The Research Proposal

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The Research Proposal"

Transcription

1 Describes the: The Research Proposal Researchable question itself Why it's important (i.e., the rationale and significance of your research) Propositions that are known or assumed to be true (i.e., axioms and assumptions) Propositions that will be tested (i.e., hypotheses or postulates) Goals and specific objectives of your research activities Methods you will use to test hypotheses and achieve objectives Expected results and scope of inference

2 Steps in the scientific method Define the researchable question Develop hypotheses, predictions, and objectives Develop materials and methods, including replication Gather data Analyze the data (contingency plans if things go wrong?) Draw conclusions (accept, modify, reject the hypothesis)

3 General definitions A new idea Hypotheses A statement to be tested - an 'educated guess' that needs more study to be confirmed or disproved A proposition that explains some phenomenon Scientific hypothesis - The researchable question restated as a declarative sentence that is assumed to be true for testing purposes Stated as what you believe to be true not what you want to disprove (i.e., not a statistical 'null' hypothesis) Must be testable (e.g., generate predictions) The most valuable hypotheses are simple, consistent with what is already known, and have broad applicability

4 Methods and expected results The materials and methods must describe the: Proposed experiments or investigations Materials and techniques that you will use, including their feasibility Statistical techniques and other methods used to analyze the data Your expected results and interpretations must describe the: Results that will lead you to conclude that the hypotheses are proved or disproved Scope of inference (i.e., to what extent are the results applicable to other locations, times, or situations?) Pitfalls that may be encountered Limitations to the proposed methods

5 Think it through!

6 Typical formats Each hypothesis or objective often has its own set of methods OBJECTIVES My objectives are to: Objective 1 Objective 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Objective 1 Hypotheses - Rationale Experimental design Measurements Data analysis Expected results Objective 2 Hypotheses - Rationale Experimental design Measurements Data analysis Expected results Pitfalls and limitations (summary) HYPOTHESES I hypothesize that: Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypothesis 1 Objectives - Rationale Experimental design Measurements Data analysis Expected results Hypothesis 2 Objectives - Rationale Experimental design Measurements Data analysis Expected results Pitfalls and limitations (summary)

7 The materials and methods must describe the: Proposed experiments or investigations Materials and techniques that you will use, including their feasibility Statistical techniques and other methods used to analyze the data Approach Connection between methods and conclusions must be clear - why are you doing these things? The strategy connecting hypotheses to conclusions Observational, experimental, modeling? Design Randomization, replication, etc How do you know replication is sufficient? Measurements - Response variables Survey, lab, field? Have you done these before? Are you collaborating with someone who has? Statistical approaches

8 Expected results and interpretations The results you expect to see if your hypotheses are true (i.e., the predictions that flow from your hypotheses) What will conclude if you do not see your expected results (i.e., if your predictions are not observed)?

9 Observations (axioms) Researchable question Expected results and interpretations must describe the: Results that will lead you to conclude that the hypotheses are proved or disproved Hypothesis Prediction deduction Expected results Reject hypoth. (deduction) Accept hypoth. (induction) False Test True Materials and methods

10 Scope of inference The conditions to which the conclusions from the research will apply: Closely linked Scientific Scope of inference Biological Geographical Temporal Statistical Scope of Inference Important to consider when you design your research How broadly do you want to apply your results?

11 Pitfalls and limitations Pitfalls Demonstrates a realistic knowledge of your materials and methods Which procedures are risky? What can go wrong? How will you keep things from going wrong? What will you do if things go wrong - backup plans? What are the consequences if things go wrong? Limitations Scope of inference limitations Describe constraints - i.e., resource, time constraints

12 Evaluation Are the materials and methods adequate to test the hypotheses and achieve the objectives? Is the scope of inference defined, realistic, and adequate? Are issues of representation, replication, and randomization appropriate to the proposal and if so, are they addressed? Is it clear how conclusions will be drawn? Is the proposed study doable and repeatable? Are the pitfalls and limitations understood? Are the experiments novel or creative?

13 Define the question Design the study Analyze the data Carry out the study Draw conclusions

14 The Question of Interest defines responses to measure population to which inference is made groups to compare Does the foliar boron concentration of seedlings differ among the nursery grown Douglas-fir seedlings in western Oregon that receive one of 4 different fertilizer regimes, the standard fertilizer with 0 lb/ac of boron, 1 lb/ac of boron, 2 lb/ac of boron, and 4 lb/ac of boron?

15 Relating the Question of Interest to the Conclusions in the planning stages What outcomes are possible? - Multiple or one? What are the explanations for the outcomes? - a priori decide what you will conclude from potential outcomes Does an outcome lead to more than one explanation? - Not satisfying if an outcome corroborates many explanations

16 Replication Before we accept the existence of an effect, the effect must be observable in replicates that represent the range of variation * over which inference is to be made. -Hurlbert (1983) * The scope of inference!

