WACJ Western Association of Criminal Justice

Transcription

1 2009 Conference Program Practical Problems, Empirical Solutions: Inquiring Minds Want to Know Stratosphere Hotel and Casino Las Vegas, Nevada October 14-16, 2009 WACJ on the Web at cja.boisestate.edu/wpacje

2 Officers President Cary Heck University of Wyoming First Vice-President & 2009 Program Chair Jeremy Ball Boise State University Second Vice-President Julie Buck Weber State University Secretary/Treasurer Carl Franklin Southern Utah University Immediate Past President Wayne D. Williams Southern Utah University Region V Trustee, ACJS Craig Hemmens Boise State University Officers President Jeremy Ball Boise State University First Vice-President & 2010 Program Chair Julie Buck Weber State University Second Vice-President Open Secretary/Treasurer Open Immediate Past President Cary Heck University of Wyoming Region V Trustee, ACJS Open 2

3 Past Presidents Karl Hutchinson Ft. Steilacoom Community College Bill Melnicoe C.S.U. Sacramento John Kocher Lane Community College Skip Gillam Casper College Ken Braunstein University of Nevade, Reno Jay Summerhays So. Oregon State College Glen Howard Weber State University John Angell University of Alaska, Anchorage Kenneth Allwine Lewis-Clark St. College Peter Unsinger San Jose State University Judy Hails Kaci C.S.U. Long Beach Paul Johnson Weber State University Karl Hutchinson Sacramento P.S.C Charlotte Shian-Yun Wong San Jose State University Harvey Morley C.S.U. Long Beach Lawrence Trostle University of Alaska, Anchorage Morris Sterrett Weber State University Ken Peak University of Nevada, Reno Larry Lunnen Dixie College Robert Harvie St. Martin s College Robert Wadman Weber State University Lawrence Trostle University of Alaska, Anchorage Mary Stohr Boise State University Michelle Heward Weber State University Craig Hemmens Boise State University Andrew Giacomazzi Boise State University Ronald Helms Western Washington University David Mueller Boise State University Wayne D. Williams Southern Utah University Cary Heck University of Wyoming 3

4 Standing Committees Membership Committee Carl Franklin (Chair) Skip Griffin (Nevada) Ricky Gutierrez (Northern California) Ron Helms (Washington & Oregon) Cary Heck (Wyoming) Marlyn Jones (Canada, Hawaii, & Pacific Territories) Mary Stohr (Idaho & Montana) Wayne Williams (Utah) Nominations and Elections Committee David Mueller (Chair) Wayne D. Williams Cary Heck Program Committee Jeremy Ball (Chair) Andrew Giacomazzi Carl Franklin Suzan Raney, ex officio 4

5 History The (WACJ) was organized in March, 1977 (under the name of Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators) as a result of a decision of its parent organization, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), to regionalize in order to better serve its members. The official name of the organization was changed at the 2008 annual meeting to increase the range of scholarship beyond educational goals. WACJ is the Region V affiliate of the ACJS. It draws members from the states of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming, the Pacific Territories and Possessions, and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. Goals and Services The WACJ is working to promote communication and dissemination of information among members, other associations of educators, and agencies of the criminal justice system. The WACJ s aim is to develop standards of quality education and training in the administration of justice. The WACJ encourages both limited and long term planning and research in the criminal justice system. 5

6 2009 WACJ Conference Sponsors Continental Breakfast Sponsors Aspen Publishers Law Tech Custom Publishing Taylor & Francis Group PM Refreshment Break Sponsors University of Nevada-Reno (Dept. of Criminal Justice) Weber State University (Dept. of Criminal Justice) Student Paper Competition Sponsors Aspen Publishers Oxford University Press Audio/Visual Sponsors Luncheon Sponsors Boise State University (Dept. of Criminal Justice) Boise State University (Office of Sponsored Programs) Cengage Learning Pearson Education General Sponsors Sage Publications Washington State University (DGSS, Nicholas Lovrich, Director) Wayne D. Williams Thanks to all of our sponsors for making 2009 a huge success! 6

