the FWS consultation draft was an iterative process, involving extensive consultation with a project steering group comprising key institutional stakeholders in the region, including: the three Ayrshire local authorities; Forestry Commission Scotland; Scottish Natural Heritage; SEPA; RSPB Scotland; Scottish Government Rural Payments and Inspections Directorate (SGRIPD); ConFor; and Irvine Bay URC. As the document evolved, different visions for the content and implementation of the FWS emerged and were tested against SEA objectives. Assessment 5.6 The Vision, by necessity, is very broad in scope and places woodlands and forests role in contributing to the region s economy, the health and wellbeing of its communities and the quality of its environment at its centre. The contribution the region s woodlands and forests could make to these three sectors is a consistent theme throughout the Vision, as is the benefits that woodlands and forests can provide to people. The Communities involvement in planning, managing and owning woodland is highlighted and health, recreation and active travel are likely to be particularly promoted by this vision. Mitigation and adaptation to climate change receive specific support, but other more specific environmental benefits that woodlands and forests can provide, such as landscape and cultural heritage benefits are not directly mentioned. 5.7 As the thematic structure of the FWS was streamlined from seven separate topics down to the current four (see 5.10 below), it was agreed that the headline vision should reflect this broader perspective and make a high level statement regarding the benefits sought from woodland. Alternatives Action required 5.8 Currently, the vision makes no reference to the aspiration to expand woodland cover in Ayrshire and Arran a fundamental aspect of the FWS policy content (paragraph 3.7 states The Strategy aims to ensure that the region s woodland cover is maintained at, or above, 22% of land area, rising to 25% by the second half of this century. While this, in itself, has no direct environmental effects, there is a significant benefit to ensuring that the vision accurately reflects the more detailed content and aspirations for the FWS. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

51 Aims, Objectives and Priority Actions 5.9 The broad aims and objectives reflect current national planning and forestry policy, and take into account key requirements of other legislative regimes. The Objectives inevitable represent a compromise between detail, accessibility and usability. The Objectives were developed in parallel with the SEA Objectives to build a strong degree of internal compatibility a process aided by the incorporation of the pre-existing SFS themes and that the more detailed Priority Actions cover the full range of areas where trees, woodland and forests can add value. The detailed assessment matrices of the Objectives and Priority Actions can be found in Appendix 1. A summary of effects by both FWS Objective and SEA Objective is given below. Structure and themes 5.10 The FWS was originally intended to be structured around a number of broad themes, drawing on those used in the 2006 Scottish Forestry Strategy, and the 2003 Ayrshire and Arran Woodland Strategy. These were: Regenerating Communities Climate Change Timber Business Development Community Development Access and health Environmental Quality Biodiversity Timber Transport 5.11 While these themes offered appropriate coverage of the key issues facing the region, and opportunities for woodland to make a social, economic and environmental contribution, it was agreed that there were significant opportunities to streamline topics to provide a more accessible document. Similarly, by grouping topics into broader, more inclusive themes it was agreed that greater scope was afforded to capture the cross-cutting benefits delivered by new and existing woodlands. As the FWS will be supporting the three emerging Ayrshire Local Development Plans, more inclusive themes for the document also offered a better fit with wider planning policy. Summary of Effects by SEA Topic Table 5.1: Summary of Effects of FWS Objectives FWS Objective Overall SEA Score Comments Reducing greenhouse gases emissions Helping communities, the timber sector and the natural environment adapt to the changing climate Increasing and matching timber production and processing capacity Developing sustainable + Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is likely to have largely positive benefits for the environment. ++ The proposed actions to promote climate change are likely to have significant environmental benefits. + This objective is likely to have significant or minor positive effects on most of the SEA Objectives. + Whilst there are some potentially minor negative aspects associated with Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

