SPEED, the tool for designing electrical machines. Markus Anders, CD-adapco

Transcription

1 SPEED, the tool for designing electrical machines Markus Anders, CD-adapco

2 The Electrical Machine a historical review 1800 For the first time Allessandro Volta (Italian) produces a continuous electrical power (as opposed to a spark or static electricity) from a stack of silver and zinc plates Hans Christian Oersted (Danish) finds the generation of a magnetic field by electric currents by observation of the deflection of a compass needle. This was the first time a mechanical movement was caused by an electric current Michael Faraday (British) creates two experiments for the demonstration of electromagnetic rotation. A vertically suspended wire moves in a circular orbit around a magnet Istvan Jedlik (Hungarian) invents the first rotary machine with electromagnets and a commutator Michael Faraday (British) discovers and investigates electromagnetic induction, i.e. the generation of an electric current due to a varying magnetic field (the reversal of Oersted's discovery). Faraday lays the foundation for the development of the electric generator. Joseph Henry (US-American) finds the induction law independent of Faraday and builds a small magnetic rocker. I. Jedlik 1832 First description of a real rotating electrical machine by P.M., Frederick Mc-Clintock (Irishman ), Philosophical Magazine, p The first real electric motor: Moritz Hermann Jacobi (Prussian, naturalized Russian) starts with experiments on a horseshoe-shaped electromagnet in early 1833 in Königsberg, which he completes in May His motor lifts a weight of 10 to 12 pounds with a speed of one foot per second, which is equivalent to about 15 watts of mechanical power. Source: Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI), History - The invention of the electric motor

3 The Electrical Machine a historical review 1856 Werner Siemens (German) invents the electric generator with a double-t armature winding. He is the first one to place a winding into slots James Clark Maxwell (British) summarizes all the current knowledge of electromagnetism in four fundamental equations. These equations are still valid today and fully describe the theory of Electrical Engineering Nikola Tesla (Croatian, naturalized US-American) already thinks about a multi-phase voltage system while studying in Graz / Austria in Galileo Ferraris (Italian) builds the first induction motor. Like Tesla, he uses two phases Friedrich August Haselwander (German) from Offenburg/Baden is the first one with the idea to use a three-phase alternating current system in July He builds the first threephase synchronous generator with salient poles Michael Dolivo-Dobrowolsky (Russian, naturalized Swiss) improves the basic ideas of Tesla and Ferraris and constructs the three-phase cage induction motor, which is still widely used even today. Also, the three-phase slip ring induction motor with starting resistances is later invented by him. Dobrovolsky is the first to realize, that a three-phase system connected in star or delta requires only three lines and thus is less expensive than even a two-phase system (which uses four wires). Under the leadership of Dolivo-Dobrowolsky and together with the Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon and its chief engineer Charles E.L. Brown, the AEG builds the first three-phase electric power transmission in 1891 via 175 km from Lauffen to Frankfurt am Main, which later reached a remarkable efficiency of 96%. Source: Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI), History - The invention of the electric motor

4 The Electrical Machine the basic definitions and function Basic definition: A motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. A generator (also alternator or dynamo) is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. This can be due to rotation or translation. A traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines. Basic function: Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate an electromagnetic force.

5 The Electrical Machine the main parts A simple Electric motor has the following main parts: Rotor (turning part) carrying either an excitation DC winding or permanent magnets or a three phase winding or a squirrel cage or an armature winding Stator (fixed part) having a stator winding (single, 2-, 3-, n-phase) or exictation permanent magnets a commutator: a rotary mechanical switch, which reverses the current between the external circuit and the rotor along with the brushes, a shaft with bearings and bearing shields, a cooling system a housing

6 The Electrical Machine classification Electric machines may be classified by the source of electric power, their internal construction, their application, or the type of motion they give. They may be powered by direct current (DC), e.g., a battery powered portable device or DC source (rectified AC) or alternating current (AC) from a central electrical distribution grid or inverter.

7 The Electrical Machine where to find? Electric motors stand at the heart of many different appliances and machines that we use daily. Their versatility, dependability, and economy of operation cannot be equaled by any other form of motive power. They significantly simplifies our jobs in many domains. The most common applications were: Aerospace Marine Automotive Medical engineering Computer & Office Consumer Electronics, Household Appliances Energy generation Industrial: Machine tools, fans, pumps, blowers Optical Instruments Public transportation Research & Academia Semi-Conductor and more...

8 The Electrical Machine Scale: From a few mw to several GW The smallest electric motors are mostly found on electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for pipeline compressors, propulsion of ships and water pumps and of course as generators. Small watch motor vs. big hydroelectric generator mw & mm diameter Three Gorges Dam: 22,500 MW & several m dia.

9 SPEED What does SPEED has to do with electrical machines? SPEED is the leading design software for electric machines Detailed analytical analysis with finite-element links or finite-embedded solver for Motors, Generators and Alternators including inverters and other electronic controls Over 150 corporate accounts Over 1500 users A Worldwide CD-adapco Direct Sales Team and additional a Distributors Network including support Operating in all industrialized countries

10 The SPEED software Analytical based so gives near instantaneous calculation speeds input dimensions, select materials and drive and calculate performance Initial Design 10 Minutes Optimized Design within hours Specialised user interface to ease data input and interpretation of results dedicated geometry and winding editors produces performance graphs to aid understanding Detailed analysis with finite-element links or The embedded finite-element solver for key problems

11 The SPEED software Not just software, but as well as Training, Technical support, Documentation (manuals, tutorials and electrical machine theory books) Engineering services and Consulting through the distributors

12 The SPEED software programs The following machine types are available: brushless permanent magnet and wound-field AC synchronous PC-BDC induction PC-IMD switched reluctance PC-SRD direct current (PM) PC-DCM wound field and PM commutator PC-WFC

13 The SPEED Software history (main programs) 1986 Speed Laboratory set up (University of Glasgow) 1987 PC-SRD released (DOS) 1989 PC-BDC released (DOS) 1992 PC-DCM released (DOS) 1994 PC-IMD released (DOS) 2000 Release of full Windows versions 2004 PC-WFC released 2011 CD-adapco acquired SPEED in June Present Release versions (2012): PC-SRD 8.8, PC-BDC 9.1 PC-IMD 4.2, PC-DCM 3.9 PC-WFC Change of licensing system to FlexLM (April)... Continuing development...

14 SPEED PC-BDC machine types more than 40 basic standard templates

15 SPEED PC-IMD machine types more than 40 basic standard templates

16 SPEED PC-SRD machine types

17 SPEED PC-DCM machine types

18 SPEED PC-WFC machine types

19 SPEED The design process

20 SPEED in use: Define the geometry The outline editor

21 SPEED in use: Definition of the winding The winding editor

22 SPEED in use: Select material from the material database

23 SPEED in use: Definition of the material using the Data Base Manager programs

24 SPEED in use: The Template editor input data for calculation options, temperature, control parameters, etc.

25 SPEED in use: Graphical Output range of graphical feedback available

26 SPEED in use: Output design sheet large range of numerical values available

27 SPEED in use: GoFER Go to Finite-Elements and Return or use the embedded FE-solver directly (PC-BDC)

28 SPEED in use: Scripting (ActiveX) ActiveX links allows automated linkage to other software packages such as Visual Basic, Matlab, Motor-CAD and more

29 SPEED and STAR-CCM+ the combined workflow for Electrical Machines PC-FEA: Loss table calculation Reading the SPEED geometry and the loss distribution Running the final advanced thermal calculation. Initial design with SPEED Temperatures impact life time, reliability, cost & size

30 Marketing Electrical machine design Website :