17 Replication is the repetition of independent applications of a treatment or protocol

18 Experimental Unit - smallest piece of material that receives an independent application of the treatment, a replicate Sampling Unit - smallest piece of material on which a measurement is made, a subsample. Doug-Fir Pine Pine Doug-Fir

19 Boron Fertilizer applied to sections of nursery beds. What gets replicated? How is the fertilizer applied! What gets an independent application? a bed? or a section of a bed? or a or a seedling?

20 Effect of Herbicide on Apple weight Two Orchards, tractor-sprayed herbicide. Assign each set of two rows to either herbicide or water treatment. In each orchard mix up one tank of herbicide and one tank of distilled water and apply each to assigned rows of trees. Herb Herb water

21 Effect of fire severity on re-growth of herbaceous cover Low Severe Medium Low

22 Compare tree regeneration rate after fires in Douglas-fir and Pine Stands. Doug-Fir Pine Pine Doug-Fir Doug-Fir Pine

23 Detecting Differences Accurately Avoid Confounding Confound: To confuse To mingle so that the elements cannot be distinguished Confounding is the state in which 2 or more phenomena occur together in such a way that the study cannot separate the effects of one from the other.

24 Confounding: an example Interest in whether bats forage more along streams then within forest stands. In August, sample nighttime foraging activity of bats along streams in the coastal range. In October, sample nighttime foraging activity of bats in forest stands in McDonald Dunn Forest (near Corvallis). (Note that in the literature it says that nighttime foraging activity of bats increases with increasing nighttime temperature)

25 Confounding: an example In August, sample nighttime foraging activity of bats along streams in the coastal range. In October, sample nighttime foraging activity of bats in forest stands in McDonald Dunn Forest (near Corvallis) To what should you attribute a difference in foraging activity? Forest type Nighttime temperature Other seasonal effects (e.g. day length, seasonally available food, day or night light levels)

26 What we do: Randomization Randomly select pieces of material to sample. randomly select Randomly assign a piece of material to a protocol. randomly assign Order items or protocols randomly. randomly order Physically place items randomly. randomly placed

27 Why do we randomize? Randomization is somewhat analogous to insurance, in that it is a precaution against disturbances that may or may not occur, and that may or may not be serious if they do occur. Cochran and Cox 1957 Randomization ensures that a particular treatment will not be consistently favored or handicapped in successive replications by some extraneous sources of variation, known or unknown. Steele and Torrie 1997 The function of randomization is to ensure that we have a valid or unbiased estimate of experimental error and of treatment means and the differences among the means. Steele and Torrie 1997

28 Randomization What do we mean by randomization? Mixed up the order? Can t repeat a selection or an assignment? See no pattern in a selection or an assignment? Can t explain how we did a selection or assignment?

29 Randomization Each replicate unit has a known chance of being assigned to a treatment. Or Each sample has a known chance of being sampled The process is definable and repeatable. Randomization ensures that the effects we estimate are reasonably believed to be true for the whole set we re interested in, not just for the subset.

30 Randomly selecting a unit to sample or measure can insure no systematic difference between units intended to be replicates

31 Inferences Observational studies can only report associations between responses and groups Because you don t know and can t be sure that something unknown is responsible for the difference you see between your groups Controlled designed experiments allow you to draw cause and effect conclusions Because in theory, all other effects known to affect the response have been controlled Note: natural resource studies are commonly a mix of observational and design studies. It is not easy to have an natural resource study that can make cause and effect conclusions!

32

AN INTRODUCTION TO HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

AN INTRODUCTION TO HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN GENERL EOLOGY IO 340 N INTRODUTION TO HYPOTHESIS-TESTING ND EXPERIMENTL DESIGN INTRODUTION Ecologists gain understanding of the natural world through rigorous application of the scientific method. s you

More information

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS AND

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS AND Shalini Prasad Ajith Rao Eeshoo Rehani DEVELOPING 500 METHODS SEPTEMBER 18 TH 2001 DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS AND Introduction Processes involved before formulating the hypotheses. Definition Nature of Hypothesis

More information

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY REALITY Hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested by further investigation. Generation

More information

Survey Research: Choice of Instrument, Sample. Lynda Burton, ScD Johns Hopkins University

Survey Research: Choice of Instrument, Sample. Lynda Burton, ScD Johns Hopkins University This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this

More information

HOW TO WRITE A LABORATORY REPORT

HOW TO WRITE A LABORATORY REPORT HOW TO WRITE A LABORATORY REPORT Pete Bibby Dept of Psychology 1 About Laboratory Reports The writing of laboratory reports is an essential part of the practical course One function of this course is to

More information

Topic #6: Hypothesis. Usage

Topic #6: Hypothesis. Usage Topic #6: Hypothesis A hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon or reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between multiple phenomena. The term derives from the ancient Greek,