52 FWS Objective Overall SEA Score Comments timber transport solutions Supporting development of a market for woody biomass Increasing the role of woodland in creating a high quality environment for economic investment and regeneration Improving degraded urban and urban fringe landscapes Creating opportunities for active travel, recreation, education and training and healthy lifestyles Increasing community involvement in woodland planning, management and ownership Reinforcing Ayrshire and Arran s landscape character and sense of place Protect and enhance Ayrshire and Arran s natural environment. promoting water transport, effects are likely to be largely positive. +/- This Objective is likely to create very mixed effects, whilst there are no significant negative effects predicted (and many positive effects predicted) some minor positive effects might result on the presence of large a areas of monoculture and also localised air pollution from the increased use of woody biomass. +/- This objective is likely to have many benefits for the environment and people of Ayrshire but recreational activity needs to be planned carefully and may only be appropriate in certain woodlands otherwise minor negative effects might result. ++ Improving degraded urban and urban fringe lands is likely to have some of the most significant benefits for the environment and people of Ayrshire and Arran of any of the FWS Objectives. ++ This objective is likely to have significant positive effects on the majority of SEA Objectives. + Increased community involvement is unlikely to significantly benefit the environment but may have more minor positive effects and also directly benefit the people of Ayrshire and Arran. ++ Reinforcing landscape character is likely to have minor or significant positive effects on all of the SEA Objectives. ++ This Objectively is likely to have the most significant positive effect on the environment of any of the Objectives in the Strategy. SEA Objective 1: To conserve and enhance the diversity of habitats and species 5.12 The FWS Objectives and Priority Actions specifically promote the development of integrated habitat networks, improvement of woodland biodiversity and significant planting of new woodland, especially on degraded urban and urban fringe sites. Cumulatively the FWS Objectives are likely to have significant positive benefits for conserving and enhancing the diversity of habitats and species in Ayrshire and Arran. Impacts may start to be felt in the medium term and are likely to be permanent in nature. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

53 5.13 The significant expansion of woodland planned under the FWS will have clear benefits for habitats and species but the type of new woodland planted (native woodland, mixed etc.) and also the specific location of that woodland will also help to determine the effect on this SEA Objective. The assessment of scenarios on the level of Future Forests provides a detailed assessment of the effects on biodiversity of these variables. Action required 5.14 Key recommendations for mitigating potential adverse effects are given below: Ensure that planting for biomass doesn t result in large areas of monoculture that have a negative impact on biodiversity. Promote methods of timber harvesting that minimise the disturbance to habitats and species. Zone woodlands according to which, if any, recreational activities may be most suitable for them, minimising the disturbance to wildlife. SEA Objective 2: To avoid further blight in disadvantaged communities 5.15 The expansion of woodland promoted by the FWS Objectives and Priority Actions is likely to have significant benefits for disadvantaged communities. The creation of biomass markets, the role that trees can play in improving the quality of the environment particularly on urban fringe, derelict and vacant land and the opportunities that trees and woodlands create for business, employment, education and volunteering will have particular benefits for disadvantaged communities. Impacts may start to be felt in the medium term and are likely to be permanent in nature The specific location of woodland will also help to determine the level of benefit that disadvantaged communities receive and the assessment of scenarios on the level of Future Forests provides a detailed assessment of this. In order for beneficial effects to be realised it is critical that new woodland planting is focused near to disadvantaged communities and derelict and degraded land. SEA Objective 3: To promote and develop Green Network thinking 5.17 The FWS Objectives and Priority Actions are likely to have a significant positive effect on promoting and developing Green Network thinking and cumulatively could make a significant difference to the area s Green Network. The general expansion of woodland proposed in the FWS is a positive move for the Green Network but of particular benefit is the establishment of new woodlands (especially in and around towns), integrated habitat networks, the promotion of woodland recreation and rural diversification. Impacts may start to be felt in the medium term and are likely to be permanent in nature However, when new woodland is being established it will be vital that links are established to other publically accessible open space and footpaths / bridleways and that access rights to the new woodland are established in order to ensure the woodland s full potential is exploited. The specific location of woodland will also help to determine the level of benefit to the Green Network and the assessment of scenarios on the level of Future Forests provides a more detailed assessment of this. SEA Objective 4: To promote the health and wellbeing of people in Ayrshire and Arran 5.19 The FWS Objectives and Priority Actions are likely to have a significant positive effect on the health and wellbeing of people in Ayrshire and Arran and cumulatively could make a significant difference to the health and wellbeing of the area s population. A number of the specific Priority Actions have particular benefits for health and wellbeing but principally the creation of new recreational and active travel opportunities and removing barriers to their use along with creating attractive environments where people live that are easy to access have the biggest impacts Promoting the use of woody biomass needs to be accompanied by the promotion efficient high quality stoves to minimise air pollution and negative impacts on respiratory health. The provision of opportunities for active travel and recreation need to be accompanied by softer measures such as smarter choices and other initiatives to reduce the barriers to people walking and cycling or Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

