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1 GCSE Geography B (9035) Unit 1: Managing Places in the 21 st Century Section A The Coastal Environment Total A + B: 50 hours Total Section A: 25 hours Key question Key ideas Subject content Possible case studies Opportunity for integration of skills Why are coastal areas a valuable economic and resource? Coastal areas are multi-use areas, which provide opportunities for a number of human activities. describe and explain the reasons for the growth of human and economic activities in coastal areas. Any coastal area which has a range of economic, social and activities: Southampton Dubai San Francisco. Use of OS maps and photographs to identify the range of uses & coastal areas and locational factors. Websites to identify different economic activities and track shipping movements. There are frequently conflicting demands on coastal areas and this creates a need for strategies. explore the issues arising out of the conflict between economic development and the need for conservation in coastal areas. Consider conservation methods being used to manage vulnerable coastal areas. The Soufriere Marine Management Area (SMMA) - St Lucia, Phoenix Islands Marine Reserve, Great Barrier Reef, Blakeney Point in Norfolk, Hurst Castle Spit. illustrate use/pressure/conflict. Photographs to identify the value of coastal areas/conflicting uses. opportunities; conflict matrix, surveys. Web-based research to investigate examples, look at nature reserves (National Trust). How have physical processes created the coastal landforms that exist today? Weathering and erosion are important physical processes in coastal areas. Name and explain how the main types of weathering and erosion affect coastal environments. illustrate processes. Annotated photographs (Describe and Explain). Physical processes, rock type and structure operate to create distinctive coastal landforms. Describe and explain the formation of the land forms (features) associated with: Hard coastlines headlands, bays, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, rock falls. Soft coastlines slumped coastlines, landslides, mudfalls. Any coastal area that has clearly identified features of hard and soft coasts Dorset/Isle of Wight Holderness/Norfolk. locate and identify the hard/soft coastlines. Annotated photographs/diagrams. The movement and Describe and explain: Any coastal area that

2 deposition of beach material creates distinctive coastal landforms. The movement of sediment (longshore drift). The formation and beaches, spits and bars. has clearly identified depositional features: Dorset/Hampshire coast, Hurst Castle Spit Holderness coast Spurn Head. locate and identify the areas of coastal deposition. identify characteristics and uses (nature reserves etc) of areas of deposition. Time lapse information to show the development of depositional features. Why are decisions made to manage coastal areas? This is essentially shoreline of physical processes. Some areas are protected from the risk of erosion and coastal flooding. Understand that not all coastal areas need to be protected. Why do some areas need to be protected? (Economic value, Human/ value/ Particular vulnerability). Issues/ conflicts arising from decisions : Whether to protect. Type of protection. Look at the Shoreline Management Plan for one area (North Norfolk) where different decisions have been made for different areas. Norfolk coast Happisburgh/Sea Palling. identify vulnerable areas/existing types of protection. Use as a basis for decision making ideas. Photographs (annotated) to illustrate different coastal protection methods. /research opportunities (conflict matrix, decision making cost-benefit, environment quality assessment There are different methods that can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of natural processes. Describe the concept of hard engineering and soft engineering. Explain how hard and soft engineering is used to protect coastal areas. describe and explain methods of hard engineering (sea walls, rock armour, gabions, tetrapods, groynes, cliff drainage Soft engineering (beach nourishment/ reprofiling, artificial reefs). Any coastal area which has appropriate examples. Web search hard/soft coastal engineering Hard Dorset/Hampshire/ Isle of Wight Soft Pevensey Bay East Sussex. : locate and identify areas of hard/soft engineering, consider reasons for specific types of. Photographs (annotated) to describe and explain identified methods. Aerial photographs (Google Earth). Web-based research chosen examples: - Focus on: reasons for protection, explanation of chosen methods. Why different methods of coastal Area of high economic value

3 may be appropriate in different locations. where hard engineering is the only option. Environmentally sensitive area where soft engineering is more appropriate. How can the of coastal areas be increasingly sustainable? This is essentially managing the broader coastal zone, including physical processes, socioeconomic and conditions. Consequently, it goes beyond just local shoreline. Protecting coastal areas from the increasing threat of rising sea levels will require the development of different approaches. Investigate one example of managed realignment (retreat). Describe the characteristic of managed retreat. Explain how it operates to reduce flood risks. Consider how it provides Explain how it might be part of a broader coastal strategy which is sustainable (consider it in terms of rising sea levels). Abbots Hall Farm, Blackwater Estuary in Essex. Cuckmere estuary in Sussex. Wallasea Island wild coast project, Essex (link to conservation, Nature Reserves Web search examples/managed realignment/retreat to get background information. OS maps to identify location, scale and realignment projects. Photographs to illustrate the projects. Web search organisations to identify points conservation (national Trust/Nature Conservancy/RSPB). The sustainability of coastal areas requires the whole of the coastal zone to be managed effectively. Use an example to consider how all the aspects of a broader coastal zone can be managed to ensure socio-economic and Be able to: Identify pressures on the area. Describe the strategies being used. Explain how the strategies will increase the opportunity for Mediterranean (Blue Plan). Florida managing development. St Lucia Soufriere Marina Management Area. Web search examples to identify pressures/policies. Photographs of different areas to show pressures on coastal areas (with annotations).

