Building Trades Facts & Figures Pocket guide

Transcription

1 Building Trades Facts & Figures Pocket guide

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Board Footage In Standard Units of Lumber Various Lengths.. 1 Plywood Square Footage Table To Convert To Board Footage Board Footage Conversion &7. Lumber Board Footage Table Minimum Dressed Sizes Standard Knotty Grades Western Red Cedar Standard Clear Grades Western Red Cedar Estimating Decks Coverage Estimator (Shiplap, T&G, SS, Paneling Patterns, Bevel Siding) Recommended Minimum Stapling Schedule for Plywood Coverage Estimator (Clear Bevel Siding, Paneling) Drywall Needs Drywall Finishing Drywall Weights Slabs General Work Ready Mix Products Figuring Concrete Job Needs Siding, Overhang and Subfloor Rafter Lengths Lumber Weights Fence Components Plywood Thickness and Weights Rebar Weights Mill Plate Steel Roofing Hardware Cloth Electrical Motor Horsepower Flat Washers and Nuts Nail and Screw Data Square Measure Linear Measure Liquid Measure Diameter and Circumference Capacity of a Round Container Water and Water Pressure Weight Areas or Capacity of Shapes To Lay Out a Square Area or Forms Converting Fractions to a Decimal Metric Conversion Table Abbreviations of Terms Term Definitions

3 Board Footage in Standard Units of Lumber Various Lengths: Size* Length (Pieces per Unit) ' ' 1' 1' 1' 1' 0' Board Feet x 1,9 1,7 1, 1,91,19,9,77 (0) x 1,0 1,0 1,5 1,79,0,0,50 (1) x 1,0 1,0 1,5 1,79,0,0,50 (9) x 1,07 1, 1,00 1,7,1,00,9 (0) x1 1,0 1,0 1,5 1,79,0,0,50 () * Nominal Sizes Plywood Square Footage Tables: Panel Length Panel " Width " 0" 0" " 1 0 " 1 5 9" 0 " 7 5 " " 55 1" 0 To Convert To Board Footage: Multiply the lineal by Board Size Multiplier Board Size Multiplier 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 5 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x / x 5/ x 5/ x 5/ x 5/ x 5/ x 5/ x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x 1 x Board Footage Conversion: Thickness x width 1 = bd. ft. per lin. ft. (i.e.: x = 0, 0 1 = 1.7 bd. ft. per lin. of x.) Thickness x width x length 1 = bd. ft. per piece. (i.e.: x 1' long = xx1 = 19 1 = 1 bd. ft.) 1

4 Board Footage Table: Length* ' Size* ' ' 1' x x x x / 5 1 / 1 / 5 / 1 x x / 1 1 / 1 1 / 1 / 1 0 x ' / / 1 1 / 1 / 1' 5 1 / / / / 1' ' / 1 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 ' 7 1 / 11 1 / 9 1 / / ' ' / / 1 / 1 / 5 1x 1x 1x 1x5 1x 1x 1x 1x / 1 1 / / 1 / 1 / 5 1 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 5 1 / / 1 / 5 1 / 1 / / 5 5 / / 11 / 1 / 5 1 / / / 1 1 / 1 1 / 7 1 / / 5 / 1 / 1 1 / 1 / 0 / 5 1 / 7 1 / 9 1 / 11 1 / 1 1 / / 1 / / 5 / / 1 / *Nominal Minimum Dressed Sizes: Nominal Size Actual Size Metric Equivalent (to nearest whole mm) Dimension x x x x x x x1 Dry 1 1 / x 1 1 / 1 1 / x 1 / 1 1 / x 1 / 1 1 / x 5 1 / 1 1 / x 7 1 / 1 1 / x 9 1 / 1 1 / x 11 1 / Green 1 9 /1 x 1 9 /1 1 9 /1 x 9 /1 1 9 /1 x 9 /1 1 9 /1 x 5 5 / 1 9 /1 x 7 1 / 1 9 /1 x 9 1 / 1 9 /1 x 11 1 / Dry x x x9 x x1 x5 x Green 0x0 0x5 0x90 0x1 0x191 0x1 0x9 x etc.* x etc.* 1 / x 1 / 1 / x 1 / 9 /1x 9 /1 9 /1x 9 /1 x9 9x9 5x90 90x90 Boards & Finish 1x 1x 1x 1x5 1x 1x 1x 1x1 / x 1 1 / / x 1 / / x 1 / / x 1 / / x 5 1 / / x 7 1 / / x 9 1 / / x 11 1 / 5 / x 1 9 /1 5 / x 9 /1 5 / x 9 /1 5 / x 5 / 5 / x 5 5 / 5 / x 7 1 / 5 / x 9 1 / 5 / x 11 1 / 19x 19x 19x9 19x11 19x 19x1 19x5 19x 0x0 0x5 0x90 0x117 0x1 0x191 0x1 0x9 1x1 1 / 5/x etc.* /x etc.* 1 1 /x1 1 / 1 1 / x 1 9 /1 1 9 / x 1 9 /1 5x x x0 x0 * other widths same as above. Note: Metric sizes shown are merely equivalents, rounded to the nearest whole millimeter. They are not official sizes for use in any conversion to metric system.