7 WACJ Luncheon Thursday, October 15, :00pm-1:30pm Special Guest Speaker Mr. Douglas C. Gillespie Sheriff, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Crime and Criminal Justice in Sin City Sheriff Douglas C. Gillespie, originally from a small town in upstate New York, has been a member of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department since During his tenure as an officer, he worked in a variety of assignments such as Patrol, Field Training, SWAT, K-9, Special Events, and the Academy. In January 1998 he was promoted to captain and assigned to the Southeast Area Command where he served until January In January 2000 he was assigned to the Vice Narcotics Bureau, and later promoted to Commander of the Central District, which includes Southeast Area Command, Downtown Area Command, and the Traffic Safety Bureau. He was promoted to Deputy Chief in June 2002 and oversaw the operations of the Detention Services Division, including the Clark County Detention Center. Sheriff Gillespie is a graduate of the FBI National Academy. In his current capacity as Sheriff of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, Sheriff Gillespie is in charge of a police department overseeing 40 million visitors that Las Vegas plays host to each year. 7

8 2009 Program at a Glance All Meetings held in the Twilight Room Wednesday, October 14, :30am Continental Breakfast: Sponsored by Law Tech Custom Publishing 8:30am 4:00pm Registration 9:00am 9:15am Welcome and Opening Remarks: WACJ President Cary Heck 9:15am 10:30am Session #1: Law Enforcement: Race, Roles, and Training 10:45am 12:00pm Session #2: The Influence of Fatigue on Police and Witnesses 12:00pm 1:30pm Lunch Break On your own 1:30pm 2:45pm Session #3: Courtroom Decision-making and the Law 2:45pm 3:00pm PM Refreshment Break: Sponsored by Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Dept. of Criminal Justice 3:00pm 4:00pm Session #4: Research Methodology in Criminal Justice Thursday, October 15, :00am Continental Breakfast: Sponsored by Taylor and Francis Group 8:00am 4:00pm Registration 8:30am 9:45am Session #5: Juvenile Justice: Behavior, Race, and Programming 10:00am 11:00am 11:00am 12:00pm 12:00pm 1:30pm 1:30pm 2:45pm 2:45pm 3:00pm 3:00pm 4:00pm 6:00pm Session #6: Roundtable: The Ins and Outs of Publishing a Textbook WACJ Business Meeting Comments by Janice Joseph, Ph.D. President Elect, ACJS Comments by Craig Hemmens, J.D., Ph.D., Region V Trustee WACJ Luncheon (Horizon Room) Sponsored by Cengage Learning, Pearson Education, and Boise State University Office of Sponsored Programs and Dept. of Criminal Justice Keynote Address by Mr. Douglas C. Gillespie, Sheriff, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Session #7: Criminal Justice Education, Round I PM Refreshment Break: Sponsored by Weber State Univ. Dept. of Criminal Justice Session #8: Terrorism and Its Different Nuances Outgoing President s Reception: Sponsored by Cary Heck Friday, October 16, :00am 8:00am 12:00pm 8:30am 9:45am 10:00am 10:45am 10:45am 12:00pm 12:00pm Continental Breakfast: Sponsored by Aspen Publishers Registration Session #9: Potpourri: Regulatory Laws and Attitudes Session #10: Corrections: Big Problems, Big Ideas Session #11: Criminal Justice Education, Round II Conference Adjourns 8

