Deception in Undercover Investigations: Conduct-Based vs. Status-Based Ethical Analysis

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1 Dcp Udcv Ivg: Cduc-Bd v. Su-Bd Ehc Ay By R. Tmk 1. INTRODUCTION Th ABA Md Ru f Pf Cduc (Md Ru), by h m, b wy fm ggg cduc vvg "dhy, fud, dc mp." 1 y Tfm h ccumvg M d h u by pxy. Y, wy hughu h RUd u S upv udcv vg wh mp h d d g dm h vdc fm uupcg wud-b v dv. Th dv bv h hy dg wh mmb f h g pubc, vg wh p hp u w hm. - Th h b m db bu whh wy vvm udcv dcp hud b bd by h gug f Md Ru 8.4, whch pcb dc d dhy? Th bw h gug f h Md Ru d h cu pcc m judc, whch gvm wy, pcy pcu, guy upv udcv vg. L wy wh upv udcv vg mpy dcp, b, gy pkg, dcy hugh vg. A fd pcu upvg cm m vg ppv f h u f f m d dy by h udcv vg. A cv gh y ppg By R. Tmk djuc pf Nw Yk Lw Sch d Ch f h Nw Yk Cuy Lwy Ac Pf Ehc Cmm. Th vw xpd h c h f h uh, h. Th uh hk Ezbh Chmb, C A. Buck, d Jm B. Kbk, J., f guy vwg d cmmg df f h c. Th uh fuh ckwdg h c f Jh P. Tuck, Nw Yk Lw Sch c f 2008, ch. T h uh wcm cmm By.Tmk@gm. c. I MODEL RULES OF PROFT CONDUCT R. 8.4(c) (2008) [hf MODEL RULES]. 2. Id. 123

2 124 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 bg cv hug dcm c udcv vg umg f m d dy h ud dcv h g f h vg, wh pumby wud mk dmgg dm fuy-dcd g f cv gh gz. A fw c xmp hp u h d f m gudc y-upvd vg. T h Hw-Pckd cd dcd pubc y pxg, 3 f udcv b u vg, h w y' pby f h wchqu h uzd by vg ud h y' upv. p4 h Icu f vgg p ycp k h p fm mmb f h Hw-Pckd bd f dc, HP -hu cu Kv Huk ppvd h u f pxg by vg, wh h bd cfd ph cd y fm h upcd bd mmb, bu fm ju d h v. pd 5 T h h g bd v mmb g d gy b cfd ph cd. 6 _Ah u f y p f udcv v ) g fm c Wc c.7 A F by WSCODS f xd cm df wy Sph Hu- uwh y vg d c ud u ck g by xchg- by, g h cmpu f w pp. 8 cud H uf chd m. y 9 ckd H p h cmpg w d umdg h cmpu, whch cd v vdc g f pgphy bd f h uc., 113 Wc u' T h Offc p f Lwy c Rgu d hc cmp g u Huy- gg c h - h g vg vvd fud, dcp d d f 3. "Px h b dfd " pcc wh dvdu b h dy - p Th Tuh Bhd Pcg1'. Ap. I 2007, - H hpwv,w. u g!k C.cTh-Tuh-Bhd-Pxg--hu-Ivg-d-Pf, di -Rby-Ccm. v g 4.1d. ; 5. Az, up d 3; Jm B. Sw, Th K F, Hw 0147c Nugh P - Scd Hw-Pckd THE NEW 'YORKER, Fb f, m j u w h Id L Su k Hw-Pckd Ov Suv, N.Y. TmE, My 7,, 2001, 2 6. CA , 1 5 2, R p S 9 Sy - 6 S. Ak 0 : & c R DO'B, Effcv L - f Pv Ivg by y b 11.Y,L.1,, b Dc. 2 6, y, C - 7. S Pc c mcp, p://pc-cp bgp.c/2008/02/pf-c, 2g-d.hm 0 0 7, (Fb. 6, 2008, 12:09 EST) S. d.; Supm Cu Rf: Huy Dd' Bk Ehc Ru, LA CROSSE TRIBUNE, 'Fb. 6, 2008, - cf Supm Cu Rf]. v 9. Supm Cu Rf, up Id b f h p. / / d w w w. c b u. c m c / / 0p 2 / 0 6 /