5 Standard Knotty Grades Western Red Cedar: Product Grade Description Bevel Siding Select Knotty Quality Knotty For fine knotty appearance. Permits more pronounced Characteristics and has occasional cutouts in longer pieces. Channel/ Paneling/ Boards Select Knotty Quality Knotty For fine knotty appearance. Permits larger and more numerous characteristics and has occasional cutouts. Boards/ Commons/ Fencing Select Merchantable Construction Has fine appearance and includes knots and minor markings. Limited characteristics allowed to assure high degree of serviceability. Standard Allows more characteristics than construction. Utility Includes larger and more numerous markings and knots; often yields shorter pieces of higher grades. Radius Edge Decking Proprietary Check with manufacturer for sizes. Dimension/ Timbers For structural uses.

6 Standard Clear Grades Western Red Cedar: Product Grade Description Bevel Siding (kiln dried) Finish/ Paneling (May be specified in combinations such as B & Btr Clear VG (vertical grain) A Grade B Grade Rustic C Grade Clear A Grade B Grade Free of knots and imperfections for use where the highest quality appearance is desired. Includes some mixed grain and minor growth defects. Includes mixed grain, limited defects and occasional cutouts in longer pieces. Similar to A Grade, but graded from sawn face. Admits larger and more numerous defects than A or B Grades. Finest appearances with clear face, few minor defects. Recommended for fine appearance. May include minor imperfections, knots or growth defects Permits somewhat larger and more frequent defects, but may have short length of fine appearance. Estimating Decks: Converting Sq. Ftg. to Lineal Ftg. including waste and cutting allowance. x (sq. ftg.) x = Lineal Ftg. x (sq. ftg.) x.5 = Lineal Ftg. x (sq. ftg.) x.5 = Lineal Ftg. x (sq. ftg.) x 1.0 = Lineal Ftg.

7 Coverage Estimator: The following estimator provides factors for determining the exact amount of material needed for the five basic types of wood paneling and siding. Multiply square footage to be covered by factor (length x width x factor.) Shiplap Tongue and Grove SS Paneling Patterns Bevel Siding Nominal Size 1x 1x 1x 1x1 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x1 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x1 1x 1x 1x 1x1 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x1 Note: Allowance for trim and waste should be added. Area Factor Recommended Minimum Stapling Schedule for Plywood: All values are for 1 gauge galvanized wire staples having a minimum crown width of /". Plywood Staple Leg Thickness (in.) Length (in. Plywood wall sheathing without diagonal bracing 5/1 1-1/ / 1-/ 1/ 1-1/ Plywood roof sheathing 5/1 / 1/ Plywood subfloors 1/ 5/ Plywood underlayment 1/* / 1/ 5/ 1-1/ 1-/ 1-1/ 1-5/ 1-5/ Spacing Around Entire Perimeter of Sheets (in.) 7/ 1-1/ 1-5/ 1-5/ Asphalt shingles to plywood staples to have crown width of /" min. 5/1 and thicker / According to shingle manufacturer * 1-gauge staples with /1" crown may be used for 1/" underlayment -1/ Spacing at Intermediate Members (in.) 7 each way each way each way 5