9 Wednesday, October 14 Continental Breakfast, 8:30 AM Sponsored by: Law Tech Custom Publishing Please visit them at Registration/Handouts, 8:30 AM 4:00 PM Welcome and Opening Remarks, 9:00am 9:15am Cary Heck, University of Wyoming, Outgoing WACJ President Jeremy Ball, Boise State University, Incoming WACJ President 9:15am 10:30am Twilight SESSION#1: LAW ENFORCEMENT: RACE, ROLES, AND TRAINING Chair: Lisa G. Bostaph, Boise State University A COMPARISON OF TURKISH AND AMERICAN POLICE TRAINING SYSTEMS Mehmet Odabasi, University of North Texas The training phrase of policing requires special programs that will furnish police officers with sufficient skills in order to adequately fulfill their duties. Notwithstanding the difference between various police organizations, there are two main objectives in police training. The first objective is to ensure that officers accomplish police tasks in accordance with the law. The second objective is to acquaint officers with the latest police tactics so that they can cope with the classic and the modern sophisticated crimes. This paper examines police training systems in the United States and in Turkey and provides a comparison between two countries. 9

10 VEHICLE TYPE AS A PROXY FOR DRIVER RACE IN MOTOR VEHICLE STOPS Lisa G. Bostaph, Boise State University Marianne Hudson, Boise State University Jonathan Bolen, Boise State University One of the controversial issues in racially-biased policing is whether or not police officers can identify driver race, especially at night. This research examines vehicle description as a proxy for driver s race. The data is from Eck, Liu, & Bostaph s (2003) study of motor vehicle stops in a Midwestern city. The authors will present findings from a logistic regression analysis examining the relationship between the make, model, and year of the vehicles stopped by police and the race of the drivers. INFORMATION-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATORS IN TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE Mehmet Demircioglu, University of North Texas Nadir Gergin, Virginia Commonwealth University There has been no previous attempt to examine information-seeking behavior of crime scene investigators. The research can be used to adjust the current policies in the police organization. The aim of the research is to understand the reality of crime scene investigators on-duty information behavior which may guide related librarians and systems designers in the provision of more appropriate systems and services. On the other hand more research needs to be done on police and similar professions in order to develop a model of information behavior that is more applicable to their everyday work lives (Baker, 2004, p.1) IT S NOT JUST A JOB FOR CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICE: THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN INVESTIGATING CHILD NEGLECT Mari Pierce, Western Oregon University Child neglect remains largely under-investigated and prosecuted within the CJS, yet one community in the Pacific Northwest has made criminal child neglect a focus with the creation of a specialized police unit. All arrests for child neglect, over a two year period, were followed from the point of arrest through the court process. The prosecutorial successes of the investigations conducted by this specialized unit were compared to those of other officers within the jurisdiction. The findings suggest that the training of the officers within this specialized unit ensure greater prosecutorial acceptance, conviction and sentencing rates specific to criminal child neglect. 10

11 10:45am 12:00pm Twilight SESSION#2: THE INFLUENCE OF FATIGUE ON POLICE AND WITNESSES Chair: Julie Buck, Weber State University SLEEP DEPRIVATION, ISOLATION, AND FATIGUE: POLICING IN OAKLAND, CA IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Mark Correia, San Jose State University Daniel Eloff, San Jose State University In an attempt to more effectively and efficiently address crime, the Oakland Police Department implemented a 12-hour, rotating days-off shift strategy. This paper addresses the impact of this strategy on the officer, paying particular attention to officer fatigue and wellness using recognized metrics (i.e., POMS, PSQI and SF-36v2). Drawing upon a sample of nearly 300 Officers, this study also examines the effects on fatigue of rank, assigned geographical area, time of shift, overtime hours, calls for service, as well as other organizational variables. The paper concludes with policy suggestions regarding organizational responses to officer fatigue. ACUTE FATIGUE: DOES IT AFFECT FORENSIC INTERVIEW QUALITY? Erin Swedish, University of Toledo Julie Buck, Weber State University We examined the effects of forensic interviewer fatigue on the quality of interviews in child sexual abuse cases. Forensic interviews (N=48) where evaluated to determine the frequency of different interviewer utterances (i.e., invitations, directive, option-posing, suggestive) and of suggestive techniques (i.e., multiple questions, inviting speculation, interruptions, other people). The number of prior interviews conducted per day and the time of day of the interview were used as measurements of fatigue. Acute fatigue was significantly related to lower quality forensic interviews, which included more frequent use of suggestive utterances and less frequent use of invitations and directive utterances. 11

