Effectiveness Evaluation of Marine Fishery Ecological Sustainable Policy based on Comparative Study

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1 Journal of Coastal Research SI Coconut Creek, Florida 2020 Effectiveness Evaluation of Marine Fishery Ecological Sustainable Policy based on Comparative Study Runsheng Pei * College of Management Ocean University of China Qingdao, , China ABSTRACT Pei, R., Effectiveness evaluation of marine fishery ecological sustainable policy based on comparative study. In: Wan, Z. (ed.), Coordinated Sustainable Development in Coastal Areas: Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 109, pp Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN With the current Chinese government's advocacy of sustainable marine fisheries, a series of studies have emerged on the efficiency of China's fishery policy. This paper studied latest measurement indexes and discuss them by comparative method. At present, the three latest pieces of research mainly discuss sustainable measures from three perspectives of economy, ecology, and economic ecological coordination and formed a preliminary evaluation system. These three studies are respectively Sun, Wang, and Su (2020), Han et al. (2020), Ji, Guo, and Zhang (2020). After a comparative study, the deficiencies of previous research are proposed and this work gives the suggestions based on the theoretical framework of social-ecosystem proposed by Ostrom (2009) and the three-dimension theory of "exposure -- sensitivity -- coping capacity" proposed by Polsky, Neff, and Yarnal (2007). ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Ecological efficiency, economic indicators, fishery policy, policy effectiveness. INTRODUCTION Fishery policy is the measures that a government used to realize fishery sustainable development and to guarantee various fishery interests. The effect of fishery policy formulation and implementation reflects the state's attitude towards the protection of fishery resources and the ecological environment of water areas, its capacity for the development and utilization of fishery resources, and its responsibility for the employment of fishermen. The quality of fishery policies plays a vital role in the development of national fishery, which is not only the basis for the state to supervise and manage the fishery but also the means to protect fishery resources. This paper analyzes the different factors that affect the sustainable development of marine fishery from two points of fishery management policy and fishery resource protection policy. Most developed countries in the world had a process of highspeed development that pay the most attention to the economy. In this process, the state's management and control of marine fishery are relatively weak, and the formulation of policies is often just to promote the improvement of fishery development speed. Most people do not think about the sustainability of fishery resources. With the increasing number of fishing boats and fishermen and the application of more and more advanced fishing techniques, the over-utilization of fishery resources becomes increasingly serious. This phenomenon, which only considers the immediate interests and ignores the long-term DOI: / JCR-SI received 10 June 2020; accepted in revision 15 August *Corresponding author: prsouc@163.com Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc development, will cause serious damage to the aquatic fishery ecology. Only when the government pays more attention to the sustainable development of fishery economy and promotes the transformation of the fishery industry from the former mode of pursuing economic growth to the mode of fishery sustainable development can the sustainable development of marine ecology be realized. In order to complete this transformation, relevant fishery departments should improve their management, especially formulate systematic and effective fishery policies for the existing fishery resources and environment to regulate fishery behaviors, and severely punish illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing behaviors. In order to achieve healthy and orderly sustainable development of fishery economy, scientific and reasonable fishery policies are needed to provide support. Fishery development in China has a history of thousands of years, but due to the limitations of science and technology, the fishery development level has not made an obvious breakthrough. It is only in recent years that China has formulated and implemented fishery policies in line with its own fishery development based on scientific theories and methods. However, there are still many difficulties to be solved and studied in specific work, including a series of problems such as overfishing in the early stage of fishery development, which pursues rapid economic growth without considering the recovery speed of ecological environment and fishery resources, and the shortage of fishery resources enjoyed by each person. To a large extent, these problems are caused by the failure of policies to make progress and adjustments according to the different stages of fishery development, so as to fail to promote fishery redevelopment. Therefore, through accurate data analysis and drawing lessons from the successful fishery policies of

