SOCIAL SCIENCES : TRUTHFUL OR USEFUL?
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1 SOCIAL SCIENCES : TRUTHFUL OR USEFUL? IAP Conference The Unity of Science , Alexandria, Egypt Pieter J.D.Drenth, Hon. President All European Academies.
2 Introduction
3 Introduction Modern societies are facing striking changes and challenges
4 Introduction Modern societies are facing striking changes and challenges Modern society depends on advancement of knoweldge
5 Introduction Modern societies are facing striking changes and challenges Modern society depends on advancement of knoweldge Especially scientific knowledge
6 Definition
7 Definition Craxton: study of divinity and study of humanity
8 Definition Craxton: study of divinity and study of humanity Bacon; divine, natural and human philosophy
9 Definition Craxton: study of divinity and study of humanity Bacon; divine, natural and human philosophy Dawkins: physics as science of the dead, and biology as the science of living things
10 Definition Craxton: study of divinity and study of humanity Bacon; divine, natural and human philosophy Dawkins: physics as science of the dead, and biology as the science of living things 19th century: divine and human philosophy merged into humanities (letters, Geisteswissenschaften)
11 Definition Craxton: study of divinity and study of humanity Bacon; divine, natural and human philosophy Dawkins: physics as science of the dead, and biology as the science of living things 19th century: divine and human philosophy merged into humanities (letters, Geisteswissenschaften) Natural sciences (experimental/empirical, nomothetical) versus humanities (descritive, Verstehen, hermeneutic, ideographic). Two cultures (Snow)
12 Definition (II)
13 Definition (II) End 19th century: third player: gamma sciences or social sciences: behaviour of human beings regarding their relation to their social environment
14 Definition (II) End 19th century: third player: gamma sciences or social sciences: behaviour of human beings regarding their relation to their social environment Three main streams: Behavioural sciences (psychology, pedagogic and educational sciences) Societal sciences (sociology, cultural anthropology, political sciences) Economic sciences (macro- and micro-economics, econometrics, operational research and managament)
15 Definition (II) End 19th century: third player: gamma sciences or social sciences: behaviour of human beings regarding their relation to their social environment Three main streams: Behavioural sciences (psychology, pedagogic and educational sciences) Societal sciences (sociology, cultural anthropology, political sciences) Economic sciences (macro- and micro-economics, econometrics, operational research and managament) Third culture (Lepenies)?
16 Third culture?
17 Third culture? Content: Focus on the functioning of the human being as a social creature Living things that have motives, intentions, norms and values, and whose social institutions have meanings, symbols, rules and rituals. Developments, changes and dynamics also product of own influence, often being illogical, inconsistent and unpredictable (Kresh: understanding atomic physics is child s play compared with understanding child s play )
18 Third culture? Content: Focus on the functioning of the human being as a social creature Living things that have motives, intentions, norms and values, and whose social institutions have meanings, symbols, rules and rituals. Developments, changes and dynamics also product of own influence, often being illogical, inconsistent and unpredictable (Kresh: understanding atomic physics is child s play compared with understanding child s play ) Diversity of methods, both nomothetic (resembling natuiral sciences) and ideographic (resembling humanities)
19 Third culture? Content: Focus on the functioning of the human being as a social creature Living things that have motives, intentions, norms and values, and whose social institutions have meanings, symbols, rules and rituals. Developments, changes and dynamics also product of own influence, often being illogical, inconsistent and unpredictable (Kresh: understanding atomic physics is child s play compared with understanding child s play ) Diversity of methods, both nomothetic (resembling natuiral sciences) and ideographic (resembling humanities) Social sciences deal with a reality to which non-scientists too have access.
20 Third culture? Content: Focus on the functioning of the human being as a social creature Living things that have motives, intentions, norms and values, and whose social institutions have meanings, symbols, rules and rituals. Developments, changes and dynamics also product of own influence, often being illogical, inconsistent and unpredictable (Kresh: understanding atomic physics is child s play compared with understanding child s play ) Diversity of methods, both nomothetic (resembling natuiral sciences) and ideographic (resembling humanities) Social sciences deal with a reality to which non-scientists too have access. Often close relationship between social sciences and societal policy; inclination towards social relevance
