Resources Gardening for Wildlife, including Pollinators

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1 Note: Many of the gardening guides listed below were written for the eastern, southeastern and coastal western regions of the U.S. Therefore, the native plants recommended in these non local guides may not be suitable for use in this region (Palouse Prairie and Northern Rockies ecosystems). For information on native plants suitable for the Inland Northwest, see Idaho Native Plant Society Palouse Prairie Foundation Washington Native Plant Society Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho Native Plants Native plants should be defined as those that have evolved and adapted to a specific location and have remained genetically unaltered by humans. A. Wasowski Provenance, defining our terms, in The American Gardener Volume 77, Issue 6, November December Any plant which is a member of a species which was present at a given site prior to European contact. (California Native Plant Society). All indigenous, terrestrial, and aquatic plant species that evolved natural in an ecosystem (US Forest Service). The local ecosystems of this region are the Palouse Prairie (Palouse Dry Steppe) and the Northern Rockies Ecological Subregions. A species can be native to the United States, but not native to a specific state or ecological region within that state. Species native to other ecological regions, or other hemispheres, can become invasive when introduced into our ecosystems. March 2012 Page 1

2 Invasive Species A species that is not native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. (USDI U.S. Geological Survey / Biology). This includes plants, mammals, reptiles, mollusks, insects, pathogens, etc. While plants introduced deliberately from other regions usually do not become invasive, the possibility exists and negative consequences can be high both environmentally and economically. It s possible for invasive introduced species to escape from a garden setting and move into the surrounding native plant communities, displacing native plants and permanently altering the composition and function of the native plant community, to the detriment of the plants and the wildlife dependent on them, as well as the hydrology and nutrient cycles. Other introductions of invasive species have occurred accidentally for example, through inclusion in packing materials, or on plants imported from other areas. In this area, several nearby ecosystems wetlands, ponderosa pine forests, and the Palouse Prairie have been identified as endangered ecosystems. The Palouse Prairie, in particular, is critically endangered and supports many rare and one listed plant species at risk of extinction. Many smaller remnants of the Palouse Prairie are already highly disrupted by invasive species. Gardeners with conservation stewardship in mind can help reduce the risk of introduction of new invasive species to our nearby natural ecosystems, particularly our beautiful, unique Palouse Prairie, by avoiding including plants known to be invasive, or potentially invasive, in their gardens. While there is no foolproof system for predicting invasiveness of an introduced plant, there are several traits that should raise red flags. For example, introduced plants that produce fleshy fruits dispersed by birds are a particular risk. Other traits plants set seed the first year, produce seed prolifically, establish quickly, spread rapidly, withstand droughty conditions, persist in poor soil conditions are also characteristics of species already known to be invasive. Many wildflower mixes contain seeds of plants with those traits. Several of our invasive species were introduced from Europe or Asia; if a nonnative plant comes from a large distributional range in Europe or Eurasia, the chances are high that it will find large areas of suitable habitat in similar habitat conditions in North America. Declining to plant, or recommend, or share plants of species known to be invasive, or which demonstrate invasive traits can help prevent their spread and consequent degradation of native ecosystems. By choosing a regionally native species, whenever one is available and is March 2012 Page 2

3 suitable in your landscape setting, you help reduce the risk of introducing the next new invader. So, when considering what nonnative plant species to select for your garden, please first determine whether the species is already known to be invasive locally or in nearby regions or in similar habitats. You can do this by checking publications of local government and universities, or through several online resources, such as Then, if the species is not already known to be invasive, consider whether the plant s traits are the same as those of other known invasive species. Check with your local conservation district for more information. There are many beautiful native plants available, with more expected every year as more nurseries produce natives to meet the growing demand for native plants for conservation, restoration, and gardening. These native plants can be good alternatives to nonnative invasive species. The best route for good conservation stewardship? When in doubt, leave it out. Attracting Birds, Butterflies, and Other Backyard Wildlife. David Mizejewski National Wildlife Federation. Published by Creative Homeowner, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Attracting Birds. Sunset Books Sunset Books, Menlo Park, California. Attracting Birds: Creating Natural Habitats for Properties Large and Small. Stephen W. Kress. 2006, Second Edition. The Audubon Society, in association with The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Cornell University Press, Cornell, New York. Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America s Bees and Butterflies. Eric Mader, Matthew Shepherd, Mace Vaughan, Scott Hoffman Black, Gretchen LeBuhn Published by Storey Publishing. The Xerces Society Guide. Best Garden Plants for Washington and Oregon. Marianne Binetti and Don Williamson Lone Pine Publishing. Auburn, Washington. Bird Gardening Book: The Complete Guide to Creating a Bird Friendly Habitat in Your Backyard. Donald and Lillian Stokes. Stokes Backyard Nature Books. Little, Brown and Company. March 2012 Page 3