8 Coverage Estimates: Clear Bevel Siding Dimensions In Inches Nominal Size 1/x 1/x5 1/x 1/x 5/x /x /x /x1 Butt Thickness 15/ 15/ 15/ 15/ 9/1 / / / Actual Width -1/ -1/ 5-1/ 7-1/ 9-1/ 7-1/ 9-1/ 11-1/ *Qty. Req.to Cover 1,000 Sq.Ft. of Wall Area (in surface measure) *Allow small additional footage for cutting and fitting usually %. FHA recommended lap: 1" on all sides. Paneling Dimensions In Inches Nominal Size 1x 1x5 1x 1x 1x 1/x 1/x5 1/x 1/x Butt Thickness / / / / / 7/1 7/1 7/1 7/1 Actual Width -1/ -1/ 5-1/ 7-1/ 9-1/ -1/ -1/ 5-1/ 7-1/ *Allow small additional footage for cutting and fitting. Drywall Needs: Sq. ft. of floor x.5 = approx. footage of gypsum needed. Drywall Finishing: 1,000 sq. ft. of surface will take: 70' of joint tape, three 50# ctns. of premix compound for taping only. For texture only, use five to six ctns. Drywall Weights: 1/" regular (per sq. ft.) = 1. lb. 1/" grn. bd. (per sq. ft.) = 1.5 lb. 5/" fire stop (per sq. ft.) =. lb. *Qty. Req.to Cover 1,000 Sq.Ft. of Wall Area (in surface measure) Slabs: 0 sq. ft. to a depth of " requires 1 cu. yard of concrete. 5 sq. ft. to a depth of " requires 1 cu. yard of concrete. General work - 1 shovel of cement to 5 shovels of sand/gravel combo.

9 Ready Mix Products: Mortar - 75# lays approx. 5 common bricks. Stucco - 50# covers approx. sq. ft. to a depth of 5/". Grout - 0# covers approx. 15 sq. ft. to a depth of 1/". Concrete - 0 sacks of 90# are the equivalent of approx. 1 cu. yard. Concrete - 0 sacks of 0# are the equivalent of approx. 1 cu. yard. Sand or Gravel - approx. 150 shovels = 1 cu. yard. Figuring Concrete Job Needs: Approximate Number of Bags To Use Dimension In Feet: " Deep " Deep Length lbs. 1/ 1 1-1/ / 7-1/ -1/ 90 lbs. 1/ / 1-1/ 1-1/ -1/ -/ -1/ 5-1/ -/ 7-1/ -1/ 5-/ 0 lbs. / 1-1/ -/ 5-1/ -/ 9-1/ -/ 1 1-1/ 1 Width lbs. 1/ 1 1-1/ / 7-1/ -1/ Dimensions in Square Feet: 5 1-1/ / 11-1/ / 0 7-1/ 1-1/ Note: For pours " deep use 1/ of the " column. For pours " deep use twice the amount shown in th " column Siding, Overhang and Subfloor: 1x V-rustic or t&g* - sq. ft. to cover x 1. =board ft. needed. Board ft. of 1 x x = lin ft. needed. 1x V-rustic or t&g* - sq. ft. to cover x 1. board ft. needed. Board ft. of 1 x x 1.5 = lin.ft. needed. x t&g* - sq. ft. to cover x. = bd. or lin. needed. * Waste included. 7

10 Rafter Lengths: Example - Building width is '. Pitch is " drop per ft. The ridge is in the middle so figure 1/ the building width is 1'. " drop per ft. x 1' = ' rise. Width squared + rise squared = rafter length squared. 1' x 1' = 1' & ' x ' = 1. So, = 10. What number times itself = 10? If you have a calculator that gives square root use that, if not, start by multiplying any number above 1' by itself until you can come up with 10. (1.5 x 1.5). Now, you have 1' +.5',.5' x 1" = 7.". Round 7." to 7-/". Answer... 1' 7-/" from the center of the ridge to the outside of the plate. Deduct 1/ the thickness of the ridge board. This gives you the exact length from the ridge cut to the outside of the seat cut. Note: Don't forget to add the overhang for the overall length. ' rise 1' 7-/" rafter length 1' run Lumber Weights: Green fir weighs approx..5 to lbs. per bd. ft. Dry fir weighs approx..0 lbs. per bd. ft. Green redwood weighs between.5 to lbs. per bd. ft. Dry redwood and pine weigh approx. 1. lbs. per bd. ft. Note: Green lumber shrinks rapidly, especially during summer months. Fence Components: For 0' of fence you will need: 1 x post on 7' " centers. 7 sacks of 90# dry mix concrete. x 1' top rail. 1 x ' bal. of top and bottom rail and bottom rail supports. 7 1x1 (11-1/" wide) or 157 1x ( 7-5/" wide.) 1 lb. of 1d and 7 lbs. of d hd galv box nails. Note: Add 1 extra post for each walk gate. Plywood Thickness and Weights: Sanded Nominal Thickness 1/ / 1/ 5/ / 1-1/ Actual Thickness 1/ 11/ 15/ 19/ / 1-1/ Approximate weight per x sheet

