How To Organize A 2011 Wacj Conference

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1 2011 Conference Program Public Disinvestment: The Effect on Crime and Justice in our Communities Atlantis Resort, Spa & Casino Reno, Nevada October 19-21, 2011 WACJ on the Web at sspa.boisestate.edu/criminaljustice/wacj-westernassociation-of-criminal-justice/

2 Officers President & 2011 Program Chair Julie Buck Weber State University First Vice-President & 2011 Local Arrangements Chair Ricky S. Gutierrez Sacramento State University Second Vice-President 2011 Recruitment Chair Open Secretary/Treasurer Lisa Growette Bostaph Boise State University Immediate Past President Jeremy Ball Boise State University Region V Trustee, ACJS David Mueller Boise State University Officers President & 2012 Program Chair Ricky S. Gutierrez Sacramento State University First Vice-President & 2012 Local Arrangements Chair Open Second Vice-President 2012 Recruitment Chair Open Secretary/Treasurer Lisa Growette Bostaph Boise State University Immediate Past President Julie Buck Weber State University Region V Trustee, ACJS David Mueller Boise State University 2

3 Past Presidents Karl Hutchinson (Ft. Steilacoom Community College) Karl Hutchinson (Ft. Steilacoom Community College) Karl Hutchinson (Ft. Steilacoom Community College) Bill Melnicoe (California State University-Sacramento) John Kocher (Lane Community College) Skip Gillam (Casper College) Ken Braunstein (University of Nevada-Reno) Jay Summerhays (Southern Oregon State College) Glen Howard (Weber State University) John Angell (University of Alaska-Anchorage) Kenneth Allwine (Lewis-Clark State College) Peter Unsinger (San Jose State University) Judy Hails Kaci (California State University-Long Beach) Paul Johnson (Weber State University) Karl Hutchinson (Sacramento City College) Charlotte Shian-Yun Wong (San Jose State University) Harvey Morley (California State University-Long Beach) Lawrence Trostle (University of Alaska-Anchorage) Morris Sterrett (Weber State University) Ken Peak (University of Nevada-Reno) Larry Lunnen (Dixie College) Robert Harvie (St. Martin s College) Robert Wadman (Weber State University) Lawrence Trostle (University of Alaska-Anchorage) Mary Stohr (Boise State University) Michelle Heward (Weber State University) Craig Hemmens (Boise State University) Craig Hemmens (Boise State University) Andrew Giacomazzi (Boise State University) Ronald Helms (Western Washington University) David Mueller (Boise State University) Wayne D. Williams (Southern Utah University) Cary Heck (University of Wyoming) Jeremy Ball (Boise State University) Julie Buck (Weber State University) 3

4 History The (WACJ) was organized in March, 1977 (under the name of Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators) as a result of a decision of its parent organization, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), to regionalize in order to better serve its members. The official name of the organization was changed at the 2008 annual meeting to increase the range of scholarship beyond educational goals. WACJ is the Region V affiliate of the ACJS. It draws members from the states of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming, the Pacific Territories and Possessions, and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. Goals and Services The WACJ is working to promote communication and dissemination of information among members, other associations of educators, and agencies of the criminal justice system. The WACJ s aim is to develop standards of quality education and training in the administration of justice. The WACJ encourages both limited and long term planning and research in the criminal justice system. 4

5 2011 WACJ Conference Sponsors Morning Break Sponsors Weber State University: College of Social & Behavioral Sciences Afternoon Break Sponsors Aspen Publishers Taylor & Francis Group Student Poster Competition & President s Reception Sponsors California State University, Sacramento: Division of Criminal Justice Cengage Learning Luncheon Sponsors Sponsored by Boise State University: Office of Sponsored Projects Thanks to all of our sponsors for their support of the WACJ 2011 conference! 5