54 undertaking exercise and getting outside and accessing nature if the full potential of the Objectives in terms of health benefits are to be achieved. SEA Objective 5: To avoid adverse direct and indirect impacts on soil stability, structure and quality 5.21 The FWS Objectives and Priority Actions are likely to cumulatively have a positive effect on soil stability, structure and quality. In particular the protection of high carbon content soils from planting and evening out timber harvest over time will benefit the stability and structure of soil. The remediation of polluted, derelict and degraded urban sites will also benefit soil quality across the area. Impacts are likely to be permanent in their effect and occur in the short to medium term. Action required 5.22 Key recommendations for mitigating potential adverse effects are given below: Care will need to be taken to ensure that a balance is achieved between making productive use of residues from forest thinnings and leaving enough residues behind to protect and enrich the soil in these areas. Methods of harvesting that minimised the disturbance of soil should be promoted. Establishing new woodlands and trees for biomass production on derelict and vacant land will need to be carefully managed to ensure that short term damage and disruption to soil structure is minimised. Ensure that woodland with sensitive soils are protected from intensive recreational use. Zoning recreational use of woodlands may be one way to manage and protect soils. SEA Objective 6: To protect and improve relevant waterbody status The FWS Objectives and Priority Actions are likely to have beneficial effects on the status of water bodies The promotion of the role of trees and woodland in contributing to water quality and Sustainable Flood Management will have the most direct significant effect on water body status. Many of the other beneficial effects on water quality in particular, are secondary effects resulting from a decrease in soil erosion and reducing levels of soil contamination The promotion of the transport of timber by water has the potential to have significant adverse impacts on the status of water bodies. Detailed EIAs will be needed for individual schemes for transhipment facilities at ports and harbours to assess and mitigate their specific impacts. The operational effects and the types of ships and transporters that are used will also need to be carefully considered to ensure that water quality is not adversely affected especially from poor management of ballast and bilge water discharges. Care will also need to be taken to ensure that in facilitating renewable forms of energy development, particularly hydro power, water quality is not adversely affected. SEA Objective 7: To protect and enhance air quality 5.26 The significant expansion of woodland and number of trees planted planned under the FWS will have clear benefits for air quality. The cumulative impacts of the specific objectives and priority actions proposed in the FWS will also be positive with new planting in urban environments, urban fringes and degraded environments having particular benefits for urban air quality. The FWS also has the potential to reduce air pollution resulting from transportation by reducing the distance that timber is imported from, the distance people have to travel to visit and enjoy woodlands and promoting more sustainable means of transporting timber The promotion of woodfuel as a source of energy also has the potential to replace other more polluting sources of energy, but measures will have to be taken to ensure that localised air pollution from woodfuel does not become an issue Care will also need to be taken to ensure that when establishing new recreational woodlands that they are located in close proximity to public transport and that walking and cycling to and from the woodland sites is encouraged as an alternative to car transport. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