2 94 Pei foreign fishery countries, the Chinese government should formulate a more comprehensive fishery policy in line with national conditions, so as to ensure a good fishery development environment. For example, the historical footprint of a country's fisheries development can be understood through a chronological analysis of fisheries policies developed. From this, we can see the different priorities of a country's fishery development in different years, so as to make policies. It is scientific data analysis that some countries around the world always maintain the coordination between economic development and environmental resources in the process of developing a fishery economy, and the scientific analysis of the government plays a crucial role in this process. Because the government attaches great importance to fishery management, it adopts a more scientific way and formulates a more reasonable and effective fishery policy. The Chinese government should also learn from the successful experience of other countries, pay close attention to the development trends of its own fishery industry, and make timely improvements to its fishery policies. Table 1. Global ocean catches by continent. Land Area Unit Africa t Africa no Americas t Americas no Asia t Asia no Europe t Europe no Oceania t Oceania no Grand total t Grand total no Source: FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch. Note: no Indicates that data unit is number. LITERATURE BACKGROUND Fishery Ecological Damage Since 1950, the world's marine fisheries have accelerated. The number of fishing vessels in various maritime countries of the world keeps increasing, and the upgrading of fishery technology has achieved a substantial increase in the amount of fishing. In addition, with the prosperity and development of the fishery economy, many coastal areas set up corresponding fishery economic belts, and subsequently, the exclusive economic zone of coastal countries was expanded to 200 nautical miles. All these reasons greatly increased the number of fish caught in the marine fishing operations of all countries in the world. The world's fishing total has exceeded 80 million tonnes. The global marine catch in 2018 was million tonnes. According to the 2018 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) fishery production statistics, Among the world's marine fishing areas, Asia has the highest production, reaching nearly 4.2 million tonnes. Then came The Americas, Europe, and Oceania. It can be seen that Asia, where China is located, has become a key research area for marine ecological protection. Many scholars believe that the continuous extension of fishing range and the introduction of various new fishing methods in the process of marine fishery have led to the public's neglect of the marine environment and marine ecological damage. Pauly, Watson, and Alde (2005) tracked fishing in the North Atlantic and North Pacific for a long time. The results show that the number of fishing in the region is increasing, and the fishing range gradually extends to the southern hemisphere and the adjacent high seas. Similarly, Koslow and Couture (201 3 ) also indicated that with the continuous expansion of the current marine fishery resource exploitation, the continuous increase of the global economy's demand for seafood, the marine ecological bearing capacity, and sustainability have been severely damaged and reached a critical point. On his basis, Hughes et al. (2005) also believed that the application of new fishery technologies in marine fishing would be constantly updated, which would further deepen the ecological damage. The heavy losses facing the economy are also important reasons why we need to protect fishery resources. Methot Jr and Wetzel (2013) found that despite the relevant fishing regulations issued by local governments, the adjustment of catch quantity and intensity was not obvious, which led many scholars to believe that the ecological protection of the ocean was urgent. Without more efficient management, there will be systemic economic and social problems for countries, especially coastal countries. For example, Teh and Sumaila (2013) argued that the nutrition and economic benefits provided by marine fisheries for human beings had made a significant contribution to human survival and development, ensuring the continuation of human civilization. From the above literature study, it can be found that sustainable fishery is of great significance from the perspectives of natural ecology, social civilization, and so on. The establishment of sustainable development indicators (SDIS) can be traced back to the concept of sustainability initiated by the

3 Effectiveness Evaluation of Marine Fishery Ecological Sustainable Policy 95 World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, the same year the organization put it on the international agenda. Five years after its inclusion in the international agenda, in 1992, global governments responded positively to the initiative of the United Nations, reached consensus on the importance of sustainable development and conducted detailed discussions, and finally established the international cooperation intention of the sustainable evaluation system in Agenda 21 (Keeble, 1987). Measure of Fishery Ecological Sustainability In the field of environmental sustainability measurement, the Schaefer model proposed by Schaefer (1954) first drew our attention. In this model, Schaefer constructed a functional model for the residual growth of fishery resources. The model was considered at the time to be a reasonable assessment of the dynamic relationship between surplus growth and environmental bearing capacity. However, after that, scholars represented by Gordon (1954) and Ricker (1979) put forward different views on his model. In particular, Gordon proposed the Gordon-Schaefer model based on Schaefer (Gordon, 1954). According to the Gordon-Schaefer model, compared with the extreme value of production under the traditional economic model, the total value of production in the sustainable economy is larger. Ricker (1976, 1979) established the Ricker model and analyzed the changes in the amount of marine fishery resources by combining the working efficiency and working frequency of fishing workers. It can be seen from the Gordon-Schaefer model that part of the reason for overfishing is the fishery staff's wrong cognition of fishery resources. They are not satisfied with the benefits of reasonable fishing based on their interests and try to gain an advantage in the fishery competition by increasing their fishing efforts. It is this competitive mentality among fishing practitioners that leads to the waste of fishery resources. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fishing behavior by improving the entry standards of marine fishery practitioners. Based on Gordon's theory, Campbell, McIlgorm, and Tsamenyi (1997) pointed out that all the fishing powers in the world should set a closed fishing period in their waters, and in this way, the marine ecosystem can adjust and repair itself to ensure the next fishing. As for the cause of overfishing, foreign scholars have made corresponding research and analysis from multiple perspectives. For example, Pinkerton and Edwards (2009) analyzed the distribution of fishery property rights through the "Coase theorem" and believed that leasing fishery property rights to individuals or enterprises could improve resource utilization efficiency and reduce hidden costs. Gordon (1954) believed that the public property of marine fishery resources was one of the reasons that caused vicious competition in the fishery and caused overfishing. Finley (2017), based on government subsidies and encouragement policies, points out that the fishing behavior of some important fishing countries is caused by overfishing for profit maximization under the promotion of the government. The well-known "Tragedy of the Commons" also exists in marine fishery. Anderson (2019) studied this and concludes that long-term uncontrolled fishing of fishery resources in some sea areas will lead to the unsustainable development of fishery resources in a larger range. From the perspective of how to manage the utilization of fishery resources, many scholars have made a detailed analysis of the policy effect. Some scholars pointed out that the closed fishing and the increase of fishery entry threshold at the very beginning was inefficient, and analyzed that the reason why it could not exert the corresponding effect was that the policy was too rigid and could not provide a basic guarantee for fishery workers. Bromley (2009), however, argues that fisheries policies implemented by governments have overlooked the social responsibility of fishermen. Botsford (1981) and Gwinn et al. (2015) mentioned that the excessive utilization of fishery resources is caused by the lack of effectiveness of policies, and the establishment of corresponding fishing policies for different fishery resources can guarantee the sustainable utilization of fishery resources. The effectiveness of policies implemented by relevant government departments can be reflected by the degree of coordination between marine economic development and marine fishery resources (Song and Wu, 2010). Young (2010) evaluated the recovery rate of marine resources through biological analysis of various economic and fishery products. On the other hand, Sun e t al. (2016) made a rigorous analysis of the relationship between the specific yield and sustainability of fishery resources from the perspective of economics by establishing a functional model. These studies can play an important reference value in the process of making fishing policy. Based on the above literature review, we can find the following points. First of all, with the continuous development of the economy, the world's fisheries are faced with challenges such as ecological carrying capacity, species diversity, and environmental pollution. To solve this phenomenon and realize sustainable development, it is necessary to focus on the three important aspects of society, economy, and environment, especially the influence of social and economic factors. It is in this pursuit of sustainable development that the sustainable development of marine fisheries has become a research hotspot. In recent years, various countries in the world have been issuing corresponding policy documents to achieve the purpose of promoting the sustainable management of marine resources. However, the effectiveness of these policy tools has not been well assessed, and there are still large gaps in the measurement of their effectiveness. For example, as a maritime power, China's research on the efficiency of its fishery sustainable policy is still in the preliminary stage, lacking systematic indicators and theoretical guidance, and the number of researchers in this field is still in the minority. According to the keyword searching in CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure), there are no more than 10 research literature in this field, and there are only three representative studies from 2019 to 2020, by several researchers (Sun, Wang, and Su, 2020; Han et al., 2020; Ji, Guo, and Zhang, 2020). Therefore, this paper hopes to discuss various indicator models of fishery sustainability based on the existing literature and propose improvement suggestions through the framework of sustainable evaluation system proposed by Ostrom (2009). The purpose of this paper is to optimize the current sustainable policy effectiveness evaluation system for China, so the study of this paper is of relatively great significance for sustainable marine management. METHODS