11 Rebar Weights: Dia. Weight per ft. Weight per 0' bar 1/" /" 1/" 5/" / 7/" 1" Mill Plate Steel: Thickness Weight per sq. ft. /1" 7.5 1/".0 5/1" 1.75 /" /" 0.0 5/" 5.50 /" 0.0 7/" " 0.0 Roofing: Roll Approx Felts Sizes Sq. Feet Type 15 ( sq) "x1' 00 sq ft Type 0 ( sq) "x7' 00 sq ft Type 0 (shake) 1"x' 0 sq ft Mineral surface "x' 0 sq ft Shingle size Pcs/sq Bdl/sq 0 yr shingles 1 1 / "x9 / " 5 Hardware Cloth: Weights per lin. ft. 7ga ga 19ga Mesh = 1/ 1/ 1/ " wide.'.9' 1.' " wide.7'.1'.95' " wide.'.7'.9' Electrical: Amperes multiplied by volts = watts. Example - a amp motor running on 115 volts, x 115 = 1,150 watts. Watts divided by volts = amps. 9

12 Motor Horsepower: HP 1/ 1/ 1/ / 1 1-1/ 5 Voltage Amps draw Distance from breaker to motor w/% voltage drop Wire Sz. 115 volts # # # # # Wire Sz. 0 volts #1 1 #1 # # For motors up to 1 HP multiply the above feet by # Flat Washers and Nuts: Washers Nuts Size per lb per lb 1/ /1 9 9 / 7 1/ 0 5/ / Nail and Screw Data: Common Nails Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb d d 1-1/ 1 5 d 1-1/ 1-1/ 1 5d 1-/ 1-1/ 71 d 11-1/ 11 7d -1/ 11-1/ 11 d -1/ -1/ d 9 9 1d -1/ 9 1d -1/ 9 0d 1 0d -1/ 5 0d d 5-1/ 1 0d 11

13 Finish Nails Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb d 1-1/ 15-1/ 07 d 1-1/ d 1-/ d 1 09 d -1/ 1-1/ 19 d 11-1/ 1 1d -1/ 11-1/ 11 1d -1/ d Spikes Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb 7 7 5/1 / 9 9 / -1/ / 1 1 / H.D. Galv Box Nails Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb d 1-1/ d 1-1/ 1 5 5d 1-/ 1 9 d 1-1/ 5 7d -1/ 1-1/ 00 d -1/ 11-1/ 1 d -1/ 90 1d -1/ 7 1d -1/ 9 0d 9 50 Green Vinyl Sinkers Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb d -/ 11-1/ 15 1d -1/ 9 Duplex Nails Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb d 1-/ 11-1/ 150 d -1/ -1/ d -/ 1d 1d -1/ 11

14 Roofing Nails Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb 1/ / 11 / / / / / / Construction Screw Size Length Gauge No. Approx No. inches per lb / / / / Square Measure: 1 sq. inches = 1 sq. ft. 9 sq. ft. = 1 sq. yard 0-1/ sq. yds = 1 sq. rod 10 sq. rods = 1 acre,0 sq. yd. = 1 acre,50 sq. ft. = 1 acre 0 acres = 1 sq. mile An acre is equal to a square whose sides are 0.71' each. Linear Measure: 1 inches = 1 foot feet = 1 yard 5-1/ yards = 1 rod 1 rod = 1-1/ feet 0 rods = 1 mile 1 mile = 5,0 feet Liquid Measure: 1 pint = 1 ounces pints = 1 quart pints = 1 gallon 1 gallon = 1 cu. inches 1 cubic foot = 7. gallons 1