55 SEA Objective 8: To reduce GHG emissions 5.29 As with the effects of the FWS on air quality, the significant expansion of woodland and increasing the number of trees planted will have clear benefits for greenhouse gas emissions. Effects are likely to be permanent in nature and be felt in the medium term. The cumulative impacts of the specific objectives and priority actions proposed in the FWS will also be positive with the potential for GHG emissions reductions resulting from reducing the distance that timber is imported from, the distance people have to travel to visit and enjoy woodlands and promoting more sustainable means of transporting timber being particularly key to this potential reduction The promotion of woodfuel as a source of energy also has the potential to reduce GHG emission by replacing other sources of energy with higher GHG emissions Care will also need to be taken to ensure that when establishing new recreational woodlands that they are located in close proximity to public transport and that walking and cycling to and from the woodland sites is encouraged as an alternative to car transport. SEA Objective 9: To support climate change adaptation 5.32 The Objectives and Priority Actions in the FWS are likely to cumulatively have a significant beneficial effect on supporting climate change adaptation. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term. The expansion of woodland and increased connectivity of habitats and the promotion of the role trees play in reducing the effects of extreme weather conditions resulting from climate change (including increasing soil stability and contributing to sustainable flood management) are likely to have the biggest influence in terms of climate change adaptation. SEA Objective 10: To support sufficient infrastructure development 5.33 The Objectives and Priority Actions in the FWS are likely to cumulatively have a significant beneficial effect on supporting the provision of sufficient infrastructure development. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term The Objectives and Priority Actions in the FWS strongly support the provision of new and, more efficient use of, existing infrastructure for the forest sector particularly for the transportation and processing of timber. The role that woodlands and trees can play in the provision of Green Infrastructure is also recognised and promoted by the FWS. For example, the role that woodlands can have in providing sustainable flood management, new walking and cycling routes and also the provision of educational spaces. SEA Objective 11: To minimise waste 5.35 The Objectives and Priority Actions in the FWS are likely to cumulatively have mixed effects on minimising waste. Effects, whether they are positive or negative, are likely to be permanent and be felt in the medium term Encouraging efficiency in timber production, and the development of a market for woody biomass, which will provide another use for much waste wood, is likely to have significant benefits for the efforts to minimise waste. However, encouraging increased recreation may result in minor increases in the amount of waste produced by visitors. SEA Objective 12: To conserve and enhance the cultural and built environment 5.37 The Objectives and Priority Actions in the FWS are likely to cumulatively have a significant beneficial effect on conserving and enhancing the cultural and built environment. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term Woodland may help facilitate the conservation and enhancement of the area s heritage and built environment by developing the area s visitor offer providing the economic stimulus and incentive for regeneration and also the opportunity for education and training. This may help build understanding about the cultural, historic and built environment in the local area and give people the tools and knowledge and incentive to conserve it. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

56 5.39 In order to mitigate potential adverse effects it is recommended that development of visitor facilities uses local materials and references vernacular architectural styles for the area and also avoids causing high concentrations of visitors in sensitive locations There is also an opportunity in the FWS to promote the use of traditional harvesting techniques which not only have environmental benefits for sensitive locations but also help to keep important local cultural traditions alive. SEA Objective 13: To conserve and enhance the character of the region s landscapes 5.41 Whilst the Objectives and Priority Actions in the FWS may have some mixed effects cumulatively they are likely to have a significant beneficial effect on conserving and enhancing the region s landscape. This significant benefit is likely to be permanent in effect and be felt in the medium term Restoring ancient and semi-natural woodland, removing woodland from high-carbon soils, planting new woodland and trees on degraded land and in urban and urban fringe areas and evening out patterns of timber production are likely to all strongly benefit the conservation and enhancement of the regions landscape character The planting of large areas of woody biomass monoculture has the potential to have a negative impact on landscape character and areas of plantation need to be carefully located. Creating mixed woodland buffers around the edge of sites will also help to reduce the impact of these monocultures on the landscape. Spatial Priorities 5.44 The SEA also considered the differential environmental effects associated with the more geographically specific recommendations defined for each of the FWS spatial zones. This assessment was set within the context of the Ayrshire-wide policy themes which have been assessed separately. It concluded that the spatial priorities are likely to have a positive or neutral effect when considered in terms of the SEA objectives, with no potential negative impacts predicted The strongest and most spatially consistent positive effects were identified for SEA objectives relating to biodiversity, climate change adaptation and mitigation, green networks, landscape and cultural heritage protection and enhancement. Other SEA objectives were more spatially differentiated effects with some zones being assessed as strongly positive, others positive and some more neutral, reflecting the different geographic patterns of issues such as communities, health, and air quality, rather than weaknesses in the approach set out within the FWS. Alternatives 5.46 The spatial framework, depicted in Figure 5.1, was subject to considerable debate. An approach based on the region s main river catchments was strongly advocated by members of the steering group, and was investigated by the FWS project team. It was believed that such an approach would have significant benefits for aligning the objectives and outcomes of the strategy with efforts to implement the requirements of the RBMP process in the region. Similarly, from an ecosystem services perspective, this represented a logical and integrated means of ensuring that woodland expansion and management delivered optimal benefits However, this approach was shown to generate significant duplication in the spatial guidance section of the document potentially obscuring key messages and making the document less accessible and useable. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy February 2012