4 96 Pei With the current Chinese government's advocacy of sustainable marine fisheries, a series of studies have emerged on the efficiency of China's fishery policy. We will study these latest measurement indexes and discuss them on the basis of comparative studies. At present, the three latest pieces of research mainly discuss sustainable measures from three perspectives of economy, ecology, and economic ecological coordination and formed a preliminary evaluation system. These three studies are the fishery economic efficiency discussed by several researchers (Sun, Wang, and Su, 2020; Han et al., 2020; Ji, Guo, and Zhang, 2020). After a comparative study, we will discuss the deficiencies of the current research and proposed the suggestions based on the theoretical framework of socialecosystem proposed by Ostrom (2009) and the three-dimension theory of "exposure -- sensitivity -- coping capacity" proposed by Polsky, Neff, and Yarnal (2007). Economic Efficiency of Marine Fisheries Sun, Wang, and Su (2020) established a linear programming model by calculating the ratio of resource input to fishery output and service value in the study of China's marine fishery production efficiency. This measurement method requires high accuracy of cost and output. As production input costs usually include many factors, such as resources, manpower, etc. The economic benefits of marine fisheries depend on the natural conditions of the oceans in different regions. The economic input of fishery is not the same in different sea areas with different resource conditions. Take past studies as an example. In 2016, China's marine fishery data shows that traditional fishing still accounts for as much as 50.7% of the marine fishery, followed by the fishery service industry, which accounts for the smallest proportion of 22.9% (Sun, Wang, and Su, 2020). In order to speed up the development of marine fisheries in China after 1978, the pursuit of profit maximization led to frequent overfishing. Sun, Wang, and Su (2020) consider the amount of marine fishing as the first indicator in the assessment of marine fishery resources. Variables of input indicators were the fishing catches of eleven coastal cities in China, the total amount of fishing vessels at the end of the year, and the number of marine fishery employees. For the output index, the total output value related to marine fisheries of the 11 cities is selected. When selecting environmental variables, Sun, Wang, and Su (2020) objectively paid attention to the common factors existing in different sea areas. Therefore, per capita production value of marine fisheries, marine fishery production per unit area, and density of marine fishery science and RandD organizations were selected as variables of environmental indicators, and the rating indicator system was constructed, as shown in Table 2. Ecological Efficiency of Marine Fishery Han et al. (2020) also selected the input and output values of 11 coastal cities as indicators to study the utilization rate of Table 2. Indicators of marine fishery economic efficiency evaluation. Indicator Type Primary Indicators Secondary Indicators Input indicators Output indicators Environmental indicators Natural resource input Sea catch /t Capital input Year-end fishing vessel ownership/t Labor input Marine fishery labor force/person Economic output Gross output value of marine fishery industry/ten thousand yuan Per capita output of marine fisheries Ocean yield per unit area Density of fishery research institutions Table 3. Evaluation indexes of marine fishery ecological efficiency. Gross value of marine fisheries/marine fisheries population Marine fishery output value/sea area Number of regional fishery research institutions/total number of national fishery research institutions Indicator Type Primary Indicators Secondary Indicators Natural resource input Mariculture area/hm 2 Area of national aquatic germplasm Reserves/hm 2 Number of sea fish fry/10,000 Input indicators Sea fishing vessel power/kw Capital input Aquatic product technology promotion funds/ ten thousand yuan Labor input Number of traditional fishermen Number of marine fishery personnel Sea water production/t Desirable output Output indicators Marine fishery output value/ten thousand yuan Undesirable output Total effluent of mariculture/t Marine ecological resources in China's marine fishery in the primary industry. In terms of how to select input indicators for marine fishery, Xu (2019) was used for reference, and the area of national marine fishery resources reserve, the area of mariculture, and the total number of planted fish seedlings were taken as input variables. In addition, marine fishery labor input and trawler power are selected as input variables. The selection of output indicators is divided into desirable output and undesirable output. The undesirable output appears as accessory pollutants to the desired output and is an output that people s