More information

CFSD 21 ST CENTURY SKILL RUBRIC CRITICAL & CREATIVE THINKING

CFSD 21 ST CENTURY SKILL RUBRIC CRITICAL & CREATIVE THINKING Critical and creative thinking (higher order thinking) refer to a set of cognitive skills or strategies that increases the probability of a desired outcome. In an information- rich society, the quality

More information

How to Develop a Research Protocol

How to Develop a Research Protocol How to Develop a Research Protocol Goals & Objectives: To explain the theory of science To explain the theory of research To list the steps involved in developing and conducting a research protocol Outline:

More information

ELEMENTS OF AN HYPOTHESIS

ELEMENTS OF AN HYPOTHESIS ELEMENTS OF AN HYPOTHESIS An hypothesis is an explanation for an observation or a phenomenon. A good scientific hypothesis contains the following elements: 1. Description of the observation/phenomenon

More information

Background Biology and Biochemistry Notes A

Background Biology and Biochemistry Notes A Background Biology and Biochemistry Notes A Vocabulary dependent variable evidence experiment hypothesis independent variable model observation prediction science scientific investigation scientific law

More information

Section 7 - The Scientific Method & Experimental Design! of! 1 5

Section 7 - The Scientific Method & Experimental Design! of! 1 5 Section 7 - The Scientific Method & Experimental Design of 1 5 Read the information below. You will be asked to identify parts of an experiment and errors in experimental design on your first test. Understanding

More information

How to Write a Successful PhD Dissertation Proposal

How to Write a Successful PhD Dissertation Proposal How to Write a Successful PhD Dissertation Proposal Before considering the "how", we should probably spend a few minutes on the "why." The obvious things certainly apply; i.e.: 1. to develop a roadmap

More information

AIE: 85-86, 193, 217-218, 294, 339-340, 341-343, 412, 437-439, 531-533, 682, 686-687 SE: : 339, 434, 437-438, 48-454, 455-458, 680, 686

AIE: 85-86, 193, 217-218, 294, 339-340, 341-343, 412, 437-439, 531-533, 682, 686-687 SE: : 339, 434, 437-438, 48-454, 455-458, 680, 686 Knowledge and skills. (1) The student conducts laboratory investigations and fieldwork using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. The student is expected to: (A) demonstrate safe practices

More information

Practical Research. Paul D. Leedy Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. Planning and Design. Tenth Edition

Practical Research. Paul D. Leedy Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. Planning and Design. Tenth Edition Practical Research Planning and Design Tenth Edition Paul D. Leedy Jeanne Ellis Ormrod 2013, 2010, 2005, 2001, 1997 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 The Nature and Tools of Research

More information

GLOSSARY OF EVALUATION TERMS

GLOSSARY OF EVALUATION TERMS Planning and Performance Management Unit Office of the Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance Final Version: March 25, 2009 INTRODUCTION This Glossary of Evaluation and Related Terms was jointly prepared

More information

Theory and Research. Theory functions three ways in research: ways that can suggest other possibilities.

Theory and Research. Theory functions three ways in research: ways that can suggest other possibilities. Theory and Research Theory functions three ways in research: 1. Theories prevent our being taken in by flukes. 2. Theories make sense of observed patterns in ways that can suggest other possibilities.

More information

CHANCE ENCOUNTERS. Making Sense of Hypothesis Tests. Howard Fincher. Learning Development Tutor. Upgrade Study Advice Service

CHANCE ENCOUNTERS. Making Sense of Hypothesis Tests. Howard Fincher. Learning Development Tutor. Upgrade Study Advice Service CHANCE ENCOUNTERS Making Sense of Hypothesis Tests Howard Fincher Learning Development Tutor Upgrade Study Advice Service Oxford Brookes University Howard Fincher 2008 PREFACE This guide has a restricted

More information

Science and Scientific Reasoning. Critical Thinking

Science and Scientific Reasoning. Critical Thinking Science and Scientific Reasoning Critical Thinking Some Common Myths About Science Science: What it is and what it is not Science and Technology Science is not the same as technology The goal of science

More information

Experimental Analysis

Experimental Analysis Experimental Analysis Instructors: If your institution does not have the Fish Farm computer simulation, contact the project directors for information on obtaining it free of charge. The ESA21 project team

More information

Fairfield Public Schools

Fairfield Public Schools Mathematics Fairfield Public Schools AP Statistics AP Statistics BOE Approved 04/08/2014 1 AP STATISTICS Critical Areas of Focus AP Statistics is a rigorous course that offers advanced students an opportunity

More information

Selecting Research Participants

Selecting Research Participants C H A P T E R 6 Selecting Research Participants OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, students should be able to Define the term sampling frame Describe the difference between random sampling and random