57 Figure 5.1: spatial framework Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

58 Future Forests Introduction 5.48 The core policy content of the FWS is the section defining broad potential for woodland expansion across the Region (Section 3 of the FWS). As the spatial expression of the vision, and a high level attempt to quantify the Region s ability to support new woodland, interpretation of this policy and associated mapping will have an important influence on the environmental effects of planting and management proposals The land categorisation process, as set out in The Right Tree in the Right Place, is intended to be a strategic process, giving a general impression of an area s suitability or otherwise for woodland expansion on detailed examination there will inevitably be small areas that could readily fall into a different category. The FWS therefore states explicitly that it is intended for guidance only, and that site-specific assessment of individual proposals has primacy in determining their suitability Woodland creation and management priorities are set out in a broad spatial framework identifying areas that are as preferred, potential or sensitive More detailed advice for interpreting this diagram at the local level is provided in Section XXX of the FWS. As shown in Figure 5.1, this is based on broad landscape character types, in turn based on the regional character areas depicted in the Ayrshire Landscape Character Assessment (LUC 1999) Analysis process 5.52 The mapping and attendant calculations were prepared using existing datasets in the public domain listed below Table 5.2: IFS map datasets Category Dataset Source Sensitive SSSI Special Protection Areas Special Areas of Conservation Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites) National Nature Reserves Ancient woodland Sensitive peat soils SNH James Hutton Institute (JHI) peatland and soil carbon datasets High quality agricultural land (Class 2 and 3.1) JHI Land Capability for Agriculture dataset Local Nature Reserves SNH Scheduled Monuments Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes World Heritage Sites Conservation Areas Battlefields Historic Scotland Land Capability for Agriculture Class 3.2 JHI Potential Landscape Character Areas identified as being sensitive to woodland SNH (Local authorities) Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

59 Category Dataset Source National Forest Inventory; Native Woodland Survey Existing FCS FNH habitat areas Vacant and derelict land Local authorities Preferred Areas with no identified constraints Urban Unsuitable Consulted, but not used in final mapping Urban areas LDP settlement boundaries Land Capability for Forestry (unsuitable class) Historic Land-use Assessment Less-favoured areas Listed Buildings Scottish Government Local authorities FCS (MLURI) RCAHMS / HS Scottish Government HS 5.53 Datasets were combined in a constraints mapping exercise to identify areas with significant sensitivities to woodland expansion or removal. Given the regional scale of the FWS, these focus primarily on national designations. It should be noted that this classification is not intended to prevent ALL woodland expansion and management activities within sensitive areas, but to ensure that proposals appropriate to local conditions are developed. Similarly, within areas identified as being preferred, detailed assessment is likely to highlight local sensitivities that will influence the nature and scale of woodland that is appropriate (e.g. watercourses, land uses, settings of built heritage). Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1 02 February 2012

60 Figure 5.2: Indicative potential for woodland expansion ('IFS map') Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 2 02 February 2012