12 THE INFLUENCE OF FATIGUE ON THE SUGGESTIBILITY OF CHILD WITNESSES Patrick Brady, Weber State University Erin Swedish, University of Toledo Petersen Christian, Weber State University Julie Buck, Weber State University In this study we examined whether acute fatigue (as measured by time of day) affects preschool age children s susceptibility to suggestive questioning and their memory accuracy. Children (N=80) participated in a staged magic show and were interviewed one week later about specific details of the magic show. The children were randomly assigned to be interviewed at three different times of day to assess what time of day children provided the most accurate memory recall. Results showed that children were least accurate and most susceptible to suggestion between the hours of 3 pm to 5pm. The results of this study can be applied towards forensic interview practices, by interviewing children at the appropriate time of day to obtain more accurate information from child witnesses. 12:00pm 1:30pm LUNCH BREAK (on your own) 1:30pm 2:45pm Twilight SESSION#3: COURTROOM DECISIONMAKING AND THE LAW Chair: Samuel Newton, Weber State University KEEPING MOMENTUM AT BAY: HOW SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION LAWS HAVE TURNED THEIR NOSE UP AT THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUION Teresa Welch, Salt Lake Legal Defender Association Samuel Newton, Weber State University Over the last two decades, sex offender registration laws have been enacted on both national and statewide levels that are progressively harsher on convicted sex offenders in response to several high-profile cases involving sex offenses against children. Legislatures continually require more of convicted sex offenders, and harsher penalties exist for those that do not comply. In allowing this momentum, we have lost vision of basic constitutional protections that are granted to all U.S. citizens, including convicted sex offenders. In 2008, in State v. Briggs, 199 P.3d 935 (Utah 2008), the Utah Supreme Court examined the constitutionality of Utah s sex offender registration laws and although their conclusions, in some part, slowed down the impetus of these laws, their decision did not go far enough in halting a momentum that is largely shrouded in misinformation and inaccurate stereotyping. 12

13 BLOOD ATONEMENT AND EXTREME RELIGIOUS BELIEFS: THE USE OF PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES TO EXCLUDE JURORS BASED ON RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AS CONFLICTING WITH JURORS FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS Samuel Newton, Weber State University The United States Supreme Court in Batson v. Kentucky held that attorneys may not use peremptory challenges to exclude jurors based on race. This protection was eventually extended to gender. Yet, jurors may still be excluded based on religious beliefs and associations, which are guaranteed protections under the First Amendment. The use of peremptory challenges should be extended to cover challenges based on religion or religious affiliation or, alternatively, the practice should be governed by the court in a more open fashion. Extreme religious beliefs should only be relevant to challenges for cause and not for peremptory challenges. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JUROR LEARNING STYLES TO THE OUTCOME OF A CRIMINAL TRIAL Cari Keller, Northeastern State University Amy Proctor, Northeastern State University Patti Buhl, Northeastern State University Shannon Buhl, Cherokee Nation Marshal Service Increasingly, trial attorneys are considering learning styles research in the voir dire process and trial presentation. Research indicates approximately 60% of the general population are visual learners, 20% are auditory learners and the remaining 20% kinesthetic/tactile learners. Additionally, the population processes information either globally or analytically. This research addresses whether a venireman s learning style affects his perception and processing of the evidence and potentially the outcome of a case. This question is particularly important where the liberty interest or the life of the defendant is at risk. The due process implications for the criminal justice system will also be discussed. 2:45pm 3:00pm Twilight PM BREAK Sponsored by: University of Nevada-Reno, Please visit the at 13