More information

Georgia Department of Education

Georgia Department of Education Epidemiology Curriculum The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science. The Project 2061 s Benchmarks for Science Literacy is

More information

STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS

STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Fethullah Karabiber YTU, Fall of 2012 The role of statistical analysis in science This course discusses some statistical methods, which involve applying statistical

More information

Single and Multiple-Case Study Designs IS493

Single and Multiple-Case Study Designs IS493 1 2 Research Strategies Basic oppositions Survey research versus Case study quantitative versus qualitative The whole gamut Experiment Survey Archival analysis Historical research Case study 3 Basic Conditions

More information

CONTENTS OF DAY 2. II. Why Random Sampling is Important 9 A myth, an urban legend, and the real reason NOTES FOR SUMMER STATISTICS INSTITUTE COURSE

CONTENTS OF DAY 2. II. Why Random Sampling is Important 9 A myth, an urban legend, and the real reason NOTES FOR SUMMER STATISTICS INSTITUTE COURSE 1 2 CONTENTS OF DAY 2 I. More Precise Definition of Simple Random Sample 3 Connection with independent random variables 3 Problems with small populations 8 II. Why Random Sampling is Important 9 A myth,

More information

PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS AND OUTCOMES BY COURSE LISTING

PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS AND OUTCOMES BY COURSE LISTING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS AND OUTCOMES BY COURSE LISTING Psychology 1010: General Psychology Learning Goals and Outcomes LEARNING GOAL 1: KNOWLEDGE BASE OF PSYCHOLOGY Demonstrate familiarity with

More information

Termite Behavior: Focus on Experimental Design and Results (adapted from Surmacz, 2004 and Matthews and Matthews, 2012)

Termite Behavior: Focus on Experimental Design and Results (adapted from Surmacz, 2004 and Matthews and Matthews, 2012) Termite Behavior: Focus on Experimental Design and Results (adapted from Surmacz, 2004 and Matthews and Matthews, 2012) Prior to coming to lab this week, you should read all of the introductory information.

More information

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion criteria = attributes of subjects that are essential for their selection to participate. Inclusion criteria function remove the influence of specific confounding

More information

Section 2 Scientific Methods in Earth Science

Section 2 Scientific Methods in Earth Science Section 2 Scientific Methods in Earth Science Key Concept Scientists conduct careful investigations by following standard methods that allow them to collect data and communicate results. What You Will

More information

Appendix B Checklist for the Empirical Cycle

Appendix B Checklist for the Empirical Cycle Appendix B Checklist for the Empirical Cycle This checklist can be used to design your research, write a report about it (internal report, published paper, or thesis), and read a research report written

More information

AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics

AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Ms. Foglia Date AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,

More information

ACH 1.1 : A Tool for Analyzing Competing Hypotheses Technical Description for Version 1.1

ACH 1.1 : A Tool for Analyzing Competing Hypotheses Technical Description for Version 1.1 ACH 1.1 : A Tool for Analyzing Competing Hypotheses Technical Description for Version 1.1 By PARC AI 3 Team with Richards Heuer Lance Good, Jeff Shrager, Mark Stefik, Peter Pirolli, & Stuart Card ACH 1.1

More information

Part (3) Nursing Education and Research

Part (3) Nursing Education and Research Part (3) Nursing Education and Research Trends in nursing education and research cannot be isolated from the dynamics of nursing practice. Likewise, nursing trends are responsive to the projected changes

More information

"Statistical methods are objective methods by which group trends are abstracted from observations on many separate individuals." 1

Statistical methods are objective methods by which group trends are abstracted from observations on many separate individuals. 1 BASIC STATISTICAL THEORY / 3 CHAPTER ONE BASIC STATISTICAL THEORY "Statistical methods are objective methods by which group trends are abstracted from observations on many separate individuals." 1 Medicine

More information

Analysis Issues II. Mary Foulkes, PhD Johns Hopkins University

Analysis Issues II. Mary Foulkes, PhD Johns Hopkins University This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this

More information

Chapter 5: Analysis of The National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88)

Chapter 5: Analysis of The National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88) Chapter 5: Analysis of The National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88) Introduction The National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88) followed students from 8 th grade in 1988 to 10 th grade in

More information

RESEARCH METHODS IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODS IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY Objectives Understand Empirical Research Cycle Knowledge of Research Methods Conceptual Understanding of Basic Statistics PSYC 353 11A rsch methods 01/17/11 [Arthur]

More information

Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewer s Guide EPA QA/G-9R

Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewer s Guide EPA QA/G-9R United States Office of Environmental EPA/240/B-06/002 Environmental Protection Information Agency Washington, DC 20460 Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewer s Guide EPA QA/G-9R FOREWORD This document is