4 Bluebird Book: The Complete Guide to Attracting Bluebirds. Donald and Lillian Stokes Stokes Backyard Nature Books. Little, Brown and Company. Bringing Nature Home: How Native Plants Sustain Wildlife in Our Gardens. Douglas W. Tallamy Timber Press. Portland, Oregon. Butterfly Book: The Complete Guide to Butterfly Gardening, Identification, and Behavior. Donald and Lillian Stokes. Stokes Backyard Nature Books. Little, Brown and Company. Butterfly Gardening: Creating Summer Magic in Your Garden. Produced by The Xerces Society and The Smithsonian Institution, published by Sierra Club Books. Butterfly Gardens: Luring Nature s Loveliest Pollinators to Your Yard. Alcinda Lewis, Editor. 1995, 1996, 1997, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Gardening Guide to Attracting Birds and Butterflies: How to Plant a Backyard Habitat to Attract Hummingbirds and Other Winged Wildlife. Taylor s Weekend Gardening Guides. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Arthur R. Kruckeberg. 1982, University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. Published by Greystone Books/Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver/Toronto. Great Natives for Tough Places. Niall Dunne, Editor. Brooklyn Botanic Garden All Region Guides. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Hummingbird Book: The Complete Guide to Attracting, Identifying, and Enjoying Hummingbirds. Lillian and Donald Stokes. Little, Brown, and Company. Hummingbird Gardens: Turning Your Yard into Hummingbird Heaven. Stephen W. Kress, Editor. 2002, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden. John M. Randall and Janet Marinelli, Editors Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. Russell Link University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, in association with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Landscaping with Native Plants in the Idaho Panhandle. Sylvia Chatburn, Marilyn George, and Eileen Atkisson, Editors Kinnikinnick Native Plant Society. Landscaping with Native Plants in the Inland Northwest. Tonie Fitzgerald. Undated. Washington State University Extension MISC0267. Pullman, Washington. Living with Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. Russell Link University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, in association with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists. Eric Mader, Marla Spivak, and Elaine Evans SARE Handbook 11, NRAES 186. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) and Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES). Produced with support from the USDA s SARE Program, the University of Minnesota Department of Entomology, and the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation Program. March 2012 Page 4

5 Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants. C. Colston Burrell, Janet Marinelli and Bonnie Harper Lore, Editors. 2006, Publication of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, New York. Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants. C. Colston Burrell, Janet Marinelli, and Bonnie Harper Lore, Editors. 2006, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Naturescaping: A Landscaping Partnership with Nature. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Robin Rose, Caryn E. C. Chachulski, and Diane L. Haase Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. Shady Border, The: Shade Loving Perennials for Season Long Color. C. Colston Burrell, Editor. 1998, 2002, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Sunny Border, the: Sun Loving Perennials for Season Long Color. C. Colston Burrell Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Urban and Suburban Meadows. Catherine Zimmerman Distributed by Greenleaf Book Group, LLC, Austin, Texas. Wildlife Gardener s Guide, The. Janet Marinelli Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Brooklyn, New York. Websites Attracting Pollinators to your Garden Using Native Plants US Fish and Wildlife Service Backyard Conservation USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service T&cid=nrcs143_023574&navid= &pnavid= &positio n=not%20yet%20determined.html&ttype=detail&pname=b Beautiful Wildlife Garden home page Bee Basics: An Introduction to Our Native Bees The Pollinator Partnership and the USDA Forest Service March 2012 Page 5

6 Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains M. Majerus, C. Reynolds, J. Scianna, S. Winslow, L. Holzworth, E. Woodson USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Montana Garden for Wildlife: Making Wildlife Habitat at Home National Wildlife Federation Outside/Outdoor Activities/Garden for Wildlife.aspx Gardening for Native Bees in Utah and Beyond Utah State University Extension pollinators09.pdf Going Native: Urban Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants North Carolina State University Extension Service Great Sunflower Project: The Backyard Bee Count project How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides Oregon State University Extension Invasive Plants and Pollinator Interactions, Diane L. Larson Endangered Species Bulletin Fall 2008, USGS Invertebrate Ecology home page Kick the Exotic Invasive Exotic Gardening Habit with Great Native Plant Alternatives US National Arboretum Landscaping with Native Plants of the Intermountain Region Idaho Native Plant Society March 2012 Page 6

7 Living on a Few Acres USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service ftp://ftp fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/id/news/fewacres06.pdf Native Gardening and Invasive Plants Guide enature.com Native Plant Guide: Create Your Own Native Landscape, Pacific Northwest King County, Washington includes species recommendations, landscape design plans Native Plants of Northern Idaho for Landscaping and Restoration Idaho Native Plant Society, White Pine Chapter Native Plants of Northern Idaho for Landscaping and Restoration publication of the White Pine Chapter of the Idaho Native Plant Society Naturescaping: A Landscaping Partnership with Nature Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife North American Butterfly Association several publications membership includes American Butterflies and Butterfly Gardener magazines North American Pollinator Protection Campaign several publications Plant and Seed Vendors for ID MT NV E. OR E. WA WY USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service ftp://ftp fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/id/programs/technotes/tn33_vendors_1011.pdf Plants for Pollinators in the Inland Northwest, Plant Materials Technical Note 2B USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Pullman Plant Materials Center materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmstn10799.pdf March 2012 Page 7

8 Plants, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service information on native and introduced plants Pollinator Partnership includes several publications, including regional planting guides Pollinator Watch home page Pollinator home page, USDA Forest Service Pollinators home page, US Fish and Wildlife Service Pollinators Info home page, blog by Athena Rayne Anderson Pollinators page, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service includes several publications about bats, bees, butterflies, native pollinators Through the Garden Gate, article about Plant Invaders by Cherie Winner, Washington State Magazine, Spring Urban Bee Gardens University of California, Berkeley Xerces Society, The many excellent publications on pollinator conservation, habitat management, gardening March 2012 Page 8