The NEXT Biotechnology

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1 Bernhard Fuhrer The NEXT Biotechnology Beyond the Attempts at Cloning Biotech Clusters Hamburg 2005

2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. An explorative look at biotech clusters Definition of biotechnology Technological basics of biotechnology The biotech basics: Chromosomes, genes and proteins 'Red'biotechnology First generation technologies: Genetic engineering Second generation technologies Summary 'Green' biotechnology."." Agricultural biotechnology Environmental biotechnology 'Grey'biotechnology Commercial basics of biotechnology Market competition in healthcare between entrant dedicated biotech firms and incumbent large development companies Market potential for red biotech Market potential of green biotech Actual performance (market and employment in overall industry) Spatial basics of biotechnology: Clusters Preliminary definition of cluster Sources and potential problems of localized biotech statistics Biotech clusters in the U.S. and Europe: Overview National biotechnology databases Biotech reports Results of the explorative look at biotechnology and clustering Defining the research agenda: Goals of the study, empirical approach, theoretical framework and research methods Goals of the study Comparison and evaluation of two European clusters initiatives and their host regions (case studies: Basel / BioValley and Paris/Genopole) U.S. - European cluster comparison in order to clarify reasons for ' U.S. development lead (case study: Boston/Genetown ) Empirical, 'case study' approach 62

2.3.2 Environmental biotechnology 21 2.2.4 'Grey'biotechnology 22 2.3 Commercial basics of biotechnology 23 2.3.1 Market competition in healthcare between entrant dedicated biotech firms and incumbent large development companies 24 2.

3 3.2.1 Epistemological reasons for the 'unorthodox' sequence of the case studies Research roadmap Study clusters' fact sheet Basel/BioValley Paris/Genopole Boston/Genetown Theoretical framework and development of empirical questions General reasons for spatial clustering Flexible production (commercial factors) Innovation economies (technological factors) Governance (institutional factors) Summary: Commercial, technological and institutional factors defining the cluster 'factor-trinity' Biotech cluster 'factor-trinity': commercial, technological and institutional biotech cluster factors Commercial factors of biotech clusters Technological factors of biotech clusters Institutional factors of biotech clusters Result: Cluster-trinity empirical grid Research methods Experts' interviews Difficulties concerning experts' interviews Published sources European case studies Basel / BioValley Part I: The region Institutional factors Technological factors Commercial factors Part II: The BioValley cluster initiative Institutional embedding Technological embedding Commercial embedding Paris / Genopole Part I: The region Institutional factors Technological factors 217, Commercial factors Part II: The Genopole cluster initiative 261

3.1.3 Governance (institutional factors) 79 3.3.1.4 Summary: Commercial, technological and institutional factors defining the cluster 'factor-trinity' 80 3.3.2 Biotech cluster 'factor-trinity': commercial, technological and institutional biotech cluster factors 82 3.

4 Institutional embedding Technological embedding Commercial embedding Comparison of European cluster initiatives and their regions Comparison of Basel and Paris Institutional factors Technological factors Commercial factors Summary: Basel-Paris comparison according to cluster trinity factors Comparison of BioValley and Genopole Institutional assessment Technological assessment : Commercial assessment Summary: BioValley-Genopole comparison according to cluster trinity factors Summary: Comparison of European case studies U.S. case study Research questions for U.S. case study derived from results of European 'clusters' Questions concerning technological factors Questions concerning commercial factors Boston / Genetown Technological factors Scope and organization of public R&D investment in the U.S Geographical distribution of R&D investment Commercial factors Regulatory environment Markets and industry dynamic Summary: Boston / Genetown Comparison of U.S. vs. European clusters Transatlantic comparison of technological factors Public European R&D investment 351 x EU common R&D biotech funding Member States' funding Reasons for European deficiencies 358

2 Comparison of BioValley and Genopole 286 5.2.1 Institutional assessment 286 5.2.2 Technological assessment :.-. 288 5.2.3 Commercial assessment 289 5.2.4 Summary: BioValley-Genopole comparison according to cluster trinity factors 290 5.