21 Social sciences: truthful or useful?
22 Social sciences: truthful or useful? Classical controverse: basic/pure science versus applied science much debated since Bacon (Novum Organum). Even epistimological roots
23 Social sciences: truthful or useful? Classical controverse: basic/pure science versus applied science much debated since Bacon (Novum Organum). Even epistimological roots Only one criterion: truthfulness in the ontological tradition of Plato
24 Social sciences: truthful or useful? Classical controverse: basic/pure science versus applied science much debated since Bacon (Novum Organum). Even epistimological roots Only one criterion: truthfulness in the ontological tradition of Plato Or also usefulness, in the tradition of Ariostotle s common-sense politics
25 Basic Applied: present position
26 Basic Applied: present position Distinction less clear cut; much overlap
27 Basic Applied: present position Distinction less clear cut; much overlap European Commissioner s Expert Group: replace basic research by frontier research
28 Basic Applied: present position Distinction less clear cut; much overlap European Commissioner s Expert Group: replace basic research by frontier research Nuances and modifications needed with respect to the criterion veracity versus utility
29 Basic Applied: present position Distinction less clear cut; much overlap European Commissioner s Expert Group: replace basic research by frontier research Nuances and modifications needed with respect to the criterion veracity versus utility Distinctions: pure science driven fundamental strategic practical science driven problem driven/product oriented auxiliary
30 Spectrum pure utilised research (1)
31 Spectrum pure utilised research (1) (1) Pure science-driven research; intrinsic relevance:augmentation and enrichment of knowledge
32 Spectrum pure utilised research (1) (1) Pure science-driven research; intrinsic relevance:augmentation and enrichment of knowledge (2) Fundamebntal strategic research: puere research, but in areas of high political priority (e.g. FP 1 trhough 6)
33 Spectrum pure utilised research (1) (1) Pure science-driven research; intrinsic relevance:augmentation and enrichment of knowledge (2) Fundamebntal strategic research: puere research, but in areas of high political priority (e.g. FP 1 trhough 6) (3) Practicable science-driven research; pure research leading sooner or later to important applications or innovations: numerous examples in social sciences (like in matural and life sciences)
34 Spectrum pure utilised research (2)
35 Spectrum pure utilised research (2) (4) Problem-driven/product-oriented research: need to solve a practical problem or to develop a useful product
36 Spectrum pure utilised research (2) (4) Problem-driven/product-oriented research: need to solve a practical problem or to develop a useful product Various types within this category: Instrumental research Research aimed at manufacture of products Research on intervention methods Research on procedures or processes
37 Spectrum pure utilised research (2) (4) Problem-driven/product-oriented research: need to solve a practical problem or to develop a useful product Various types within this category: Instrumental research Research aimed at manufacture of products Research on intervention methods Research on procedures or processes There is nothing inferior about this type of applied research: Same methodological rules and standards as pure research Important contributions to scientific knowledge
38 Spectrum pure utilised research (III)
39 Spectrum pure utilised research (III) (5) Auxiliary research: supportive in respect of policy and decision-making
40 Spectrum pure utilised research (III) (5) Auxiliary research: supportive in respect of policy and decision-making Objective and correct information always better than biased and agreeable information
41 Spectrum pure utilised research (III) (5) Auxiliary research: supportive in respect of policy and decision-making Objective and correct information always better than biased and agreeable information Danger of violating the truth even greater when research results are used as ammunition in (political) discussion or debate
42 Why under-utilisation?
43 Why under-utilisation? Ignorance. Popularity of social sciences from popular magazines, bestsellers and gurus in stead of evidence based social sciences
44 Why under-utilisation? Ignorance. Popularity of social sciences from popular magazines, bestsellers and gurus in stead of evidence based social sciences Confusion. Much of s.sc. knowledge is uncertain and probabilistic; findings are often conflicting
45 Why under-utilisation? Ignorance. Popularity of social sciences from popular magazines, bestsellers and gurus in stead of evidence based social sciences Confusion. Much of s.sc. knowledge is uncertain and probabilistic; findings are often conflicting Anti-science attitude. Appreciation of science has been replaced by doubts, criticism, and even enmity. Unwillingness to think coherently and rationally. Taverne: The March of Unreason
46 Why under-utilisation? Ignorance. Popularity of social sciences from popular magazines, bestsellers and gurus in stead of evidence based social sciences Confusion. Much of s.sc. knowledge is uncertain and probabilistic; findings are often conflicting Anti-science attitude. Appreciation of science has been replaced by doubts, criticism, and even enmity. Unwillingness to think coherently and rationally. Taverne: The March of Unreason Unwillingness. People do not want to give up their spouse theories, their prejudices, their ethnic, geographic or gender stereotypes.
47 Why under-utilisation? (2)
48 Why under-utilisation? (2) Distrust. Misleading scientific advice No distinction between scientific fundings and personal opinions General concern regarding moral consequences of fast developing science and technology
49 Why under-utilisation? (2) Distrust. Misleading scientific advice No distinction between scientific fundings and personal opinions General concern regarding moral consequences of fast developing science and technology Disappointment. No answers to the real questions with which one is confronted: too detailed laboratory studies, too positivistic tradition, too mono-disciplinary approach
50 Why under-utilisation? (2) Distrust. Misleading scientific advice No distinction between scientific fundings and personal opinions General concern regarding moral consequences of fast developing science and technology Disappointment. No answers to the real questions with which one is confronted: too detailed laboratory studies, too positivistic tradition, too mono-disciplinary approach Deception. Bona fide scientists have to compete with all kinds of pseudo-scientific experts. In spite of much contra-evidence the popularity of this pseudo-scientific moonshine is alarmingly high.
51 Recommendations
52 Recommendations Recognise whole spectrum from pure to applied social science
53 Recommendations Recognise whole spectrum from pure to applied social science Ensure that communication of research results is honest and fair
54 Recommendations Recognise whole spectrum from pure to applied social science Ensure that communication of research results is honest and fair Ensure that in concrete cases social science knowledge is contextualised (especially regarding culture)
55 Recommendations Recognise whole spectrum from pure to applied social science Ensure that communication of research results is honest and fair Ensure that in concrete cases social science knowledge is contextualised (especially regarding culture) Social scientists should develop communication skills with respect to different media, and participate in public debate
56 Recommendations Recognise whole spectrum from pure to applied social science Ensure that communication of research results is honest and fair Ensure that in concrete cases social science knowledge is contextualised (especially regarding culture) Social scientists should develop communication skills with respect to different media, and participate in public debate Social scientists should not avoid moral and ethical issues, including Justification of the choice of study The nature of data gathering and experimentation Responsibility for what is done with the results
57 Recommendations Recognise whole spectrum from pure to applied social science Ensure that communication of research results is honest and fair Ensure that in concrete cases social science knowledge is contextualised (especially regarding culture) Social scientists should develop communication skills with respect to different media, and participate in public debate Social scientists should not avoid moral and ethical issues, including Justification of the choice of study The nature of data gathering and experimentation Responsibility for what is done with the results Endorse stringent regulations against pseudo-scientific movements and practice
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