14 3:00pm 4:00pm Twilight SESSION#4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: Marilyn McShane, University of Houston-Downtown THE EFFECT OF DATE OF RESPONSE ON CHARACTERISTCS IN A MAILED SURVEY: A QUNATITIATVE AND VISUAL ANALYSIS Marilyn McShane, University of Houston-Downtown Frank P. Williams, III, University of Houston-Downtown While survey research technology has evolved rapidly over the last few decades, there has been little debate on the value of the five-stage mailed survey design (Dillman, 2000) for maximizing mailed response rates. If respondents at different phases in a survey have different characteristics, it is possible that much of the discipline's survey-based knowledge is a product of methodology. A central issue is whether, in criminal justice surveys, systematic differences occur in the characteristics of respondents based on time of response. If there are no critical differences based on time of response, the number of stages used in a survey primarily accomplishes the goal of maximizing responses. To test for possible differences, this study examines four survey datasets, investigating different criminal justice issues. Researchers may be able to use these results to validate their decisions about the number of stages to incorporate into their designs, to interpret substantive differences in attitudes and opinions, and to gain insight into differential survey results. THE EFFECT OF OFFICIAL VERSUS SELF ATTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKA NATIVE RACIAL IDENTITY ON PATTERNS OF DRUG USE BY RECENT ARRESTTEES Daryl S. Wood, Washington State University Arrest statistics used to make racial comparisons are generally derived from victim, witness, or police attributions of suspect race. While the validity of these classifications is generally strong when identifying African American or white suspects, their validity for American Indian/Alaska Native suspects is unknown. In this paper, suspect race as recorded in official records is compared with suspects stated racial identity using data gathered in the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program. The extent of inconsistencies between official and self identification of race are considered as is the effect of the differing attributions of race upon patterns of arrestees drug use behaviors. 14

15 Thursday, October 15 Continental Breakfast, 8:00 AM Sponsored by: Taylor and Francis Group Please visit Taylor and Francis at Registration/Handouts, 8:00 AM 4:00 PM 8:30am 9:45am Twilight SESSION#5: JUVENILE JUSTICE: BEHAVIOR, RACE, AND PROGRAMMING Chair: David Mueller, Boise State University A TEST OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION ON JUVENILE PROPERTY AND VIOLENT CRIME RATES BY ZIP CODES WITHIN TWO NONMETROPOLITAN COUNTIES Susan Hilal, Metropolitan State University Mario Hesse, St. Cloud State University This study tests the effects of social disorganization on juvenile crimes rates by zip code within two nonmetropolitan counties. It does so by examining the relationships between the selected social disorganization indicators of nontraditional family, residential mobility, and socioeconomic status (poverty) and violent and property crime among juveniles through the use of ANOVA testing. Secondary data obtained from the South Dakota Department of Corrections on adjudicated juveniles and their associated crime and residential location, as well as data from the United States Census Bureau is used and analyzed to test three main hypotheses. Findings indicate that areas characterized by poverty and residential mobility are associated with violent and property crime committed by juveniles. A discussion and implication section is provided. 15

16 JUVENILE SUBSTANCE ABUSE: BEST PRACTICES AND STATE OF IDAHO GAP ANALYSIS Andrew Giacomazzi, Boise State University David Mueller, Boise State University This paper reviews best practices in the areas of juvenile substance abuse. Best practices identified include diversion to treatment, drug/courts, functional family therapy, wraparound services, multisystemic therapy, and multi-dimensional treatment foster care. Following this review, research using archival data and key informant interviews is presented, suggesting that the State of Idaho is making strides in providing a system of care for juveniles who present themselves with substance abuse issues. DISPROPORTIONATE MINORITY CONTACT: AN ANALYSIS OF MINORITY YOUTH IN UTAH S JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Jason Castillo, University of Utah Michael Tanana, University of Utah Mindy Vanderloo, University of Utah Moises Prospero, University of Utah In the U.S., minority youth are disproportionately involved at all stages of the juvenile justice system: arrest, detention, petition, adjudication, and disposition. Using the Utah State Sentencing Commission guidelines data, this study controlling for offender criminal history and offense type examined the patterns of arrest, detention, petition, and adjudication of minority youth in the state of Utah. The findings of the study indicate that compared to Caucasian youth, minority youth were more likely to receive a more severe sanction, transferred to adult court, and transferred to a secure care facility. The findings of this study have policy, practice, and research implications. 16