More information

School Psychology Doctoral Program Dissertation Outline 1 Final Version 6/2/2006

School Psychology Doctoral Program Dissertation Outline 1 Final Version 6/2/2006 School Psychology Doctoral Program Dissertation Outline 1 Final Version 6/2/2006 Instructions: Double Underline means the item should be a title or heading in your dissertation. Do not deviate from the

More information

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. Skills Worksheet Concept Review MATCHING In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 1. control group 2. prediction 3. physical model 4. risk 5. conceptual

More information

Sample Size and Power in Clinical Trials

Sample Size and Power in Clinical Trials Sample Size and Power in Clinical Trials Version 1.0 May 011 1. Power of a Test. Factors affecting Power 3. Required Sample Size RELATED ISSUES 1. Effect Size. Test Statistics 3. Variation 4. Significance

More information

PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES AND COURSE ALLIGNMENT MATRIX. 8 Oct. 2010

PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES AND COURSE ALLIGNMENT MATRIX. 8 Oct. 2010 PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES AND COURSE ALLIGNMENT MATRIX 8 Oct. 2010 Departmental Learning Goals and Outcomes LEARNING GOAL 1: KNOWLEDGE BASE OF PSYCHOLOGY Demonstrate familiarity

More information

Comparison of Logging Residue from Lump Sum and Log Scale Timber Sales James O. Howard and Donald J. DeMars

Comparison of Logging Residue from Lump Sum and Log Scale Timber Sales James O. Howard and Donald J. DeMars United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper PNW-337 May 1985 Comparison of Logging Residue from Lump Sum and Log Scale Timber

More information

Format for Experiment Preparation and Write-Up

Format for Experiment Preparation and Write-Up Format for Experiment Preparation and Write-Up Scientists try to answer questions by applying consistent, logical reasoning to describe, explain, and predict observations; and by performing experiments

More information

Science Stage 6 Skills Module 8.1 and 9.1 Mapping Grids

Science Stage 6 Skills Module 8.1 and 9.1 Mapping Grids Science Stage 6 Skills Module 8.1 and 9.1 Mapping Grids Templates for the mapping of the skills content Modules 8.1 and 9.1 have been provided to assist teachers in evaluating existing, and planning new,

More information

Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering. by Carolyn B. Seaman

Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering. by Carolyn B. Seaman Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering by Carolyn B. Seaman Overview topics of the paper qualitative methods data collection methods participant observation interviewing coding

More information

APPENDIX T: GUIDELINES FOR A THESIS RESEARCH PROPOSAL. Masters of Science Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program

APPENDIX T: GUIDELINES FOR A THESIS RESEARCH PROPOSAL. Masters of Science Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program APPENDIX T: GUIDELINES FOR A THESIS RESEARCH PROPOSAL Masters of Science Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program Name of Candidate:..... Name of Thesis Director:. Track :... I. Topic of research proposal

More information

Exploratory Research Design. Primary vs. Secondary data. Advantages and uses of SD

Exploratory Research Design. Primary vs. Secondary data. Advantages and uses of SD Exploratory Research Design Secondary Data Qualitative Research Survey & Observation Experiments Företagsakademin, Henriksgatan 7 FIN-20500 Åbo Primary vs. Secondary data Primary data: originated by the

More information

Randomized Block Analysis of Variance

Randomized Block Analysis of Variance Chapter 565 Randomized Block Analysis of Variance Introduction This module analyzes a randomized block analysis of variance with up to two treatment factors and their interaction. It provides tables of

More information

Introduction to. Hypothesis Testing CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES. 1 Identify the four steps of hypothesis testing.

Introduction to. Hypothesis Testing CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES. 1 Identify the four steps of hypothesis testing. Introduction to Hypothesis Testing CHAPTER 8 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Identify the four steps of hypothesis testing. 2 Define null hypothesis, alternative

More information

Prof. Dr. Yaprak Gülcan Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İktisat Bölümü

Prof. Dr. Yaprak Gülcan Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İktisat Bölümü Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence Prof. Dr. Yaprak Gülcan Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İktisat Bölümü 23.12.2011 1 What is Research? 23.12.2011 2 Research can be defined to be search for knowledge

More information

Strategic Plan Proposal: Learning science by experiencing science: A proposal for new active learning courses in Psychology

Strategic Plan Proposal: Learning science by experiencing science: A proposal for new active learning courses in Psychology Strategic Plan Proposal: Learning science by experiencing science: A proposal for new active learning courses in Psychology Contacts: Jacob Feldman, (jacob.feldman@rutgers.edu, 848-445-1621) Eileen Kowler

More information

Skill Development in Graduate Education

Skill Development in Graduate Education Skill Development in Graduate Education Roy Parker 1, * 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA *Correspondence: rrparker@email.arizona.edu DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.003

More information

The result of the bayesian analysis is the probability distribution of every possible hypothesis H, given one real data set D. This prestatistical approach to our problem was the standard approach of Laplace