5 Different spending priorities Structural issues Attempts at reform Transatlantic comparison of commercial factors Regulatory environment Patenting Safety and drug approval Markets Capital market Product market Technology market Summary: U.S. - European cluster comparison Conclusion Repetition: Summary of case study results Basel / BioValley - Paris / Genopole Genetown Factor trinity cluster model Cluster categories based on the trinity cluster model U.S. Cluster: Evolutionary innovation cluster European 'clusters': Policy-driven emulation clusters Policy recommendations Overcoming emulation: 'choice' or 'framework' Mid-term scenario: 'choice' of applied fundamental research in environmental biotechnology Long-term scenario: Virtual clusters as framework for European research area Recommendations for Basel / BioValley and Switzerland Recommendation for Paris/ Genopole and France Outlook Appendix Bibliography Scientific books and articles Interviews Company reports and web resources Newspaper and magazine articles Conference contributions Audio-visual materials List of Interview partners (sorted by case studies and interview date)..415

Conclusion 381 8.1 Repetition: Summary of case study results 381 8.1.1 Basel / BioValley - Paris / Genopole 381 8.1.2 Genetown 382 8.2 Factor trinity cluster model 383 8.

6 9.2.1 BioValley Genopole Boston 417 List of Figures Figure 1: From cell to proteins: Source: (DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE) 2003) 12 Figure 2: Biotech sector activity in France in 2000 (legend is aligned):5 r o«rce: (FRANCE BIOTECH 2000 p. 4) 19 Figure 3: Projected world population growth and age structure. Source: (BOLLER2002) 33 Figure 4: U.S. Healthcare costs as share of GDP : Source: (PHRMA 2002b) :: 34 Figure 5: Health care costs as a percentage of GDP: International Comparison: Source: (PHRMA 2002b) 35 Figure 6: U.S. - Europe comparison 2001: Public biotech bompanies: Source: (ERNST&YOUNG 2002), OWN Graphic 39 Figure 7: U.S. - Europe Comparison 2001: Total employees in public Companies: Source: (ERNST&YOUNG 2002), OWN Graphic 39 Figure 8: Estimated jobs in IT and biotech Sector (Germany 1999 / 2000): Sources: (INFORMATIONS SEKRETARIAT BIOTECHNOLOGIE (ISB) 2003), (DEUTSCHE PRESSE AGENTUR (DPA) 2004) 41 Figure 9: NASDAQ Biotechnology Index compared to Dow Jones Index: Source: (YAHOO 2004) 42 Figure 10: Spatial distribution of biotechnology institutions in continental Europe: Source: (noted in Graphic), OWN Graphic 50 Figure 11: Spatial distribution of biotechnology institutions in the U.S.: Source: (BIOWORLD 2003), OWN Graphic 51 Figure 12: Landscape of European entrepreneurial life sciences: Source: (ERNST&YOUNG, 2000 p.9) 52 Figure 13: BIOSPACE Hotbed Communities: Source: (BIOSPACE 2003) 53 Figure 14: International biotech cluster comparison according to company size and number of companies: Source: (BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP 2001), (INFORMATIONS SEKRETARIAT BIOTECHNOLOGIE (ISB) 2003) 55 Figure 15: BioValley Logo: Source: (BIOVALLEY 2004) 65 Figure 16: BioValley: Tri-national View of the Upper Rhine valley: Source: (BIOVALLEY 1998) 66 Figure 17: Genopole Logo: Source: (GENOPOLE 2003) 68

The BioValley business model: From a high potential in basic research to the creation of new companies

The BioValley business model: From a high potential in basic research to the creation of new companies OECD Workshop on basic research 29-30 October 2001, Oslo, Norway Sylvie Schott-Reverberi INTRODUCTION