5 Effectiveness Evaluation of Marine Fishery Ecological Sustainable Policy 97 subjective consciousness does not want to accept. According to the Manual of Production and Discharge Coefficient of Pollution Sources in Aquaculture Industry, the output of various seafood was ranked from high to low and the seafood products accounting for the top 80% were selected as samples in seawater farms in different regions (Li et al., 2019). The ecological efficiency of marine fisheries was calculated by calculating the total amount of undesired output from the input of fish fry to the output by the discharge coefficient of the marine artificial aquaculture industry. Due to the physiological factors of shellfish, the undesirable output in mariculture is negative. Therefore, only seawater oxygen consumption during shellfish cultivation is included. Combined with the indicators listed above, the ecological efficiency evaluation index system in China's marine fishery aquaculture field is constructed, as shown in Table 3. Coordination between Ecology and Economy According to the calculation principle of marine fishery L-V symbiosis model, Ji, Guo, and Zhang (2020) measured the three basic indexes (economic level index I, ecological level index E, environmental capacity index C), two symbiosis stress index [SI(K), SE(K)], and the symbiosis index S(K) between marine ecology and marine fishery industry successively. Detailed and accurate comprehensive assessments are unrealistic, mainly because data collection for marine fisheries is limited by multiple factors. Ji, Guo, and Zhang (2020) conducted the research based on the principle of the comprehensive scientific system, took the mutual coordination of marine fishery ecosystem and fishery economy as the basis for measurement, and selected the important components of marine fishery ecosystem and fishery economy as well as the environmental containment basis of marine fishery development as the main indicators. Ji, Guo, and Zhang (2020) pointed out that both the input index and output index of marine fishery and the structural ratio of marine fishery industry can show the height of marine fishery at the economic level, which is an important index for establishing the evaluation index system of marine fishery ecology and economic coordination. The development of marine fishery is inseparable from the support of ecological resources and the environment. For the sustainability of fishery economic development, man-made protection factors can also play a positive role in marine environmental capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to take it as an important indicator of the construction of the evaluation system. Ji, Guo, and Zhang (2020) selected 18 indicators through detailed analysis and established the evaluation index system for the coordination of marine fishery ecology and economy, as shown in Table 4. Table 4. Evaluation index of coordination between marine fishery ecology and economy. Indicator Type Evaluation Index Attribute Gross marine fishery product Total seawater product Net income per fisherman Economic Level Index I The proportion of marine fishing output in marine fisheries The proportion of modern mariculture methods Processing rate of seawater products (proportion of seawater products used for processing) Pollution losses from marine fisheries Mariculture N emissions Mariculture P emissions Ecological Level Index E COD emissions from mariculture Rate of pollution disaster of breeding water area (proportion of breeding area affected by pollution) Direct discharge of marine sewage Funds for the promotion of marine fisheries technology Marine fisheries technology promotion personnel Environmental Capacity Index C Number of Fishery law enforcement officers Percentage of sewage disposed Area of marine nature reserves Water quality in coastal waters DISCUSSION AND RESULTS On the journal Science, Ostrom (2009) published the paper A general framework for analyzing sustainability of socialecological systems, which aroused many scholars interests in the theory of social ecosystem. By absorbing the different opinions of some scholars and research groups, Ostrom extended the framework of sustainable development of the social ecosystem in a non-static manner. In order to make a more scientific and comprehensive assessment of China's current measurement indicators, Ostrom's research framework can be used to make a comparison. Ostrom (2009) pointed out that the natural ecological environment around the world has been destroyed to a great extent, and the decline of natural resources and the decline of ecosystem diversity are threatening the living space of human beings. Ostrom (2009) also pointed out that the social ecosystem is like a healthy living organism, and the subsystem of the social ecosystem is equivalent to each organ with a clear division of labor. The complexity of the social ecosystem can be found by analyzing the dynamic relationship between ecosystem and social system in different historical periods. Moreover, Ostrom (2009) believes that complexity is correlated with uncertainty. And the uncertainty depends to a

6 98 Pei great extent on the strictness of institution and policy. Ostrom (2009) pointed out that the social ecosystem (SES) mainly consists of four subsystems: Resource system, resource unit, management system, and user. Ostrom also selected the secondary variables under the four subsystems in the social ecosystem framework through investigation and research. Table 5. Examples of secondary variables under the first-level core subsystem of social ecosystem framework. Resource System (RS) Department Clear resource boundaries Size of resource system * Artificial facilities Production system* Balanced property Predictability of system dynamics * Reserve characteristics Location Management System (GS) Management organization NGO (nongovernmental organization) Network structure Property attribute Operation rule Group rule * system selection Constitution rules Monitoring punishment procedures and Social, Economic and Political Context (S) Unit of Resources (RU) User (U) Interaction (L) Results (O) Measurement of Mobility of Revenue levels Number of units* social