6 2011 Program at a Glance All Meetings held in the (unless otherwise noted) Wednesday, October 19, :00am 10:00am 9:00am 11:00am 9:00am 1:00pm 1:00pm 1:15pm 1:15pm 2:30pm Continental Breakfast Book & Publisher Exhibit Registration Welcome and Opening Remarks: Outgoing & Incoming Presidents Session #1: Roundtable: The Future of Criminal Justice Curricula-Working Towards Assessment & Sustainability 2:30pm 2:45pm PM Refreshment Break: Sponsored by Aspen Publishers 2:45pm 4:00pm Session #2: Criminal Justice Education Thursday, October 20, :00am Continental Breakfast: Sponsored by Weber State University College of Social & Behavioral Sciences 8:15am 9:15am Session #3: Teaching Tools: In Honor of the Curiosity & Scholarship of Michael Blankenship 9:30am 10:45am 11:00am-12:00pm 11:00am 11:45am 12:00pm 1:30pm 1:15pm-1:45pm 1:45pm 3:00pm 3:00pm 3:15pm 3:15pm 4:30pm 5:00pm 7:00pm Friday, October 21, :00am 8:30am 9:00am 9:00am 10:15am 10:30am 11:45am 12:00pm Session #4: Offenders Perspectives & Behavior Registration WACJ Business Meeting Comments by Melissa Barlow, President, ACJS Comments by David Mueller, Region V Trustee, ACJS WACJ Luncheon: Keynote Address by Steven Pitts & Dave Evans from the Reno Police Department Sponsored by Boise State University, Office of Sponsored Projects Registration Session #5: International Justice: Victim Reporting, Policing, & Human Rights PM Refreshment Break: Sponsored by Taylor & Francis Group Session #6: Criminal Behavior: Gangs, Drugs, & Polygamy Student Poster Competition & Presidents Reception: Sponsored by California State University, Sacramento: Division of Criminal Justice and Cengage Learning (Announcement of 6pm) Continental Breakfast: Sponsored by Weber State University College of Social & Behavioral Sciences Registration Session #7: Potpourri Session #8: Citizens & the Criminal Justice System Conference Adjourns 6

7 Wednesday, October 19 Registration, 9:00 AM 1:00pm Paradise Terrace Book & Publisher Exhibit, 9:00am 11:00am Paradise Terrace Publishers including: Aspen Publishers, Cengage Learning, Pearson, Taylor & Francis Group 11:00am 1:00pm LUNCH BREAK (on your own) Welcome and Opening Remarks, 1:00 1:15pm Julie Buck, Weber State University, Outgoing WACJ President Ricky Gutierrez, California State University, Sacramento, Incoming WACJ President 1:15pm 2:30pm SESSION#1: ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULA-- WORKING TOWARDS ASSESSMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY Moderator: Ricky S. Gutierrez, California State University, Sacramento Discussants: David Lynch, Weber State University, Stephanie Mizrahi, California State University, Sacramento, Ricky S. Gutierrez, California State University, Sacramento This roundtable will discuss issues related to criminal justice program assessment and program sustainability. Topics will include curriculum development and assessment strategies in criminal justice/criminology programs. Additionally, program sustainability and ideas related to developing long-term curricular goals will be discussed. 2:30pm 2:45pm AFTERNOON BREAK Sponsored by: Aspen Publishers Please visit Aspen Publishers at 7

8 2:45pm 4:00pm SESSION#2: CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Chair/Moderator: Lisa Growette Bostaph, Boise State University Crime Victims in Criminal Justice Curriculum: Are We There Yet? Lisa Growette Bostaph, Boise State University Andrew Giacomazzi, Boise State University Patrick Brady, Boise State University Christopher Beattie, Boise State University While theoretical explanations, system response, and policy work on offenders and specific crime types are the backbone of criminal justice curricula in the U.S., a similar breadth and depth of education on crime victims appear to be lacking in traditional criminal justice curricula. This paper reports the results of a national study of 679 randomly selected criminal justice program curricula. Institutional, departmental, and course-level variables indicate that while victim-based research has proliferated, it does not mirror the extent to which victim-based courses are required in criminal justice programs. Theoretical, professional, and policy implications of the results are discussed. Forensic Science Education Programs and the Role of Criminal Justice Brent A. Horn, Weber State University There is an over-saturation of forensic science programs throughout colleges and universities in the United States, driven by student interest and misinterpreted statistics. There is a wide diversity of departments where these programs are located; from chemistry to criminal justice to anthropology with stand-alone forensic science departments much less frequent. The Forensic Science Education Program Accreditation Committee (FEPAC) was borne out of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) and the 2004 NIJ report on forensic science education and training. The FEPAC curriculum guidelines form a solid foundation for educational program design. But the answer is not so simple, particularly in light of criticism from the 2009 National Academy of Sciences report on the state of forensic science in the United States. So what is the role of criminal justice in a forensic science program? This presentation will demonstrate the complexity of developing a forensic science program and highlight the vital, but limited, role that criminal justice educators should fill. The Marginalization of Critical Perspectives in Public Criminal Justice Core Curricula Brian J. Frederick, California State University Although critical perspective courses in criminal justice programs have grown considerably since the 1960s, the failure of contemporary public criminal justice programs to require critical perspectives in their undergraduate core curricula threatens to leave students without a framework for discussion of these issues within the greater context of their degree programs. Students must thus look to the other social sciences to further their knowledge in these areas, thereby perpetuating the neglect of criminal justice departments to present these views. Within 8