More information

Statistical tests for SPSS

Statistical tests for SPSS Statistical tests for SPSS Paolo Coletti A.Y. 2010/11 Free University of Bolzano Bozen Premise This book is a very quick, rough and fast description of statistical tests and their usage. It is explicitly

More information

The Science of Biology

The Science of Biology Chapter 1 The Science of Biology Section 1 1 What Is Science? (pages 3 7) This section explains what the goal of science is and describes a scientific view of the world. What Science Is and Is Not (page

More information

1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1.1 INTRODUCTION Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic

More information

Two-Sample T-Tests Assuming Equal Variance (Enter Means)

Two-Sample T-Tests Assuming Equal Variance (Enter Means) Chapter 4 Two-Sample T-Tests Assuming Equal Variance (Enter Means) Introduction This procedure provides sample size and power calculations for one- or two-sided two-sample t-tests when the variances of

More information

STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL GUIDELINES

STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL GUIDELINES STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL GUIDELINES Thesis Proposal Students must work closely with their advisor to develop the proposal. Proposal Form The research proposal is expected to be completed during the normal

More information

DDBA 8438: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Video Podcast Transcript

DDBA 8438: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Video Podcast Transcript DDBA 8438: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Video Podcast Transcript JENNIFER ANN MORROW: Welcome to "Introduction to Hypothesis Testing." My name is Dr. Jennifer Ann Morrow. In today's demonstration,

More information

A CONTENT STANDARD IS NOT MET UNLESS APPLICABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE ARE ALSO ADDRESSED AT THE SAME TIME.

A CONTENT STANDARD IS NOT MET UNLESS APPLICABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE ARE ALSO ADDRESSED AT THE SAME TIME. Environmental Science Curriculum The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science. The Project 2061 s Benchmarks for Science Literacy

More information

SUN PRAIRIE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT COURSE POWER STANDARDS. Curriculum Area: Science Course Length: Semester

SUN PRAIRIE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT COURSE POWER STANDARDS. Curriculum Area: Science Course Length: Semester SUN PRAIRIE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT COURSE POWER STANDARDS Course Title: Forensic Science Curriculum Area: Science Course Length: Semester Credit Status: ½ Physical Science Credit Date submitted: 7/09 Expected

More information

Study Design and Statistical Analysis

Study Design and Statistical Analysis Study Design and Statistical Analysis Anny H Xiang, PhD Department of Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Outline Designing Clinical Research Studies Statistical Data Analysis Designing

More information

Scientific Method for Kids Scientific Method Steps Made Simple

Scientific Method for Kids Scientific Method Steps Made Simple Scientific Method for Kids Scientific Method Steps Made Simple Scientific language is often needed to explain natural phenomena as accurately as possible. Unfortunately, this can also complicate the process

More information

Testing Research and Statistical Hypotheses

Testing Research and Statistical Hypotheses Testing Research and Statistical Hypotheses Introduction In the last lab we analyzed metric artifact attributes such as thickness or width/thickness ratio. Those were continuous variables, which as you

More information

Experimental Design. Power and Sample Size Determination. Proportions. Proportions. Confidence Interval for p. The Binomial Test

Experimental Design. Power and Sample Size Determination. Proportions. Proportions. Confidence Interval for p. The Binomial Test Experimental Design Power and Sample Size Determination Bret Hanlon and Bret Larget Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin Madison November 3 8, 2011 To this point in the semester, we have largely

More information

LAB 4 INSTRUCTIONS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING

LAB 4 INSTRUCTIONS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING LAB 4 INSTRUCTIONS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING In this lab you will explore the concept of a confidence interval and hypothesis testing through a simulation problem in engineering setting.

More information

Two-Sample T-Tests Allowing Unequal Variance (Enter Difference)

Two-Sample T-Tests Allowing Unequal Variance (Enter Difference) Chapter 45 Two-Sample T-Tests Allowing Unequal Variance (Enter Difference) Introduction This procedure provides sample size and power calculations for one- or two-sided two-sample t-tests when no assumption

More information

9.63 Laboratory in Visual Cognition. Single Factor design. Single design experiment. Experimental design. Textbook Chapters

9.63 Laboratory in Visual Cognition. Single Factor design. Single design experiment. Experimental design. Textbook Chapters 9.63 Laboratory in Visual Cognition Fall 2009 Single factor design Textbook Chapters Chapter 5: Types of variables Chapter 8: Controls Chapter 7: Validity Chapter 11: Single factor design Single design

More information

AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic

AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic Background The Essential Knowledge statements provided in the AP Biology Curriculum Framework are scientific claims describing phenomenon occurring in