3 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg hy." Bu h pc f dmd h chg, g h h hc u w vgu, -dfd, d y v umpd by h wy' duy h c. I2 y, wh ggd dcp. Th cu-ppd f, g h M"[] m' by v w, k," d h h Ay' cduc, wh dcfu, w uhc." w Sm cu d cmm hv pd h dcp m- v h pmd by y ud y ccumc. py 14 h I judc v c hv mdd, h hc u pm wy upv udcv vg, bu y gvm wy, d g y cm pcu." A fw uh hv hd h dcpv udcv vgv chqu pmd cmb d-, cm d fc dmk." T h Ac gu h hy ubjcv d vu-d p h ubv ubjc f hh w juf dc dcp, wh h d. Th Ac cmmd h hc u hud fcu h cduc f h y, h h h ubjc m f h pcfc c wh u f - h y' c. F h k f h Ac, y upv f udcv vg w b yzd g w ccpu x. Ax 1 cd h u f h ubv ubjc m f h udyg cm (.g., dmk cm) d h u f h y (pubc v. pv pff v. df). Th ppch w b cd h "ubd x?" 17 g, h my' g. Th Ax 2 fc cud h fwg: Ah xx f h mp; whh h dc dc dc; h xc f h, v mhd f bg h m 2 fvdc; c ud whh h qud cduc v h hc u pcp f ubv w. Such u cud h "-cc u" f Md Ru 4.2 d h vu w d gu gdg 11. Id h 12. Id 13. S d. 14. S,.g., I Pu, 47 1 cvv 3hmv dcp, v wh f mv..." ) ; Mch Bg, Ru Ex f R:. 3 d 1 A 1Cmmy 7 5, Lwy Hg Ivg Pk Dcpv Tcc, 21 GEO. J. 1 LEGAL 1 8ETHICS 0 655, 662 (2008) ("Awg h dc dcpv cc, mpyg uvg c ( C gg uch. cc, wh h fm b wh h ym cgu 2 wh h 0 m 0 b 2 f ) h dv ym."). 15. S f P V. ( 16. S,.g., App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456, 475 (3.1%/..1. f 1998). b c ) 17. Avy, Ax 1 cud b bd h "ubjc-m x" bcu dpd h ubv ( " [ u P f ] h c' udyg cm. h c u c y d

4 126 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 pxg d bch f pvcy, m f whch w dpd h wk f h 2006 Hw-Pckd cp cd1. 18 Th dvpm f u-bd xcp ABA Md Ru 8.4 xcp bd h u f h y h c' udyg ubv cm g d ubg u. Wh w h b dw? Shud y-upvd udcv vg b md c ubv f pcc? I f pcu c mpy udcv vg dcv h dh py c, php h df y h m c hud b pmd uc vg k h m b wh h uh. Aguby, pvg h cvc f c dfd why g cug h cvc f guy upc. Th m yp f qu c b pd f y dfdg cu ppy d cv gh c f whm h h b, f y, uhy jufyg dcpv vg. B y h m k, w c cmp h c vu, uch pcg h vm, pvg wkpc ccd, v vg hum f, wh h vu h jufy dcp dmk d dcm c. I f y c dcy dcv d pc ppy gh, h why pm yg pc u vm cfy fy cv wg? P II f h Ac bfy kch h v hc fmwk ud h ABA Md Ru d h ABA Md Cd f Pf Rpby, cudg h pcp dc d mp Md Ru 8.4 d h b y cc wh pd dv p Md Ru 4.2. P I dcb h judc h hv dcd c u-bd xcp Md Ru 8.4, d h wd up cd wh h Og Supm Cu y fud pm udcv vg vvg y dcp cudg vg by w fcm p. Th P w c h ubqu dp f w u Og, whch w pm y, gd f pubc pv u, upv vg vvg dc, pvdd h h vdc f udyg uwfu cduc. P IV dcb h dvpm f u-bd xcp, whch hv uhzd gvm wy upv udcv cm vg d hv pmd pff' wy dpch cu ppy d cv gh c. P V xp ff by vu b cc h cfc bw h gug f h Md Ru d h cmm pcc, whch wy dd hv pcpd udcv vg vvg cky d dcp. P VI gu h u-bd 18. S Bdg M. Rhd, Ah N h Pxg Cff, N.Y.L.J., Sp. 24, 2007, 4.