61 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

62 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1 02 February 2012

63 Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 2 02 February 2012

64 Summary of Effects 5.54 By identifying key sensitivities and areas of least constraint the IFS map should effectively steer proposals towards appropriate areas and provide a measure of certainty for land managers, decision-makers and consultees It has the potential to generate significant positive effects, particularly in relation to community benefits and local environmental enhancement by prioritising areas close to settlements. Similarly, there is potential for positive economic effects in relation to facilitating rural diversification, supporting agriculture and development of new productive woodlands particularly where this is intended to support the region s significant processing capacity Designated natural and cultural heritage interests, peat soils and prime quality agricultural land are explicitly highlighted as being sensitive to woodland expansion (and removal) and should therefore serve to trigger appropriate detailed design and assessment of proposals affecting such areas Preferred land takes in a considerable range of environments and current land uses which, while they do not register as constraints at the regional scale, will have a strong influence on the type and scale of woodland that is appropriate. While this is made clear in the supporting text, it relies on assumed mitigation for the avoidance of adverse effects particularly in relation to landscape impacts and potential conflicts with existing land uses. (However, it is judged to be reasonable to assume that FCS assessment processes are robust. Additional safeguards are built in through the consultation process) The level of interpretation and site-specific judgement required when bringing forward proposals in the preferred area could be viewed as a weakness in the approach although this was judged to be necessary to ensure that a suitable range of woodland creation proposals were facilitated and were eligible for grant support. No regionally significant effects are predicted as a result of this trade-off The chosen option is therefore assessed as representing a model that protects the key environmental interests in the region, but provides considerable scope to facilitate appropriate woodland expansion to meet the requisite range of objectives The policy map is further interpreted through the four woodland types mapping (illustrated above). This provides further certainty for land managers and also help to ensure that the right type of woodland expansion is directed to appropriate locations. Assessment of Alternatives Alternative 1 Business-as-usual 5.61 The business-as-usual scenario would be represented by continued application of the 2003 Ayrshire and Arran Woodland Strategy (as discussed in Evolution of the environment without the FWS in Section 3 above and illustrated overleaf) The foregoing Strategy diagrams are less well informed by key environmental constraints (notably natural heritage and historic environment designations) and are based around assigning sensitivity to whole landscape character areas. While a similar level of assumed mitigation can be ascribed to the implementation of these maps, they inevitably increase the potential for impacts on the basis of probability (i.e. the more proposals that come forward in appropriate locations, the higher the likelihood of impacts occurring even with assumed mitigation). Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 0 02 February 2012

65 Figure 5.3: Woodland Strategy 2003 data (redrawn by LUC using AJPU GIS data) Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 1 02 February 2012

66 Alternative This version of the IFS map was developed in response to discussions within the project steering group regarding the effects of local landscape designations / sensitivities highlighted within the Ayrshire and Arran Landscape Character Assessment (LUC 1999) on the proportion of land identified as potential and preferred for woodland expansion It was argued that the advice of the LCA was focussed primarily on large-scale conifer afforestation and may be unreasonably restrictive in the context of Scottish Government aspirations for woodland expansion An alternative GIS model (Figure 5.3 below) was produced, removing the sensitive landscape character areas from the potential land class to observe the effect on proportions of each land class. As expected, this generated a significant area of additional preferred land most notably in the lowland farming areas and on the foothills of the Southern Uplands While this alternate approach retained all the key sensitivities relating to statutory natural and cultural heritage designations, it inevitably has less of a focus on landscape. It must be acknowledged that any SRDP-funded proposal for planting in the preferred areas would be subject to FCS approval, and EIA if required. However, the changes to the map do create the potential for proposals to come forward that are less appropriate to the region s landscapes In practice, however, the changes to the map would be unlikely to generate any significant adverse effects. The majority of the new preferred area lies within valuable pastoral farmland, in which economics would largely preclude any large-scale afforestation (given that land values are much too high to stimulate planting on this scale). Similarly, it must be assumed that the spatial guidance, provided by the woodland types maps, could mediate any proposed schemes based on the assumption that the steering group would not wish to steer larger-scale conifer plantations to better quality lowland locations. Recommendations 5.68 It may be advisable for the FWS to be more explicit regarding the existing regulatory framework that provides environmental safeguards in relation to woodland expansion and management While no significant environmental effect have been identified in relation to the IFS map, it is important to stress that it is a key filter through which the themes and strategic priorities of the FWS will be implemented. In and of itself, it can have little bearing on the environmental impacts of woodland expansion and instead depends on the rigorous application of pre-existing systems over which it has limited influence. Its principal value therefore lies in providing a pre-screening function, steering land managers away from vulnerable environmental assets and providing a toolkit to help optimise the value added by new woodlands There may be advantages to incorporating locally-designated wildlife sites, specific LBAP habitats and undesignated historic environment assets however, it is acknowledged that the FWS and attendant mapping is intended to operate at a strategic scale. On a practical level, such features may not be readily visible at the scale the mapping will be reproduced It is also noted that existing windfarm footprints have not been incorporated within the IFS model. In practice, these areas are unlikely to be able to deliver any new woodland due to surface roughness issues creating turbulence and affecting turbine performance. However, as new, taller and more aerodynamically resilient turbines become available, some smaller-scale woodlands may be feasible within windfarm boundaries. Similarly, a large area depicted as preferred lies within the large MoD depot at Beith and would therefore be unlikely to be suitable for significant new woodland These areas should therefore be added to the unsuitable land class in subsequent revisions of the GIS modelling. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 2 02 February 2012