9 most academic criminal justice programs, preference is given to the administrative facets of the criminal justice system and the theories and methods of social scientific research; for this reason, even general discussions of critical topics are limited. Furthermore, because many elective courses also focuses on various aspects of the administration of justice, critical perspectives are conspicuously absent overall. This paper reveals the extent to which core, cognate, and other required critical perspective courses are marginalized within public criminal justice programs, and how, on average, private institutions require more of these courses. 9

10 Thursday, October 20 Continental Breakfast, 8:00am Sponsored by: Weber State University College of Social & Behavioral Sciences Registration/Handouts, 10am 12:00pm, 1:15pm 1:45pm Paradise Terrace 8:15am 9:15am SESSION#3: TEACHING TOOLS: IN HONOR OF THE CURIOSITY AND SCHOLARSHIP OF MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP Chair: Frank P. Williams III, University of Houston Accuracy is in the Eye of the Beholder Connie Ireland, California State University Chantal Fahmy, California State University Students erroneous belief in the accuracy of eyewitness identification is deeply engrained. Despite research documenting eyewitness inaccuracies, reports of over 200 exonerations of innocent persons, and evidence of eyewitness error as the leading cause of wrongful conviction, this myth pervades both the justice system and the minds of otherwise attentive students. This paper describes an ongoing kinesthetic classroom exercise designed to demonstrate the inaccuracy of eyewitness identification, using a convenience sample of 350 students and a focus group of 20 students. The results offer an alternative to traditional modes of teaching, and, secondarily, affirm previous research on the unreliable nature of eyewitness identification. JUSTNET: Educational Collaboration Brent Horn, Weber State University Bruce Bayley, Weber State University The Justice Technology Information Network (JUSTNET) is a division of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC), a subsidiary of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Weber State University's Criminal Justice Department has begun work with JUSTNET to develop and implement an educational collaboration between JUSTNET/NCECTC and higher education. The overarching philosophy of this collaborative effort is to establish a clearinghouse where academics and practitioners world-wide can come together to share and develop technological advances and integrate these materials into the classroom. The intent of this presentation is to discuss the initial developmental ideas and directions with WACJ attendees and elicit their thoughts as to what type of content and interaction they would like to see the academic portion of the new JUSTNET site ( 10

11 9:30am 10:45am SESSION#4: OFFENDERS PERSPECTIVES & BEHAVIOR Chair: Marilyn D. McShane, University of Houston Female Parole Absconders: Answering Questions about Predictors and Dangerousness Marilyn D. McShane, University of Houston Frank P. Williams III, University of Houston Absconding is one of the more common events for those on parole yet there is not much published research. Of the existing studies, the samples are all comprised of 90% or more males with no thought to whether results for males would apply to females. Rather than an oversight, it is more likely that analyses of female parolees simply aren t done because of the limited number of females in standard samples. This manuscript examines a random sample of 546 female parolees, followed until their files were closed. The dual issues examined are whether female absconding can be predicted and whether absconding is related to dangerous reoffending. The results of logistic regression analyses indicate that absconding can be reasonably predicted with three variables, two of which are dynamic post-release factors. Further, there is little evidence to support any argument that female absconders commit dangerous offenses. Innovation in Criminal Justice Research: Adapting and Constructing Scales to Determine Views on Feminism and Female Offenders Marianne Hudson, Boise State University This paper focuses on the pros and cons associated with innovation in survey scale construction. Specifically, the author reviews methodological issues that occurred in the replication of Henley et al.'s (1998) scale on feminist views, along with the creation of a new scale. The two scales examined are the Societal Perspectives Scale, which measures respondents' views of feminism, and the Female Offender Perspectives Scale, which measures a respondent s views of female offenders. These scales were created to gauge respondents' views of female offenders and whether those views actually corresponded to feminist ideals. Data analysis derived from these scales help further our understanding of perceptions of female offenders, and can assist policy makers and practitioners in this area as well. 11