17 JUVENILE JUSTICE AND HIGH SCHOOL YOUTH: DIFFERENCE IN IMPLEMENTING PROGRAMMING Peter Fawson, University of Utah Moises Propsero, University of Utah The study implemented a dating violence prevention program (DVP) in two different locations: an early intervention program (juvenile justice) and a high school. DVP targeted (a) specific attitudes (i.e. challenging attitudes toward violence), (b) specific behaviors (i.e. causing physical harm), and (c) specific skills (i.e. healthy conflict resolutions skills). Pretests and posttests were administered to measure violent attitudes/behaviors and skills. Pretest prevalence rates revealed: 33% physical and 30% controlling behavior for high school students and 33% physical and 25% controlling behavior for juvenile justice. Posttest and comparative analyses are presently being conducted and will be presented at the conference. 10:00am 11:00am Twilight SESSION#6: ROUNDTABLE: THE INS AND OUTS OF PUBLISHING A TEXTBOOK Moderator: G. Larry Mays, New Mexico State University Discussants: G. Larry Mays, New Mexico State University, Craig Hemmens, Boise State University, Frank P. Williams, III, University of Houston-Downtown, Marilyn McShane, University of Houston-Downtown 11:00am 12:00pm Twilight BUSINESS MEETING Comments by Janice Joseph, President-Elect, ACJS Comments by Craig Hemmens, Region V Trustee, ACJS Financial Report by Wayne Williams (for Carl Franklin, Secretary/Treasurer) Discussion led by Executive Board, WACJ Cary Heck, President Jeremy Ball, 1 st Vice-President Julie Buck, 2 nd Vice-President 17

18 12:00pm 1:30pm WACJ LUNCHEON Horizon Special Guest Speaker Mr. Douglas C. Gillespie Sheriff, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Crime and Criminal Justice in Sin City Luncheon Sponsored by Cengage Learning Pearson Education Boise State University, Office of Sponsored Programs Boise State University, 18

19 1:30pm 2:45pm Twilight SESSION#7: CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION, ROUND 1 Chair: Alison Burke, Southern Oregon University GROUP WORK: HOW TO USE GROUP WORK EFFECTIVELY Alison Burke, Southern Oregon University Many people cringe and groan when told that they will need to work in a group. However, group work has been found to be good for students and good for teachers. Employers want college graduates to have developed teamwork skills (Blowers, 2000). Additionally, students who participate in collaborative learning get better grades, are more satisfied with their education, and are more likely to remain in college. This paper will discuss the use of group work in higher education. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING V. SUPREME COURT Brent Horn, Weber State University For the motivated and prepared student, an experiential learning event can rival what can be brought to the mere classroom environment. Simultaneously, the criminal justice system increasingly demands quality because of the impact on individuals lives. The recent opinion from Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts not only has quality repercussions on the court system but can affect our experiential learners. This talk will discuss the potential impact of this ruling on university experiential learning programs and the criminal justice agencies who host our students. SENIOR CAPSTONE SEMINAR PROJECTS Tina Fryling, Mercyhurst College Many colleges and universities require senior students to participate in a capstone major course. Two types of projects are presented. The first project involves memoir writing, emphasizing students intellectual identity and students ideologies. A range of brief written assignments probe student beliefs and promote introspective reflection, culminating in a chapter length intellectual memoir produced by each student. The second project involves the use of a mock trial, where students participate in teams and try a criminal case. Strengths and weaknesses of each type of project and lessons learned by the instructor in assigning these projects will be presented. 19