5 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg dc hv uvd h pup d hud b cdd. F - y, P VII ugg umb f cduc-bd fc h hud b ud yz h cduc f wy, gd f my' u u f h c' ubv g cm. II. ABA MODEL RULES FRAMEWORK A. Dc d Dhy Ou y bg wh h ABA Md Ru f Pf Cduc, whch u wy' pb h c, bu, d h. T h Md Ru pcb dcp Ru 8.4, whch pvd p p fw: I pf mcduc f wy : () v mp v h Ru f Pf Cduc, kwgy duc h d, d hugh h c f h; (b) cmm cm c h fc dvy h wy' hy, uwh f wy h pc; (c) gg cduc vvg dhy, fud, dc mp Th cmm Ru 8.4 dd g h yp f g cduc h wud cu pf mcduc: "My kd f g cduc fc dvy f pcc w," gy cm f wh ud b cd "m upud." 213 y wb W h h cm w, " wy hud b pf- wwb y y f ff h dc ck f h chc- y pc v w pcc." - 21 Tfu h c by Dvd Ib d Luc Sv, wh gu ch mgug m mdf Ru 8.4(c), whch hud ccdgy b d h phb y h dhy, fud, dc, mp h bdvy ffc wy' f pcc w. 22 A c c zd g d h 19. MODEL RULES R u 20. Id. pcm Id. 22. Dvd Ib & Lu Sv, Ehc Rpby f Lwy f Dcp by Udcv Ivg d Dcm T: A Ay f h Pv Phbg Mp Ud h Md Ru f Pf Cduc, 8 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 791 (1995).

6 128 S Uvy Lw Rvw[ V. 3 2 : 1 : uh, h pcp f dc Ru 8.4( ) hud ppy y gv mcduc h wud y b gy pvd f cmmd by y, whh wy wy -uch gvy qu p' f b wy." b u w u d, b23 cm, cy db, d h u f h kd cb f dcp fbdd d by Ru 8. d 4 c 24 Wh f Ib d Sv' c h hd m c, d h v upd mdm hc cd, 25 cc. ho cmm p p d h c h Cmm [2] Ru 8.4, judgg ch fm cx, dd p Ru 8.4(h) y, by pcfyg h h yp f cm d c h "fc dvy h wy' hy, v uwh f wy d ' 2m 6 [2] d d m hppy "cduc vvg dhy, fud," c., ud y ub, (c), bu y cm cduc whch Cvv_ m mupud - ud ubc (b). O h h hd, fud, mp d dc pcbd by h.. gug f Ru 8.4(c) (whch md cduc ffcg wy' f-, 21 g pcc h) 'M Md Ru fuh phb wy fm ug pxy. dcy d whch h wy my du cy. A d bv, Ru 8.4() pvd h wy my kwgy v dcp- u, " d hugh h c f h. y 28 m Cu p-vd m m h wy [ 1 my ] v h Md Ru "hugh h c f h, h wh hy qu uc g d h wy' bhf." 29 h wy I pb f h c f wy d ubd d d, g M 23.1d. d817. R 24. Id. u S f 3 P V. F xmp, Vg mdd v f Md Ru 8.4 phb h dcp "whch dvy ffc my' f pcc w." S VA- RULES OF ppropl CONDUCT R. 8.4 v(2008.) d 26. Thm H. M, c Pcu L?, 17 GEO..1. LEGAL ETHICS 961, 970 (2004). Accdg M, "Cmm 2 cy pk y 'g,1 cvy,' whch h ubjc f cmd Ru 8.4(h). Ru 8.4(b) h y c f Ru 8,4 h f 'h wy f wy." h 971. Wh M pbby y cc, h d v h pbm pd by h Ac: f dcp b pmd, h Ru hud b mdd, - bw.- gud : 27. Md Ru 4.1, d "Tuhfu Sm Oh," fbd ' P fm kwgy mkg " f m f m fc w..." fg dc m fc - - w hy Cm. Ehc d Pf 1Rpby, Fm Op (2006) (dcug wy duy vdmpdugmg). 28. MODEL RULES R. 8.4(), 29. Id. c.. c m d y y h