67 Figure 5.4: IFS map, without sensitive landscape areas Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 3 02 February 2012

68 Scenario planning 5.73 The following scenarios were developed, as outlined above, to test the likely effects of woodland expansion at the regional scale. The FWS aspires to expand cover to around 25% of land area or at the very least maintain cover at around 22%. A range of other scenarios, based on current national and supra-regional targets were also assessed, along with a more spatially-specific means of achieving the 25% target This was intended to convey a better impression of the type and scale of effects the region is likely to experience, and where key impacts may be experienced or value added As it is not possible to accurately predict the precise locations of new woodland, given the number of variables influencing the process, inferences are necessarily restricted to likely regionally significant effects on each broad character zone. Each of the scenarios is intended to represent a realistic alternative means of implementing the spatial guidance of the FWS For the purposes of the assessment, an implementation period of 35 years is assumed and has been used to derive the notional annual planting figures. As each scenario is based on the same IFS map Figure 4.1 it can be assumed that, broadly, the designated environmental assets included within the sensitive category will not receive direct significant adverse effects. Where cumulative or synergistic effects are identified, this is highlighted below. The figures derived from the modelling process are provided as Appendix 2. Readers should note that, although the gross percentage increases in woodland cover appear relatively low in the tested scenarios (from 22% to 27%max), because the region has relatively high levels of cover to begin with, these actually result in significant areas of new woodland. Where the phrase increase over existing levels is used, this denotes the difference between the modelled and existing levels of woodland cover, expressed as a percentage of existing cover not the simple arithmetic difference between two percentages. Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 4 02 February 2012

69 Current distribution of woodland 5.77 At present, Ayrshire and Arran s woodland resource is unevenly distributed throughout the region The upland areas of North Arran and the Renfrewshire Heights are intrinsically less suitable for trees. Similarly, the fertile agricultural land of the Ayrshire Basin has traditionally limited the extent to which woodland has been viewed as an attractive and viable land use. The Carrick Hills and Valleys, despite being the largest zone, also has the equal highest (with South Arran) proportion of woodland cover. Although largely accounted for in the significant conifer plantations of the Glentrool and Arecleoch Forests, smaller woodlands in the lower-lying areas particularly those associated with large estates and designed landscape account for a significant proportion of the zone s woodland resource Quantity of woodland by zone Total area Existing woodland Ayrshire Basin Ayrshire Rim Carrick Hills North Arran and Valleys Renfrew Heights South Arran Southern Uplands & Galloway Uplands Figure 5.5: quantity of woodland by zone Ayrshire and Arran Forestry and Woodland Strategy 5 02 February 2012