4 Section B - The Urban Environment Total Section B: 25 hours Key question Key ideas Subject content Possible case studies How can urban growth create challenges? The world is increasingly urban. Urban areas face increasing threats from hazards. The increasing need to manage the movement of people and traffic in urban areas. Investigate global patterns of urban change. Identify differences between developed/ developing countries. Consider changes in the location of the world s largest cities. Effects of pollution/ hazards in an urban/industrial area. Use an example(s) to investigate: Why there was a need to manage traffic numbers/ flow. The different methods being used to reduce congestion in urban area(s). How these methods will reduce traffic congestion (with subsequent socioeconomic & advantages). How people movement is being managed (pedestrianisation Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Chongqing. example which has a range of traffic/people strategies. London Manchester Cambridge San Francisco Curitiba. Opportunity for integration of skills Web search changes in terms of the world s 20 largest cities. - map work (proportional symbols) Web search rates of urbanisation. - map work (choropleth) Photographs to show the range of buildings/land uses/modern + complex growth in developing cities. Web search data on car ownership, industrial growth, population growth in chosen example. Photographic interpretation. News reports on concerns. Web search selected example(s) to show traffic pressures/types of. locate example(s) and identify pressures/ methods of. Date on traffic growth (Economic and Environmental impacts). New reports highlighting pressures/. opportunities to identify local traffic issues/potential strategies.

5 How are inequalities being reduced in urban areas in developed countries? Socio-economic inequalities exist in urban areas. Make sure students know what is meant by socio-economic inequalities. Identify a range of social () economic data that could be used to identify richer/poorer parts of urban areas. Consider how basic social conditions might be improved (Health, Education, Housing). This might be included in the chosen example of an area of. Although a case study is not required it might be useful to use this as a background to the example. i.e. identify the problems/ the area. Use of census data to identify differences within an urban area. - range of possible maps Newspaper articles/ web search identifying deprived areas. Photographic interpretation (annotations identifying deprivation). Urban strategies are being used in some areas to create socio-economic opportunities and improve environments. Use an example of an urban project to: Describe the social, economic and characteristic of the area (why it needed )/ Describe the characteristic of the project. Explain how the project has provided socioeconomic opportunities and improved conditions. and specific project which encompasses socio-economic and factors. (NOT a whole city!!) Birmingham Eastside Brindley Place London Olympic site/area Parts of Detroit/new York. Use of census data to identify the need for /specific problems/challenges. Web-based research the chosen area/project (excellent information source). News reports projects. Before and after data/photographs to identify impacts of project. What are the opportunities and challenges created by urbanisation in developing countries? The growth of urban areas in developing countries is a result of natural increase and population migration. Understand the basic way that natural increase and population migration leads to urban growth. show how these factors create urban growth. example(s) where natural increase and population migration are significant factors. Atlas skills. Use/presentation of population data.

6 Urban growth in developing countries can create opportunities and challenges. Social and economic opportunities in urban areas. How urban-industrial core areas can be a stimulus for economic development. Web-based research/newspaper reports identifying urban illustrate the challenges created by urban growth; housing the urban poor, environment issues (air/water pollution), increasing demands for services, squatter development in vulnerable environments crime. example(s) of rapidly growing cities. Mexico City Rio de Janeiro Mumbai Jakarta Nairobi Cairo. The key here is going beyond simply identifying problems and considering the challenges of managing problems Web-based research of chosen example(s). highlight problems/challenges. News reports of urban improvement strategies. Urban areas in developing countries area responding to the challenges of growth in different ways. illustrate how conditions in urban areas are being improved by: Social improvement schemes (housing, health, education Clean water and waste water initiatives. example(s) where there are social improvement schemes in operation (can be government initiative, local selfhelp initiatives, aid/development initiatives (Water Aid The same example(s) can be used as a vehicle for all three key ideas Web-based research. Use of annotated photographs to illustrate improvement schemes. Story board to show the impact of improvement schemes. How can urban living be increasingly sustainable? What is meant by urban sustain-ability? Understand that urban sustainability is managing a range of factors. Could look at a number of individual ideas from different urban areas or one area that has a wide identify and describe the location/ examples.

7 Describe the different elements of urban that need to be considered if an area is going to be sustainable. Explain why these factors make urban areas increasingly sustainable. range of sustainable elements. Bedzed Greenhouse-Leeds Hanham Hall Bristol The Olympic site London Dongtan Shanghai. identify elements of Aerial photographs to show overall planning/structure. Annotated diagrams to identify elements of sustainability within an urban settlement. Web-based research on the general elements of sustainability and the chosen example(s). opportunities of a sustainable settlement or a development (housing) with elements of sustainability nearby. Sustainable planning and ideas are being increasingly used in urban areas. Use an example(s) to illustrate sustainable urban initiatives, including: Carbon neutral housing, renewable energy, recycling, sustainable resource use, greening urban areas, sustainable urban planning, local shops/services. local business, transport initiatives. Important to describe these factors and explain why they are sustainable Sustainable urban living and urban are two different elements of the Specification. It may be that an example of a project has a range of sustainable elements so the same example could be appropriate for both parts of the Specification. However A question on must consider the key ideas and a question on sustainability must consider the key ideas