7 20081 D c p Udcv I v g -wy cudgvg-"h wy hy upv: A wy wh c mpy u h h p,' cduc cmpb wh h pf bg f h wy." 3c1 f vg A wh y h wy d, ppv, f, m31 mkbff W w y w cd h ABA Md Cd f Pf bpby (h "Cd"), whch dd h Md Ru. L k h dubqu cmd p Ru, h Cd my phb dc d mp- d 1. f32 [ ] g g g cduc vvg m upud." D33 02.(A)(3) Dc R p f h I Cd pvd: - " A cduc, vvg y h dhy, f R- 7-I, v0'2(a)(5) yu pvd, h "I h p f c, wy h c u;. d, [k] d w c g y [ mk, ] f m f w fc." d 3 h 5 Md Tg -uh u Ru, cg, h Cd k pcb wy cduc vvg fud, 1 mp, p d dcp " ( 3 4 ) -C'c Ru ( D 9 Md ) Ru R 4-.2, kw h '-cc, pmy 3 fm 6 bcmmucg wh pd dv p: v I d pg c, wy h cmmuc bu ubjc f h p wh p h wy kw b pd by h wy h m, u h wy : " A 30. MODEL RULES R. 5.3(b). 31. MODEL RuLES R. 5.3(); Rbucc Gv Py, Ivgv Tcc. Thy My B Lg, Bu A Thy Ehc?, 35 JAIN COLO. LAW_ 43 (2006). 32. Th Cd dcud h bcu fm my f h dcs dcud yh Ac, cudg dc fm Nw Yk, Cd, d Og. I 2007, h Nw Yk S B Ac ppvd h cmmd f Cmm Sdd f Ay Cduc dp h Md Ru fm. T h chgv ubjc ppv f Nw vyk' App Dv. 33. MODEL CODE OF PROE'L RESPONSIBILITY DR 1-102()(3) (1969). [hf MODEL CODE]. Nw Yk h Dcpy, y Rpvd u fw: f "A wy w fm h. 'gg g cduc h dvy fc h h wy' C hy, d uwh f wy," 22 NEW YORK: CODE OF h PROF'L RESPONSIBILITY f * 1200_3(A)(3) (2008) [hf NY CODE]. P 34. MODEL f CODE DR )(4), Nw Yk' m, xc. h 1- xd h phb " wy MODEL CODE DR I R p STATUTES - w AND COMPARISONS 495 (Lx Nx 200$)). Th Nw Yk Cd pv h m. b y f NEW 1YORK m 0 2 " ( LAWYER'S ) ( 5 ) CODE OF PROF'L RESPONSIBILITY D R 7-102(A)(5); N Y CODE m N I200.33(A)(5). ( Y c d C 36. S O gy USA G. LERMAN 8z, PHILIP G. SCHRAG, ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN THE D bpractice OF LAW (2d d. 2008) (fg " cc" u); Ju J. M, H E R I C H Sw Hm: d Exmg - h (M)Appc f h A-Cc Ru Hug Dcm * T, A 25 R J. LEGAL D PROF_ 75 (20(1 I). 1 2 A ( ZA ) I T ( 4 R). I N E T A L., L E G A L E T H I C S

8 110 S Uvy Lw Rvw [V, 32:1:123 h c f h h wy uhzd d by w cu d." Th Ru mp u y, h u f dcp my udcv vg f wd wh y cc wh pd p. Th cmm Md Ru 4.2 dc h dd b cc wh pv f dv, pd gz : 3 8 I h c f pd gz, h Ru phb cmmuc wh cu f h gz wh upv, dc guy cu wh h gz' wy cc h m h uhy bg h gz wh pc h m wh m cc wh h m my b mpud h gz f pup f cv - V c f h -cc u hv mm, bu wy, - ud upp f vdc mppy bd, d cc g h upvg wy. m -Wh dd y f h -cc ud h cp f h Ac, h Eghh Ccu' dc Mdw M Sp v. Acc C S, Ic., uv! Th c vvd cmmc dpubw fch f wmb d fm fch, wmb d. 42 Th fm d md hd b ufy chd fv f h, cmpg d: 43 g, T h h cp w pd w by cu, d dcvy w 2g. Nh, h fch' y dpchd h ud_ b cv vfg vw h fch' hwm d upuy p cd cv wh ff" Wh u vg h dy, h vg pd cum d qud h ff, w h pd f h md d, wh w dv y py pd by cubcuhvgw dpchd by cu, h cduc. w mpp. Th vg' pup "w c pcfc dm- ' 9 '37. MODEL RULES R S Id cm. 7_ 39. Id; Ng v. T 1, 558 N.E 2d 1030 (N.Y.! Id M 44. Id S 45. Id ,. g, M d w d 693 (8h C. 2003).