15 Diameter and Circumference: To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diameter by.11. To find the diameter of a circle, multiply the circumference by.11. Capacity of a Round Container: Diameter in inches or feet squared x.75 = the "area" of a circle. Area x length or height = cubic ft. or inches. Cu. ft. x = gallons. Cu. in. x.009 = gallons. 1 cu. ft. = 1,7 cu. inches. 7. gallons = 1 cu. ft. 1 gallon = 1 cu. inches. Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. Water and Water Pressure Weight: Water weighs -1/ lb. per gallon. Multiply the depth of a body of water or a container in feet by. = pounds per square inch. Areas or Capacity of Shapes: Triangle area = base x 1/ of the height. Cone cu. inches or feet - square the base diameter and multiply by.75. This gives the base area then multiply by 1/ the height. Cube = width x length x height. Cubic inches or feet of a ball - multiply the cube of the diameter by.5. Side of square x 1.1 = the diameter of a circle with equal area. To Lay Out a Square Area or Forms: The Pythagorean Theorem --5 concerns a 90 triangle. If one leg of the triangle is ' long and another leg of the triangle is ' long then the distance between the two legs is 5'. Lay out strings on the batter boards at 90 angles. If the distance between ' on one side and ' on the other does not measure 5 feet, adjust the string until it does measure 5'. Use any multiples of '-'-5'. (i.e. 15'-0'-5') 15' 5' 0' 1

16 Converting Fractions to a Decimal Fraction Dec. Equiv. Fraction Dec. Equiv. 1/.015 5/1.15 1/.01 1/.1 /.09 11/. 1/1.05 /.59 5/.071 /.750 /.09 5/.90 7/.9 1/.0 1/.150 7/1.75 9/. 15/. 5/.15 1/ / /1.55 / /.50 1/ /1.75 7/.1 / /. 1/1.15 1/.500 7/ /.5 15/ / /.99 Metric Conversion Table When You Know Multiply By To Find Inches Millimeters Feet Meters Cubic Feet Cubic Meters Board Feet (lumber) Cubic Meters (lumber) Board Feet (logs) Cubic Meters (logs) Square Ft. (/ basis) Cubic Meters , Millimeters Inches Meters Feet Cubic Meters Cubic Feet Cubic Meters Board Feet Cubic Meters Board Feet Cubic Meters Square Ft. (/ basis) 1

17 Abbreviations of Terms: AA - Veneer grades on the face and back of sanded plywood AB - Veneer grades on the face (A) and back (B) of sanded plywood, or a combination of veneer grades AC - Veneer grades on the face (A) and back (C) of sanded plywood AD - Veneer grades on the face (A) and back (D) of sanded plywood B&BTR - B Grade and Better Bd Ft - Board Foot or Feet CD - Veneer grades on face (C) and back (D) of unsanded plywood CDX - CD plywood with exterior (X) glueline CLF - Hundred Lineal Feet Clr - Clear Com, Cmn - Common CWT - Hundred Weight Econ - Economy EE - Eased Edges EG - Edge Glued, or Exterior Glued, or Edge Grain Ext - Exterior FOHC - Free Of Heart Center Grn - Green Hem - Hemlock HF - Hem-Fir KD - Kiln Dried Lam - Laminate or Laminated Lin - Lineal or Linear M - Thousand MBF - Thousand Board Feet MDF - Medium-Density Fiberboard MDO - Medium-Density Overlay OC - On Center 15

18 PB - Particleboard PBU - Particleboard Underlayment P&T - Plug and Touch P&TS - Plug and Touch Sanded RC - Red Cedar Rdm - Random Reman - Remanufacture RL - Random Length Rsn - Resawn RW - Random Width RW &L - Random Width and Length RWRL - Random Width, Random Length S1E - Surfaced One Edge SE - Surfaced Two Edges S1S - Surfaced One Side SS - Surfaced Two Sides SS - Surfaced Four Sides S-Dry - Surface Dry Sel - Select S/L - Shiplap SP - Sugar Pine Std - Standard Std&Btr - Standard & Better STK - Select Tight Knot SYP - Southern Yellow Pine UL - Underlayment Util - Utility Util&Btr - Utility & Better VG - Vertical Grade WRC - Western Red Cedar 1