12 Offenders Views on the Effectiveness of a Re-entry Housing Pilot Program: A Qualitative Analysis Sean M. Falconer, Washington State University Faith Lutze, Washington State University This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a re-entry housing program in Washington State from an offender s perspective. Questionnaires were given to participants in the treatment group at the end of the project to gauge which aspects of the program were beneficial and which needed to be improved upon. Participants in the treatment group were eligible for housing for up to one year in the program. This program operated in five counties throughout the state of Washington for about 18 months. Follow-up questionnaires were given in one of the counties on a voluntary basis. Of the 66 selected participants approximately half of the treatment group completed the survey. The survey consisted of five sections, including demographics. There were a total of about 40 questions, most in the form of agree or disagree using a four-point Likert scale. The findings are compared with current literature on the subject, and in terms of implications for future programs. We conclude by providing some suggestions about how to improve on the re-entry housing program. Registration, 10:45am-12:00pm 11:00am 11:45am BUSINESS MEETING Comments by Melissa Barlow, President, ACJS and David Mueller, Region V Trustee, ACJS Financial Report by Lisa Growette Bostaph, Secretary/Treasurer Future Directions by Executive Board, WACJ Julie Buck (President), Ricky Gutierrez (1 st Vice-President), open (2 nd Vice-President), and Lisa Growette Bostaph (Secretary/Treasurer) 12

13 12:00pm 1:30pm Paradise D WACJ LUNCHEON Sustaining a Progressive Police Organization During These Economic Times Special Guest Speakers Steven Pitts Chief, Reno Police Department Dave Evans Deputy Chief, Reno Police Department Chief Steven Pitts is a nationally recognized innovator, educator and practitioner in Intelligence Lead Policing, Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving, and progressive police training initiatives. He is known for his focus on crime fighting and solving community problems. Chief Pitts is a 31 year veteran of the Reno Police Department. Deputy Chief Dave Evans began his career with the Reno Police Department in 1992 as a reserve police officer, and was later hired as a full-time officer in DC Evans dedicates himself to understanding the importance of developing a learning organization dedicated to preparing for, and addressing adaptive challenges, both within the organization and community. Luncheon Sponsored by: Boise State University, Office of Sponsored Programs: 13

14 Registration, 1:15pm-1:45pm 1:45pm 3:00pm SESSION#5: INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE: VICTIM REPORTING, POLICING, & HUMAN RIGHTS Chair: James J. Vardalis, Tarleton State University Exploring Policing Under Sharia Law-United Arab Emirates James J. Vardalis, Tarleton State University Kendra Bowen, Tarleton State University This presentation will provide an overview of Sharia law as it is practiced in the United Arab Emirates. Areas which will be examined are the demographics of the United Arab Emirates, as well as police operations, legal and court proceedings and punishment practices under Sharia law. The presentation will include participation from United Arab Emirates police officers who are current graduate students at Tarleton State University. Willingness to Report Sexual Offenses to the Police in Ghana Heeuk Dennis Lee, Washington State University Francis Boateng, Washington State University Generally, most victims of sexual offenses do not report their cases or are reluctant to report crimes to the police. Many reasons have been studied to support this issue, related from fear of the police to lack of confidence in the police. This study examined willingness to report sexual offenses among female citizens (N = 500) of the Greater Accra region in Ghana in The study also investigated reasons of reporting as well as barriers to reporting, dissatisfactions about reporting, and females alternative ways of reporting procedures. The results indicated that victims are less likely to report sexual offenses to the police due to reasons that the offender is known to them, the case is not too serious, and the belief that their family will resolve the issue. The results also found that most sexual offenses that occur in the region happen either in or near the victim s home. Implications for public policy are discussed. The Genocide Convention s Docile Nature: History, Application and Rewording Brandy Cochrane, Portland State University Alyssa Doom, Portland State University The last one hundred years have presented dramatic changes in terms of human rights internationally. Citizens, nonprofits, and international organizations have shed light on the importance of recognizing human rights; in doing so, ideas about the concept of state sovereignty have changed. In the aftermath of the most traumatic event of the twentieth century, the international community made a promise that never again would governments stand by and allow state leaders to commit crimes against their own people, such as those which occurred in the Holocaust (Strauss, 2005). As a supplement to this promise, the Convention on the 14

