Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems: The Continued Evolution of Agrochemicals, 24 th Volume

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2 STP 1460 Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems: The Continued Evolution of Agrochemicals, 24 th Volume G. Robert Goss, Gregory C. Volgas, and Masoud Salyani, Editors ASTM Stock Number: STP1460 ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA m l Printed in the U. S. A.

3 ISBN: ISSN: Copyright ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: ; online: Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor. The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Intemational Committee on Publications. To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors. The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers. In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers. The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International. Printed in Lancaster, PA September 2005

4 Foreword The 24 th Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems was held in Tampa, Florida on October, ASTM Committee E35 on Pesticide and Alternative Control Agents was the sponsor. Symposium chairmen were Humberto Lopez, Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC; Gregory Volgas, Helena Chemical Company, Memphis, TN; and Masoud Salyani, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL. Mr. Volgas and Mr. Salyani also acted as co-editors of this publication, along with G. Robert Goss, Oil-Dri Corporation, Chicago, IL.

5 Contents Overview vii FORMULATIONS Rising to New Challenges in Formulating for Agriculture---GREGORY J. LINDNER Benefits of a 2,4-D Acid Herbicide Formulation---GREGORY C. VOLGAS, ROBERT E. MACK, AND JOHNNIE R. ROBERTS The Effect of Dispersant Solubility, Dispersant Dosage, Granule Diameter, and Dome Versus Radial Extrusion on Granule Spontaneity of Disintegration and Resistance to Attrition----TOM WlNOW1SKI, STU LEBO, AND JONAS GUSTAFSSON Agricultural Granule Particle Size Considerations--~. R. GOSS Fluorescence Imaging for Investigating the Efficiency of Formulations, Adjuvants, and Application Systems---HANS DE RUITER, ROB VAN DER SCHOOR, AND HENK JALINK Improved Formulations through Synergistic Combinations based on Alkyi Glucosides---K. BERGSTROM AND I. M. JOHANSSON New Value-Added Polymeric Dispersants and Uses Thereof in Agricultural Formulations---KOLAZl S. NARAYANAN, DOMINGO!. JON, AND JAYANTI PATEL Applications of Ether Amine Surfactants in Agricultural Formulations: The Known and Unexplored--YAmN LEI

6 vi CONTENTS DELIVERY SYSTEMS Predicted Deposition Variability Due to Fluctuations in Release Height and Drop Size DistributionmMILTON E. TESKE, HAROLD W. THISTLE, RICHARD C. REARDON, GERRY CORMIER, PETER AMIRAULT, DAVID C. DAVIES, R. SCOT]" CAMERON, GARY DORR, ANDREW J. HEWITr, JAMES R. BROWN, MONIQUE Y. LECLERC, AND ANANDAKUMAR KARIPOT 79 Improving the Effectiveness of Aerial Pesticide Sprays--D. s. SMITH, l. W. KIRK, AND J. B. ROSS Comparison of Abscission Spray Application Practices for Mechanical Harvesting of OrangesmMU.AMMAD FAROOQ. MASOUD SALYAN[, AND JODIE D. WHITNEY ADJUVANTS Effect of Adjuvant on the Efficacy of Glyphosate Applied at Different Times of Day--BRYAN G. YOUNG AND JULIE M. YOUNG A Novel Water Conditioning Adjuvant for Use with Formulated and Nonformulated GIyphosate---DONALD PENNER, JAN MICHAEL, AND WILLIAM G. BROWN Evaluation of Some Adjuvants for Improving Glyphosate Efficacy--SAMUNDER SINGH AND MEGH SINGH 134

7 Overview The 24 th Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems held in Tampa, FL included 29 presentations. Of those 29 presentations, 14 papers reached publication in this peer-reviewed compilation. Individual papers can be also read in the Journal of ASTM International. The world of pesticide formulations and delivery systems is continually evolving. Business, technological, environmental, and particularly regulatory pressures are forcing constant change. The paper by Lindner addresses some of these new challenges in formulating pesticides. From a business and technological aspect, the advent of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) brought great pressure to bear on the chemical aspects of pest control. For example, glyphosate is much more widely used today than in the past and papers by Young, Penner, and Singh address glyphosate efficacy. In general, factors that are important to a chemical's efficacy as a pest control agent are the chemical itself, formulation, and delivery. The delivery can include liquids, solids, or even gases and the interaction of all of the above with the target organism is crucial. Volgas addresses increased mileage from an old chemical (2,4-D formulation) through a formulation change. Papers by Bergstr6m (alkyl glucosides), Lei (ether amines), Narayanan (polymeric dispersants), Singh (glyphosate adjuvants), and Penner (water conditioners) all address liquid formulations and applications (either by the basic chemical formulation or as adjuvants blended in a spray tank). Solid formulations continue to maintain a presence, and papers by Winowiski (polymeric dispersants for WDGs) and Goss (granules) address aspects of these formulations. Finally, delivery and interactions of the pesticide with the target organism are discussed in papers by Teske (spray release height and drop size), Smith (aerial sprays), Farooq (abscission sprays), and de Ruiter (fluorescent imaging to assess efficiency). The editors sincerely hope that the reader will enjoy this latest volume describing both changes and advances in the world of pesticide formulations and delivery systems. G. Robert Goss Oii-Dri Corporation Chicago, IL Co-editor Gregory C. Volgas Helena Chemical Company Memphis, TN Co-editor Masoud Salyani University of Florida Lake Alfred, FL Symposium co-chairman and co-editor vii

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