resource units* for different users performance Information Measures of Growth and Socioeconomic sharing between ecological renewal rates attribute users performance Externalities of Interaction of The consultation User history other social resource units process ecosystems Economic value Location Conflicts between users Number of Leadership/entrepr Investment resource units eneurship * activity Characteristic Norms/Social symbol capital * Lobbying Intellectual/spiritu Time and space Self-organizing al models of social distribution activity ecosystems * The importance of resources Technique application Network activity Social Ecosystem (ECO) Climate model Taint mode The inflow and outflow of social ecosystems Polsky, Neff, and Yarnal (2007) interpreted ecological security and economic coordination from three dimensions, which is called "Exposure -- sensitivity -- coping capacity". Based on the social ecosystem theory of Ostrom (2009), the coordination between marine fishery ecological security and economic system is defined as the equilibrium state reached by the interaction of the system in the face of internal congenital deficiency and the exposure, sensitivity and coping ability of the later external pressure. Among them, the degree of exposure refers to the degree of marine pollution caused by marine natural disasters and social and economic development of the marine fishery ecosystem in coastal areas. Sensitivity refers to the threshold that the system can withstand disturbance when it is disturbed by both natural and social factors. Coping capacity refers to the system's ability to adapt to the interference of natural and social factors, as well as the speed and ability of the system to recover after being damaged. Therefore, this paper puts forward the following suggestions to help future scholars establish the evaluation index system of coordination between the marine fishery ecosystem and the economic system in coastal areas. In terms of exposure, in the selection of first-level indicators, in addition to the pollution caused by wastewater discharge, marine natural disasters should also be included in the indicator system, because this can measure the original vulnerability of regional ecology and more clearly describe the basic conditions of the region. The area of disaster caused by storm surge disaster and red tide disaster can be used as the specific second-level index. In terms of sensitivity, most of the current scholars only consider the marine economic losses, which is not consistent with Ostrom's framework of social ecosystem sustainability. This paper believes that the development intensity of the ocean and coastal areas should be taken into account in the selection of first-level indicators. The intensity of development can take the length of coastline, sea area, beach area, and fishing amount per capita as the specific second-level indicators. In terms of coping ability, the selection of first-level indicators should consider the level of governance, the level of marine fishery science and technology, and the life happiness of fishermen. The establishment of specific secondlevel indicators can be represented by examining the intensity of regional government support for scientific research and the proportion of master and doctoral students. The level of governance can be represented by the level of fishery investment benefits and environmental treatment. The life happiness of fishermen can be taken into account the per capita income, investment in public facilities, and per capita consumption of fishermen as the specific second-level indicators. CONCLUSIONS With the current Chinese government's advocacy of sustainable marine fisheries, a series of studies have emerged on the efficiency of China's fishery policy. We studied these latest measurement indexes and discuss them based on comparative studies. At present, the three latest researches mainly discuss sustainable measures from three perspectives of economy, ecology, and economic ecological coordination and formed a

7 Effectiveness Evaluation of Marine Fishery Ecological Sustainable Policy 99 preliminary evaluation system. Although sustainable fisheries policy has been the focus of China's environmental policy in recent years, there is a lack of relevant research on sustainable assessment of fisheries. The focus of this paper is to analyze the evaluation index of marine fishery ecological sustainability in China with the help of the existing scientific framework. By creatively combining the theoretical framework proposed by Ostrom (2009) and Polsky, Neff, and Yarnal (2007), the deficiencies of the current evaluation system are analyzed. This paper argues that China's evaluation system needs to be improved urgently, and measures such as the level of environmental treatment should be incorporated into the assessment system for the coordinated development of marine fishery ecological security and economy, to promote the development of relevant researches in China and provide the corresponding reference for the measurement of fishery sustainable policy efficiency. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, L.G., Fisheries Economics. London: Routledge, 200p. Botsford, L.W., Optimal fishery policy for size-specific, density-dependent population models. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 12(3), Bromley, D.W., Abdicating responsibility: The deceits of fisheries policy. Fisheries, 34(6), Campbell, H.F.; McIlgorm, A., and Tsamenyi, B.M., Fishery management, environmental protection and trade liberalization. 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