More information

NATURAL AND CONTRIVED EXPERIENCE IN A REASONING PROBLEM

NATURAL AND CONTRIVED EXPERIENCE IN A REASONING PROBLEM Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (1971) 23, 63-71 NATURAL AND CONTRIVED EXPERIENCE IN A REASONING PROBLEM P. C. WASON AND DIANA SHAPIRO Psycholinguistics Research Unit, Department of Phonetics,

More information

How to Organize a Lab Notebook Life on the Edge

How to Organize a Lab Notebook Life on the Edge Last Modified July 11, 2012 A How to Organize a Lab Notebook Life on the Edge B C Acknowledgements NASA Astrobiology Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Center for Ribosomal Origins and Evolution

More information

LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics

LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Period Date LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,

More information

Knowledge Objectives (2 of 2) Skills Objectives. Introduction. Process of Elimination (1 of 2) 12/20/2013

Knowledge Objectives (2 of 2) Skills Objectives. Introduction. Process of Elimination (1 of 2) 12/20/2013 Fire Cause Determination Knowledge Objectives (1 of 2) Discuss the use of the process of elimination when determining fire cause. Explain the roles source and form of heat of ignition play in fire cause.

More information

1 Hypothesis Testing. H 0 : population parameter = hypothesized value:

1 Hypothesis Testing. H 0 : population parameter = hypothesized value: 1 Hypothesis Testing In Statistics, a hypothesis proposes a model for the world. Then we look at the data. If the data are consistent with that model, we have no reason to disbelieve the hypothesis. Data

More information

Research Methods & Experimental Design

Research Methods & Experimental Design Research Methods & Experimental Design 16.422 Human Supervisory Control April 2004 Research Methods Qualitative vs. quantitative Understanding the relationship between objectives (research question) and

More information

The Mozart effect Methods of Scientific Research

The Mozart effect Methods of Scientific Research The Mozart effect Methods of Scientific Research Chapter 2 Experimental Research: p42 49 http://www.mozarteffect.com/ http://www.amazon.com/mozart-sonata-pianos-schubert-fantasia/dp/b0000cf330 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqn2qjhlcm

More information

Elements of Scientific Theories: Relationships

Elements of Scientific Theories: Relationships 23 Part 1 / Philosophy of Science, Empiricism, and the Scientific Method Chapter 3 Elements of Scientific Theories: Relationships In the previous chapter, we covered the process of selecting and defining

More information

1. FORMULATING A RESEARCH QUESTION

1. FORMULATING A RESEARCH QUESTION W R I T I N G A R E S E A R C H G R A N T P R O P O S A L 1. FORMULATING A RESEARCH QUESTION 1.1. Identify a broad area of interest through literature searches, discussions with colleagues, policy makers

More information

Open Letter to the College Board What an AP Virtual Lab Must Do How Smart Science Labs Match AP Lab Criteria

Open Letter to the College Board What an AP Virtual Lab Must Do How Smart Science Labs Match AP Lab Criteria Open Letter to the College Board What an AP Virtual Lab Must Do How Smart Science Labs Match AP Lab Criteria from Harry E. Keller, Ph.D. President, Paracomp, Inc., Creator of Smart Science Labs harry@paracompusa.com

More information

I C C R. Gain Attention/Interest: www.circ.cornell.edu. Is ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) For Real? (I Knew You Were Going to Ask That!

I C C R. Gain Attention/Interest: www.circ.cornell.edu. Is ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) For Real? (I Knew You Were Going to Ask That! Is ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) For Real? (I Knew You Were Going to Ask That!) C R I C Source: Bem, D. J., & Honorton, C. (1994). Does PSI exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information

More information

How do we build and refine models that describe and explain the natural and designed world?

How do we build and refine models that describe and explain the natural and designed world? Strand: A. Understand Scientific Explanations : Students understand core concepts and principles of science and use measurement and observation tools to assist in categorizing, representing, and interpreting

More information

Using Retrocausal Practice Effects to Predict On-Line Roulette Spins. Michael S. Franklin & Jonathan Schooler UCSB, Department of Psychology.

Using Retrocausal Practice Effects to Predict On-Line Roulette Spins. Michael S. Franklin & Jonathan Schooler UCSB, Department of Psychology. Using Retrocausal Practice Effects to Predict On-Line Roulette Spins Michael S. Franklin & Jonathan Schooler UCSB, Department of Psychology Summary Modern physics suggest that time may be symmetric, thus

More information

Testing Hypotheses About Proportions

Testing Hypotheses About Proportions Chapter 11 Testing Hypotheses About Proportions Hypothesis testing method: uses data from a sample to judge whether or not a statement about a population may be true. Steps in Any Hypothesis Test 1. Determine