20 2:45pm 3:00pm Twilight PM BREAK Sponsored by: Weber State University, Please visit the at 3:00pm 4:00pm Twilight SESSION#8: TERRORISM AND ITS DIFFERENT NUANCES Chair: Ronald Helms, Western Washington University CYBER-TERROR, CYBER-CRIME, AND GLOBAL CYBER-THREAT ANALYSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND DISCUSSION Ronald Helms, Western Washington University Nicholas Johnson, Western Washington University The literature on cyber-threats emerged from longstanding efforts to define and evaluate terrorism. Terrorism discourse remains mired in ambiguity since little agreement exists as to thresholds that would make unambiguous distinctions between merely criminal and terror attacks. Conceptualization of cyber-attacks as threats that may rise to the level of criminal or terror actions have been equally ambiguous. Toward understanding cyber-terror, it is imperative to unmask the cyber-terrorist as well as the global dimensions of cyber-terror threats. Not all cyber-attack threats warrant the level of fear often associated with discourse on these issues. But the changing technologies and sophistication in all manner of organization and communication increase the likelihood that cyber-threats will continue to garner state attention. Global legislation is likely to emerge in response to globalized threats. State and international regulations should be attentive to opportunities and threats both for defenders and attackers of cybersystems of communication and control. LEGISLATIVE OPINIONS CONCERNING TERRORISM RESPONSE FUNDING AND LIKELIHOOD ATTACK: THE CASE OF TEXAS James Vardalis, Tarleton State University Law enforcement funding, training, and equipment for terrorism prevention and response continue to be obtained through budgets approved and submitted to local governments by local agencies. However, recent substantial increases in financial support have emerged by way of requests to state government agencies. State representatives have a critical role in locating, supporting, and endorsing the funding of proposals for terrorism related issues. Little is known about state representatives opinions regarding terrorism threats and related concerns. Based on a survey of the 150 Texas state representatives in 2009, the author was able to extract some important findings on this subject. 20

21 TERRORISM AND POLICING: SHIFTING OPERATIONAL PRIORITIES IN LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT Michelle Youngs, University of Nevada-Reno Terrorism captured the attention of local law enforcement on September 11, 2001 and prompted structural, financial and functional changes. Recent studies regarding terrorism response show variation among agencies. However, few studies assess how police attitudes and actions regarding terrorism might be affecting traditional goals and services. This paper examines the relationship between terrorism and democratic policing. Specifically, the analysis sought to determine if increases in the number of sworn police personnel assigned to terrorism duties caused decreases in personnel assigned to community policing duties or to respond to calls from citizens. 21

22 Friday, October 16 Continental Breakfast, 8:00 AM Sponsored by: Aspen Publishers Please visit Aspen Publishers at Registration/Handouts, 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 8:30am 9:45am Twilight SESSION#9: POTPOURRI: REGULATORY LAWS AND ATTITUDES Chair: William Taggart, New Mexico State University COMPATCING FOR PROSPERITY: THE LEGAL DIMENSIONS OF TRIBAL-STATE GAMING COMPACTS Wesley Smith, New Mexico State University William Taggart, New Mexico State University Under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, Indian nations are required to negotiate compacts with state governments governing the establishment and operation of Las Vegas style casinos. Since its passage in 1988, over 200 nations in approximately 20 states have approved compacts. Except for a few of the more controversial provisions, such as those dealing with revenue sharing and privacy issues, our understanding of tribal-state gaming compacts remains limited. This paper seeks to undertake a more systematic analysis of the legal provisions of gaming compacts to develop a better understanding of both the commonalities and differences defining this new intergovernmental partnership. ATTITUDES TOWARD POLICE AND STATE AUTHORITY ACROSS RACE AND IMMIGRATION STATUS IN THE EAST BAY Mark Correia, San Jose State University Recent events in Oakland are indicators of contentious relationships between the police and community in the East Bay. Current scholarship lacks the empirical research necessary to understand the public perception of police and state authority that may underlie such social strife and public violence in a multicultural, immigrant rich area. In an effort to develop a more thorough understanding of those mechanisms underlying these perceptions, our study examines the perceptions of legal authority and informal social networks of immigrants and non-immigrants in Oakland, CA. Preliminary findings are reported and policy prescriptions discussed. 22