19 Terms Definitions: And Better - Usually abbreviated "&Btr", indicates that lumber so graded contains an unspecified percentage of pieces that are of a higher grade than the lowest acceptable grade. Appearance Grade - A grade of framing lumber intended primarily for exposed use in housing and light construction where fine appearance is required; sound, tight knots are permitted. Blow - A separation of a portion of veneers in a plywood panel, caused by a steam pocket that develops during the press process. Board Foot - The basic unit of measurement for lumber. One board foot is equal to a 1-inch board 1 inches in width and 1 inches in length. Thus, a -foot long, 1-inch thick and 1-inch wide board would contain board feet, as would a -foot x. When calculating board feet, nominal sizes are assumed. Bright - Unstained, fresh material, recently milled, free of discoloration. Check - A lengthwise separation of the wood, normally occurring across or through the rings of annual growth and usually the result of seasoning. Clear - Free or practically free of all blemishes, characteristics, or defects. Common - Lumber that is suitable for general construction and utility purposes. Dry - Seasoned, usually to a moisture content of 19% or less. Economy - The lowest recognized grade in lumber. Economy permits serious defects in the lumber, including large knots and holes, unsound wood, splits, wane and others. 17

20 Fingerjoint - A method of joining two pieces of lumber end-to-end by sawing into the end of each piece a set of projecting "fingers" that interlock when the two pieces are pushed together, forming a strong glue joint. Free of Heart Center (FOHC) - Lumber sawn to exclude the pith or heart center of a log. Glue Laminated (Glue Lam) - A process in which individual pieces of lumber or veneer are bonded together with an adhesive to make a single piece with the grain of each running parallel to the grain of each of the other pieces. Hardwood - A general term referring to any of a variety of broad leaved, deciduous trees, and the wood from those trees. The term has nothing to do with the actual hardness of the wood; some hardwoods are softer than certain softwood species. Kiln Dried - Lumber that has been seasoned in a kiln to a predetermined moisture content, normally 19% or less. Ply - A single layer or sheet of veneer. One complete layer of veneer in a sheet of plywood. Pressure Treating - A process of impregnating lumber or other wood products with various chemicals, such as preservatives and fire retardants, by forcing the chemicals into the structure of the wood using high pressure. Reman - Remanufacture or remanufacturing; a process of converting a common product to a more specialized or higher grade product by further manufacturing. Ruff Sawn - A designation for plywood paneling or siding which has been saw-textured to provide a decorative, rough sawn appearance. Sanded - Plywood panels which have been processed through a machine sander to obtain a smooth surface on the outer plies; usually one side carries an A or B face. Select - A high quality piece of lumber graded for appearance. 1

21 Select Tite Knot (STK) - A grade term often used for Cedar lumber. Lumber graded "STK" is selected from the mill run because of tight knots in each piece. Softwood - A general term referring to any of a variety of trees having narrow, needlelike or scalelike leaves, generally coniferous, and the wood from such trees. The term has nothing to do with the actual softness of the wood; some softwoods are harder than certain hardwood species. Standard and Better (Std&Btr) - Lumber containing a mixture of grades, the lowest of which is the Standard grade of light framing; the "and better" signifies that a portion of the lumber is of higher grade or grades. While Std&Btr is fully suitable for general construction purposes, the proportion of higher grades included is a factor in determining market value. Stud Grade - Lumber of this grade has the strength and stiffness values that make it suitable for use in load bearing walls. Tally - A numerical breakdown of the various lengths and/or sizes in a load of lumber. The price of a random length load is generally dependent on the tally, with those loads having a high proportion of the desired lengths bringing the higher price. Utility - A grade of softwood lumber used when a combination of strength and economy is desired. It is suitable for many uses in construction, but lacks the strength of Standard, the next highest light framing grade, and may not be allowed for certain applications where high strength is required. Utility and Better (Util&Btr) - A mixture of light framing lumber grades with the lowest being Utility. The "and Better" signifies that some percentage of the mixture is of a higher grade than Utility (but not necessarily of the highest grade). 19

22 Veneer - Wood peeled, sawn or sliced in a given, constant thickness and used in the production or plywood. Vertical grain (VG) - Lumber that is sawn at approximately right angles to the annual growth rings so that the rings form an angle of 5 degrees or more with the surface of the piece. Wane - Bark or lack of wood from any cause on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber. Warp - Any variation from a true or plane surface, including bow, crook, cup or any combination of these. White Speck - A fungus that develops in a living tree. It does not develop after the tree has been harvested. Causes small white honeycombed areas in the wood. The information in this booklet was taken from different manufacturers brochures and is for information only. It is intended as a guide for estimates only. Parr Lumber is not liable for any errors or misrepresentation. 0