Korištenje energije vjetra za proizvodnju el. energije Prof.dr.sc. Zdenko Šimić FER

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1 Energija vjetra Korištenje energije vjetra za proizvodnju el. energije Prof.dr.sc. Zdenko Šimić FER

2 Sadržaj Uvod Snaga i energija vjetra Električna snaga vjetroagregata Proizvedena električna energija u vjetroelektrani Posebnosti proizvodnje električne energije u vjetroelektrani Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 2

3 Uvod: Povijest korištenja energije vjetra jedrenje u Egiptu - prije 4500 g. pumpanje vode u Indiji i mljevenje žitarica u Kini - prije 2400 g. Perzija, Afganistan, Europa i drugi sve do industrijske revolucije za pumpanje vode i mljevenje žitarica krajem 19. st. prve el. VE u Danskoj i SAD u SAD vjetroelektrana za proizvodnju el. en. snage 125MW 1, te u SAD zadnjih 15 godina u Europi i šire Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske tehnologije 3

4 Mlin na vjetar Afghanistan (900. god.) Vjetrenjače Europa (srednji vijek) Windmills ill kod Campo de Criptana, La Mancha (Španjolska) Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske tehnologije

5 Prvi vjetroagregati - Europa i SAD (kraj 19. st.) Novi početak California SAD - Charles Bush 1890 Boone, NC 2 MW Mod-1 Altamonte Pass 4000 x 40 kw Danska - La Cour s testni vjetroagregat 1897 Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske tehnologije

6 Danas energija vjetra dio rješenja 41x1 MW Mitsubishi MWT-1000A, 55 m stup, 29.5 m lopatice, Combine Hills projekt u NE Oregon 10 x 2,3 MW Bonus (Siemens) VA visina stupa 61 m, dubina vode 15 m Energijske tehnologije

7 Stanje do GWEC izvještaj Global Wind 2009 na index.php?id=167 Kumulativno instalirano Godišnje instalirano Energijske tehnologije

8 Energija i snaga vjetra energija mase zraka je kinetička: mv masu zraka određuje đ gustoća, ć površina 2 kroz koju struji, brzina i vrijeme: m=avt snaga vjetra: derivacija energije po vremenu, de/dt: gustoća zraka: P vjetra ovisi o temperaturi, tlaku i vlažnosti za standardne uvjete na moru =1,225 1 kg/m 3 (101,33 kpa i15 C) moguće je koristiti standardnu gustoću uz korekciju faktorom odstupanja (prosjeka) stvarnog tlaka i temperature: p unutar uobičajenih promjena temperature c H i tlaka gustoća varira do 10% 101,3 brzina zraka: raste s visinom i vrlo je promjenjiva E k E k Av 2 v A 2 Av , 1 c T T d=vt Energijske tehnologije Energija vjetra 8 3 t

9 Teorijski iskoristiva snaga vjetra Iskorištena snaga ovisi o brzini kojom vjetar dolazi (v) i brzini kojom odlazi (w): P posebno odvajamo masu jer ovisi o prosjeku brzina: neka omjer brzina w/v bude x A ( v w) A (1 x) v w 3 2 P v 1 x c p (1 x) 2 c 1 x c p 2 x P A v 2 3 c p za x= w/v=1/3, c p ima maksimalnu vrijednost c p.max : c p.betz =16/27=59,3% - stvarni stupanj djelovanja je uvijek manji od maksimalnog v w Energijske tehnologije Energija vjetra 9

10 Električna snaga vjetroagregata Snaga vjetra proporcionalna je : gustoći zraka trećoj potenciji brzine vjetra Dobivena snaga iz vjetra određena đ je brzinom vjetra i karakteristikom vjetroagregata: el. snaga 3 1. startna brzina P b 2. promjenjiva j snaga i efikasnost P a 2 3. nazivna snaga (promjenjiva efikasnost) 4. maksimalna brzina 1 4 v a v b brzina vjetra Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 10 tehnologije

11 Ovisnost snage VA o brzini vjetra Svaki VA ima karakteristiku snage u ovisnosti o brzini vjetra Karakteristika snage ovisi o tehničkoj izvedbi pasivna samoregulacija (stall) aktivna regulacija (pitch) Energijske tehnologije 11

12 Koeficijent c p ovisi o izvedbi vjetroagregata Moderni VA sa tri lopatice λ omjer vršne linearne brzine lopatica i brzine vjetra Energijske tehnologije 12

13 Energija vjetra brzina Vjetar je masa zraka u pokretu: uzrokuje ga razlika tlakova (rezultat razlike temperatura) a) posljedica Sunčeve energije (1 do 2 %) značajan č utjecaj j rotacije Zemlje i konfiguracije ij tla Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 13 tehnologije

14 Varijabilnost brzine vjetra u prostoru Kratkotrajne varijacije brzine vjetra na dvije lokacije mogu biti korisne za smanjivanje ukupne varijabilnosti proizvedene energije. Primjer za dvije lokacije udaljene 90 m: a [m/s] brzina meteorologija topografija vrsta tla ~ 10 km ~ 1 km prepreke << 1 km ~ 100 km vrijeme [s] Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 14