15 Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was created by the United Nations in 1948 (Power, 2002). The Convention legally defines the crime of genocide and provides a blueprint for party states to follow in preventing and punishing the crime. Despite its noble intentions, the Convention has not proven to be useful, and genocide continues to plague the world today. The following paper will describe the development of the Convention and will briefly discuss some of the situations in which it has failed to be a valuable tool in preventing or punishing genocide. A strategy to modify the Convention to improve its effectiveness will follow. 3:00pm 3:15pm AFTERNOON BREAK Sponsored by: Taylor and Francis Group Please visit Taylor and Francis at 3:15pm 4:30pm SESSION#6: CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: GANGS, DRUGS, & POLYGAMY Chair: David Mueller, Boise State University Duck, Duck, Goose: Documenting the Rise of Gang Members in Idaho David Mueller, Boise State University This paper reviews the origins of the Idaho Criminal Gang Enforcement Act and its impact on gang-related activity 5 years after being signed into law. Though the Act has helped to standardize squishy definitions of gangs, gang members, and gang-related crimes, sentencing enhancements for gang offenses are rarely imposed. Indeed federal gang-busting efforts have been much more robust than state and local interventions, suggesting that Idaho s statute was a symbolic reaction to moral panic about the rise of gang activity in this rural state. Big Love's Sister Wives: What Nineteenth-Century Polygamy Prosecutions Tell Us About Modern Criminalization of Plural Marriage Samuel Newton, Weber State University Utah has a unique history as the fulcrum of dramatic federal intervention, when in the nineteenth century, the United States government prosecuted Utah's Mormon male population for polygamous marriages, and eventually for mere cohabitation. The governmental prosecutions resulted in criminal trial procedures unlike any the United States has seen either before or after. In the twenty-first century, polygamists still fear prosecution. However, new views of marriage, particularly when they involve consenting adults, make modern-polygamy prosecutions, difficult, if not impossible, given twenty-first century definitions of equal protection and due process. 15

16 Addressing Prescription Drug Abuse Manny Barthe, University of Nevada, Reno Mac Venzon, Reno Police Department Stacy Shamblin, Reno Police Department This research examines the Reno Police Department s efforts to combat prescription drug abuse in Washoe County. The Reno Police Department's prescription drug abuse prevention program encompasses several facets including the education of healthcare professionals and the public about the dangers of prescription drug abuse, reducing the availability of prescription drugs for abuse through take-back programs and other means, and enforcing laws related to prescription drug diversion and fraud. This research has been supported by a grant from the Bureau of Justice assistance to help the Reno Police Department come up with innovative and effective strategies to address prescription drug abuse. This presentation will cover the problems involved in studying prescription drug abuse, the different types of data sources used for this project, and the hurdles and roadblocks encountered during the intervention stage. 16

17 5:00pm 7:00pm Paradise D STUDENT POSTER COMPETITION & PRESIDENT S RECEPTION Sponsors: California State University, Sacramento: Division of Criminal Justice and Cengage Learning Neurohormonal Underpinnings of Criminality Student: Patrick Brady, Boise State University Faculty Mentor: none listed An Analysis of Violent Crime Trends in Reno, Nevada ( ) Student: Svitlana Brovko, University of Nevada, Reno Faculty Mentor: Manny Barthe, University of Nevada, Reno Can't Get No Satisfaction?: Attitudes of the Public about Police Service Student: Brandy Cochrane, Portland State University Faculty Mentor: none listed Pacific Islander Environmental Refugees: An Evaluation of U.S. Immigration, Legislation, & Policing in the Midst of Climate Change Student: Kadence C. Maier, Washington State University Faculty Mentor: none listed Law Enforcement Executives Perceptions of Capital Punishment Student: Emily A. Shuman, Weber State University Faculty Mentor: Julie A. Buck, Weber State University Web Gangsters: Juveniles Expression of Aggression on Social Networking Sites Student: Marisa Smith, California State University, Sacramento Faculty Mentor: Ricky S. Gutierrez, California State University, Sacramento 17