More information

2. SUMMER ADVISEMENT AND ORIENTATION PERIODS FOR NEWLY ADMITTED FRESHMEN AND TRANSFER STUDENTS

2. SUMMER ADVISEMENT AND ORIENTATION PERIODS FOR NEWLY ADMITTED FRESHMEN AND TRANSFER STUDENTS Chemistry Department Policy Assessment: Undergraduate Programs 1. MISSION STATEMENT The Chemistry Department offers academic programs which provide students with a liberal arts background and the theoretical

More information

Stat 411/511 THE RANDOMIZATION TEST. Charlotte Wickham. stat511.cwick.co.nz. Oct 16 2015

Stat 411/511 THE RANDOMIZATION TEST. Charlotte Wickham. stat511.cwick.co.nz. Oct 16 2015 Stat 411/511 THE RANDOMIZATION TEST Oct 16 2015 Charlotte Wickham stat511.cwick.co.nz Today Review randomization model Conduct randomization test What about CIs? Using a t-distribution as an approximation

More information

A POPULATION MEAN, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING

A POPULATION MEAN, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING CHAPTER 5. A POPULATION MEAN, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING 5.1 Concepts When a number of animals or plots are exposed to a certain treatment, we usually estimate the effect of the treatment

More information

Adult cognition of large-scale geometric facts

Adult cognition of large-scale geometric facts Roberto Casati, David Mark, Ira Noveck Adult cognition of large-scale geometric facts Draft 4, April 1999 Project description Objectives 1. Adult cognition of large-scale geometric facts The primary objective

More information

The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception

The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception From SOCIAL PERCEPTION edited by Hans Toch and Clay Smith 1968 CHAPTER 14: The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception MARSHALL H. SEGALL, DONALD T. CAMPBELL AND MELVILLE J. HERSKOVIT The selections

More information

Biostatistics and Epidemiology within the Paradigm of Public Health. Sukon Kanchanaraksa, PhD Marie Diener-West, PhD Johns Hopkins University

Biostatistics and Epidemiology within the Paradigm of Public Health. Sukon Kanchanaraksa, PhD Marie Diener-West, PhD Johns Hopkins University This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this

More information

WHEN YOU CONSULT A STATISTICIAN... WHAT TO EXPECT

WHEN YOU CONSULT A STATISTICIAN... WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN YOU CONSULT A STATISTICIAN... WHAT TO EXPECT SECTION ON STATISTICAL CONSULTING AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION 2003 When you consult a statistician, you enlist the help of a professional who is particularly

More information

Online 12 - Sections 9.1 and 9.2-Doug Ensley

Online 12 - Sections 9.1 and 9.2-Doug Ensley Student: Date: Instructor: Doug Ensley Course: MAT117 01 Applied Statistics - Ensley Assignment: Online 12 - Sections 9.1 and 9.2 1. Does a P-value of 0.001 give strong evidence or not especially strong

More information

User Stories Applied

User Stories Applied User Stories Applied for Agile Software Development Mike Cohn Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City Chapter 2 Writing Stories

More information

Planning sample size for randomized evaluations

Planning sample size for randomized evaluations TRANSLATING RESEARCH INTO ACTION Planning sample size for randomized evaluations Simone Schaner Dartmouth College povertyactionlab.org 1 Course Overview Why evaluate? What is evaluation? Outcomes, indicators

More information

SECTION 10-2 Mathematical Induction

SECTION 10-2 Mathematical Induction 73 0 Sequences and Series 6. Approximate e 0. using the first five terms of the series. Compare this approximation with your calculator evaluation of e 0.. 6. Approximate e 0.5 using the first five terms

More information

JUNIPER TREE NURSERY. Growing The Future Forest Today. A Promise We ve Been Keeping Since 1957.

JUNIPER TREE NURSERY. Growing The Future Forest Today. A Promise We ve Been Keeping Since 1957. JUNIPER TREE NURSERY Growing The Future Forest Today. A Promise We ve Been Keeping Since 1957. JUNIPER TREE NURSERY J.D. Irving, Limited has had an active tree growing program since 1957 as part of our

More information

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA COMMONLY USED IN EMPLOYMENT LAW LITIGATION

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA COMMONLY USED IN EMPLOYMENT LAW LITIGATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA COMMONLY USED IN EMPLOYMENT LAW LITIGATION C. Paul Wazzan Kenneth D. Sulzer ABSTRACT In employment law litigation, statistical analysis of data from surveys,

More information

FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROGRAM EVALUATION GLOSSARY CORE TERMS

FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROGRAM EVALUATION GLOSSARY CORE TERMS Activity: A specific action or process undertaken over a specific period of time by an organization to convert resources to products or services to achieve results. Related term: Project. Appraisal: An

More information

Randomization in Clinical Trials

Randomization in Clinical Trials in Clinical Trials Versio.0 May 2011 1. Simple 2. Block randomization 3. Minimization method Stratification RELATED ISSUES 1. Accidental Bias 2. Selection Bias 3. Prognostic Factors 4. Random selection

More information