15 4 Varijabilnost brzina vjetra u vremenu: 3 satno, dnevno, mjesečno 2 Prikaz stvarnih mjerenja j u Dubrovniku: (m/s) Wind Speed ( Wind Speed 5 Jan W ind Speed January d Speed (m/s) Win Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Wind Speed m/s Hour of Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Day of Year Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 15 tehnologije

16 uency (%) Frequ ) Brzina vjetra prikazana statistički Wind Speed PDF f(v) funkcija gustoće vjerojatnosti pojavljivanja brzine v Weibull raspodjela c faktor skale [m/s] k faktor oblika f i frekvencija brzine v i Value (m/s) Wind speed data Best-fit Weibull (k=1.43, c=3.36 m/s) W ind Speed Duration Curve f ( v) Krivulja trajanja brzine vjetra k c v c v exp c k 1 k Rayleigh raspodjela za k = 2 u Weibullovoj f ( v) 2v 2 exp c v c 2 10 Value (m/s) ,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Hours Equaled or Exceeded Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 16 tehnologije

17 Brzina vjetra u ovisnosti o visini Brzina se vjetra povećava s visinom to ovisi o konfiguraciji tla, temperaturi i tlaku važno za procjenu brzine na raznim visinama jer određuje snagu i naprezanje VA Jednostavan model Varijacija brzine vjetra [m/s] s visinom [m] ovisno o preko koeficijenta terena : mirna voda i glatko i tvrdo tlo: =0,10 visoka trava =0,15 šumovito =0,25 grad s velikim lk zgradama =0,40 Visina [m] H v v 30 H 0 H 0 j j j [ / ] [ ] dobu dana i godišnjem dobu (siječanj crno i srpanj crveno).(b. Sørensen: Renewable Energy). 1,4 44 4,4 m/s (16 km/h) =0,4 4,4 m/s =0,28 2,2 4,4 m/s =0,16 Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 17 3,1

18 Srednje godišnje brzine vjetra na 10 m visine ( ) DHMZ od d1d do >6 m/s Zadatak: Kolika je brzine na 80 m visine za visoku travu na tlu i brzinu od 5 m/s? v ,15 v 80 = 6,8 m/s Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 18

19 Atlas vjetra i potencijal energije Europa TWh/god. kopno 500 pučina 2000 potrošnja (1) 3000 Svijet TWh/god. potencijal (2) potrošnja (1) (2) Samo kopno. (1) Približno za Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 19

20 Kako dobiti statistiku vjetra za lokaciju? Problem: Rješenje: Korelacioni atlas vjetra podaci s ostalih ostale lokacije ne koreliranje lokacija odgovaraju (tlo, prepreke) j dva pristupa lokalna mjerenja kratko vrijeme (brzina, smjer i temperatura) mjerenja koreliranje s drugim Predviđanje lokacijama gdje je koreliranjem duže mjereno mjerenja Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 20 tehnologije

21 Dostupnost dugoročnih podataka gdje? nacionalni i sustav meteo mjerenja j brzine vjetra posebne namjene (nautika, avijacija, poljoprivreda) korištenje vjetra od ranih 80-ih pouzdano? reprezentativno? korisno? preciznost anemometara pohrana i obrada podataka konzistentnost i povijest lokacije prepreke, vrsta tla primjena korekcija format podataka: samo godišnji prosjeci ili duge vremenske serije dugotrajno mjerenje Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 21 tehnologije

22 Procjena snaga vjetra lokalno na tri visine Irska: na 50, 75 i 100 m; 75x150 km Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 22

23 Wind Speed (m/s) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2,000 Pow er Curve Power (kw) 1,500 1, Wind Speed (m/s) 1,500 Power (kw) 1, Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Scaled data PDF Vestas V82 Power Output PDF 50 Frequency (%) Value (m/s) Wind speed data Best-fit Weibull (k=1.42, c=7.63 m/s) Fre equency (%) ,000 1,500 2,000 Value (kw) Energijske tehnologije

24 Procjena proizvodnje ukupne godišnje električne energije W god. procijenjena godišnja proizvodnja el. en. T god. = = 8760 h Wgod. Tgod. r P ( v ) f ( v) d r raspoloživost (0,9 ili više) v m ) v p dv v p, v m početna i maksimalna brzina vjetra P(v) snaga VA pri brzini v f(v) funkcija gustoće vjerojatnosti pojavljivanja brzine v W 8760r P( v) f ( v) dv god. v m v p Za utjecaj tlaka i temperature treba uključiti korekciju c H i c T. Za diskretnu raspodjelu frekvencije brzine vjetra kroz godinu: W 8760 r god. v m v v i p P i f i f i frekvencija brzine v i t i trajanje brzine v i -broj diskretnih koraka određuje preciznost W god. r v m v v i p P i t i Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 24 tehnologije

25 Procjena proizvodnje ukupne godišnje električne energije - primjer W = W W = t 3-11 P t P = , ,500 = 6766 [MWh] Energijske tehnologije Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 25