18 Friday, October 15 Continental Breakfast, 9:00am Sponsored by: Weber State University College of Social & Behavioral Sciences Registration/Handouts, 8:30am - 9:00am 9:00am 10:15am SESSION#7: POTPOURRI Chair: Marlyn J. Jones, California State University, Sacramento Paradise Terrace Tensions in Criminal Justice Policy Making in Small Island Developing Countries: A Review of Seven Caribbean Countries Marlyn J. Jones, California State University, Sacramento Caribbean societies are faced with addressing the problem of increasing violence. Caribbean governments have, for the most part, responded with crime control initiatives. However, despite evidence of some level of punitivity, populace overwhelmingly endorses social development and crime prevention. This paper reviews authoritative policy documents and advances the argument that a turn to citizen security will require some adjustment in policy imperatives. Jail Mental Health: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Social Determinants Ronald Helms, Western Washington University Ricky S. Gutierrez, California State University, Sacramento Debra Reeves-Gutierrez, Alliant International University, San Francisco County jails operate as holding facilities for a burgeoning population of mentally ill inmates, but it is rare when quantitative analysis is used to test their collective capacity for mental health treatment. This research develops a scale representing treatment capacity for a large sample of county jails drawn from the 1999 jail census. Ordinal logit results reveal significant links between jail mental health capacity and institutional variation. Strong church networks and high rates of education completion are associated with enhanced jail treatment capacity. Areas with deep economic ties to manufacturing appear most supportive of a strong jail mental health system. Conversely, the prevalence of conservative political predispositions and the presence of a strong medical and mental health network in the community are correlated with reductions in jail mental health functioning. Evidence from this research would seem to offer a basis for reconsideration of the social foundations of community mental health policy. 18

19 Online Routines and Identity Theft Victimization: Further Expanding Routine Activity Theory Beyond Direct-Contact Offenses Bradford Reyns, Weber State University The current study extends recent work aimed at applying routine activity theory to crimes in which the victim and offender never come into physical proximity. This line of research has attempted to expand the theory beyond its traditional place-based, direct-contact confines to situations in which offenders and victims never come face-to-face or occupy the same physical location. Utilizing data from the British Crime Survey, the online routine activities of residents of England and Wales are examined in light of their influence upon respondents identity theft victimization. Results suggest that using the Internet for banking, shopping, downloading media, and ing/instant messaging increases individuals likelihood of identity theft victimization. Males, older persons, and those with higher incomes were also more likely to experience victimization, as were those who perceived themselves to be at greater risk for victimization. 10:30am 11:45am SESSION#8: CITIZENS & THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM? Chair: Michael J. Grabowski, Santa Rosa Junior College Top Ten Things Cops Need to Know About Kids : An Examination of AOJ Student Responses Michael J. Grabowski, Santa Rosa Junior College College students have historically been a convenient sample population in the study of determining individual attitudes and values. Numerous studies have examined the attitudes of police toward juveniles and the public s attitude toward police. Students in a large-sized community college juvenile procedures course were asked to provide a list of the Top Ten Things Cops Need to Know About Kids. The purpose of this paper is to examine the categorical differences and similarities of their responses with respect to what they believe police officers need to know when interacting with juveniles. Now and Then: The Fear of Immigrants in America Wesley Maier, Washington State University Kadence Maier, Washington State University Since the development of the United States of America multiple waves of immigration have transpired, often encountering a great deal of resistance from native residents. Today, nearly 240 years after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, both the American government and citizens continue to fear immigrants. After examining past and current immigration patterns as well as immigration legislative history in America, we find two common themes that create xenophobia in America. The first theme is the fear of loss to the dominant cultural. The second theme is the fear of a physical attack on our nation by the immigrants native country. America has recently experienced both of these themes with the increasing number of Mexican Americans 19

20 in the 1980s and 1990s as well as the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The current study uses deportation data from the Department of Homeland Security and hate crime data from the Federal Bureau of Investigations. This preliminary research project is two-fold. First, we examined if there was an increase of hate crimes experienced by Hispanics during the new regime era of immigration and if there was an increase of hate crimes experienced by Middle Easterners post 9/11. Second, we evaluated if there was an increase in deportations of these same groups during the new regime and post 9/11. This research illustrates how xenophobia transpires and how the coping mechanisms of violence, deportation, and legislation are utilized to oppose immigration. Heck no, you can t come in, do you have a warrant? : King, Davis, and the 2010 Supreme Court Term in Review Jonathan D. Bolen, Boise State University Craig Hemmens, Missouri State University During its 2010 term, the United States Supreme Court decided 86 cases on the merits. There were 75 signed opinions, five summary reversals, and two cases that were affirmed by an equally-divided Court. Twenty-eight cases at least touched upon a criminal justice-related issue. While a number of these decisions will have only a slight impact on the daily administration of justice, there were several significant cases involving criminal justice-related topics such as search and seizure, interrogations, and sentencing. In this paper we will present those select cases that are likely to have significant effects on areas in criminal justice. 12:00pm Conference adjourns 20

21 Looking forward to seeing you next year in Coeur d Alene, ID for WACJ 2012! Safe travels! 21

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