26 Varijacija proizvodnje vjetroelektrana Satne, dnevne, sezonske i godišnje varijacije brzine vjetra Dnevne varijacije veće blizu obale i tijekom ljeta. Dnevna sn naga VE (MW) LB Dan (Listopad 2000) 100 Sa atna snaga VE (MW) LB Sat (Listopad 2000) 90 ) Snaga VE po mjesecima (MW) Prosjek Maksimum 10 0 ( LB Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 26 tehnologije

27 Utjecaj vjetroelektrane na EE sustav velika varijabilnost mala predvidljivost upravljivost može se dijelom smanjiti npr. uključivanjem VE na širokom području korištenje poboljšanih metoda predviđanja vjetra (vremena) korištenje modernih VE s kontrolom nagiba lopatica i varijabilnom brzinom Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 27 tehnologije

28 Zadatak 4. Proizvedena el. energija iz vjetra Odrediti proizvedenu el. energiju VA prema podatcima: početna brzina vjetra v p = 4 m/s; nazivna brzina vjetra v n = 10 m/s; maks. radna brzina vj. v max = 25 m/s; trajanje vjetra između v p i v n t p-n = 3000 h; trajanje vjetra između v n i v max t n = 1500 h; prosječna snaga do nazivne P p-n = 0,4 MW; nazivna snaga P n = 1 MW; raspoloživost r = 90% W W god. r v m v i v p P t i i Rješenje: W = W p-n + W n = r(p p-n tt p-n +P n tt n ) = 0,9(0, ) = 0,9( ) = 0,92700 = 2430 [MWh] Za vježbu: Odrediti faktor opterećenja VA. Rj.: 28 % Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 28 tehnologije

29 Tehnologija: veličine male srednje i velike (pučina ) 1 ~ 100 kw 100 ~ 1500 kw > 1500 kw Daleka izolirana mjesta Raznolikost rješenja Na mreži Samostalne i u grupi 1000 kw posve komercijalne (velike serije) Na pučini (stotine MW) Razvija se Mikro Vrlo male Male Srednje Velike [kw] Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 29 tehnologije

30 Tehnologija: osnovne komponente Lopatice rotora pozicioniranje (prijenos) generator kontrola kućište toranj HAWT temelji Zdenko Energija Šimić - Energija vjetra vjetra Energijske 30 tehnologije

31 Lopatice, prijenos, generator i kontrola Indirektnini pogon: asinkroni generator Direktni pogon: sinkroni generator Zdenko Energija Šimić - Energija vjetra vjetra Energijske 31 tehnologije

32 Vjetroelektrana (VE) Energijske tehnologije

33 Trendovi Jedinice od 2 MW i više sve važnije od Poboljšana efikasnost Odabir lokacije Bolja oprema Porast efikasnosti 2-3% godišnje Stalni pad cijene proizvedene energije Cijena inst. snage varira: $/kw Airbus A380 ima raspon krila 80 m Energijske tehnologije

34 Lokacije VE: efekt više VA u blizini reduciranje brzine Slabljenje vjetra pov. turbulencije turbine niz vjetar: manje brzine: manje snage veće turbulencije: više opterećenja veći broj VA u VE povećava gubitke optimiranje pozicioniranja za snagu i trošenje (računalni programi za simulacije i mjerenje) razmak u dominantnom smjeru od 4 do 9 promjera - gubitci od 5 do > 60%, za manji (2x2) ili veći (10x10) broj VA u VE Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 34 tehnologije

35 Priključak na mrežu i višak vjetra Odbacivanje energije gj iz vjetroelektrana za snagu koja prelazi opterećenje minus bazna proizvodnja Provodi se na nivou regionalne interkonekcije Promjenjivozasve periode Ki Krivulja trajanja j opterećenja ć 1000 MW nazivni kapacitet vjetra 36% faktor opterećenja MW Iskoristiva energija vjetra Višak vjetra Elektrane koje moraju raditi cijelo Konstantno opterećenje sati Zdenko Energija Šimić - Energija vjetra vjetra Energijske 35 tehnologije

36 Ukratko Ik Iskoristiva iti snaga i Predviđanje brzine energija vjetra vjetra važno za ograničena je teorijski planiranje i praktično Vjetar isplativ na Pokraj velike brzine najboljim lokacijama važna stalnost i pristup Za korištenje važna el. en. mreži politika, planiranje i financiranje Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra Energijske 36 tehnologije

37 Koliko je vjetroagregat g visok? 33 m Empire Eiffel 1.5 MW 250 kw 100 kw State Tower FER VA VA VA 381 m 301 m C zgrada 109 m 65 m 43 m Energijske tehnologije

38 Eksperimentalni mali vjetroagregat na FER-u Mjerni uređaji: đ Mali vjetroagregat (50 W) Smjer vjetra Horizontalna i vertikalna brzina vjetra Temperatura i vlažnost Namjena Karakteriziranje Energije gj vjetra u urbanim uvjetima Malih vjetroagregata Zdenko Šimić - Energija vjetra 38 Energijske tehnologije

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