9 2008] D c p Udcv Jvg " fm dv, pd py u v h g "h cud hv b bd ppy hugh h u f fm dcvy chqu." 46 dcvy qu f m f h m ugh by vz- c, f. 47 dy hdcvy pcdu. Thu, h cduc Mdw M Sp ft vd h -cc u. c h h 48 Th -cc u h b ppd h cduc f fd h pcu. I U.S. v. Hmd, Ud S y ucd cpg fm upuy w w d d b cmg vdc fm h g f fud vg. c 49 Th fm hdd h g hm ubp ppd by h Ud S y m: yupp h vdc bd by h fm. H gud h dug v '.' h vg A f d h hd b pd by cu; hf, h gv- hd, by pxy, vd DR (A)(1) f h Cd f Pf- hm w Rpby, whch phb y fm kwgy cc- pd dv p. y g ' d 51 upp,, T h g h h fm w h gvm' " d g," bu h h cu c f pp vd: u c 2 m' T hc u c g h u h -cc u " ppcb cm g vg j cud y d ccumc," d fdg d h my - dd ppy h h d h u w vd h fc f h c bf mg Dmd h v hdg b, h - cu cdd h "uhzd by _w" f xcp DR , d d h pcu "'uhzd by w' mpy - upvg g mcm vg, d h u f fm gh- vdc v g g upc w fquy f wh h mb f uch uhz." v 54 u by gvg c h h fm fk ubp " c p h v N mgh q hp u h fm c dm fm pd upc."' Wh fdg, bch f h dcpy c u f pp d h c dg 46. uid. v 699. c g 47. M g Id, 6'48. m v 55. M d h - c c c 49. Ud S v. Hmmd, 858 R2d 834, (2d C, 50. M 836_ 51. Id.; M. CODE DR 7 04(A)(1) 52. Hmmd, 858 F.2d 837, 53. Id M 839.

10 132 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 cfd xcud h vdc du h ud u f h w h. 56 THE ZERO TOLERANCE ZONE: N O SUBJECT- M ATTER EXCEPTIONS Sm uh, w w, hv cgzd m c g h uffcy mp jufy h u f udcv vg vvg dcp. 57 ucd O h z c pcy f y dc vg." Th u uh h h, h Md Ru cy pcb dcp- mp, d dc., c59 d hcy T wg, p u d wy hud' d., m p y, h y v g A. My Lwy Ev L? My cmm hv fcd h bw h w- duy f zu dvccy c d h duy f fm my' ymp d dc. 6 k T dm h vw f y wh dcp. 6I S hv pd m h c wy m mhud v, - h yg my d mhcy wg, d h v jufd, v v hum f. 62 My hwy hv bmd h pf' f pg d h h g pubc vw wy h mhfu. f63 Phph w S Bk h gud h dcp c b my jufd m ccumc,.g., v hum f, wh uj u d g w h 56. Id S,.g., Ib & Sv, up 22; App Cp Ld. v. I' Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456,475 ( DIU. 1998). 58. I Pu, 47 P3c (C. 2002) ( bc); I M, 105 A.11).2d 455, 455 (N.Y. 1984). 59. Pu, S,.g., W. Wm Hd, Skg h Tuh Vu Tg h Tuh h Bud f h. Lw: 3d Mdc, Lyg d "Lyg Wh A Exp", 44 S. TEX. L. REV. 53 (2002) Pu, P. 3d 1175; M, 105 A.13.2d S gy Rbcc B. C, Ehc Dcp by Pcu, 31 FORDHAM URB. 215, 230 (2003) (ccg uh whh yg v pmd, d ccudg h m ccumc d pm dcp). S Bg, up 14 (g h "(1) wy hud py p dmbc, xcp ud xm du, pcy hg bg ffd wh vg wh gg dcpv cc wh wkg f h y; (2) wh wy gg, uhz hw pcp dmbc dcy dcy, h h udm h vu f h Amc dv g ym."). 63. S E. Cff M & T. K D, Th Tuh Abu Tuhfu: Th Ppd Cmmy Ru 4.1 f h Md R f Pf Cduc, 15 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 777, 779 (2002) (pg h " p vd h -hd f h Amc pubc hk h wy uhfu h m pp").

11 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg vv hw k. 64 mdc S m h h pcc f w, d/ jufd by h mp g c vu f fcg h w fghg dcm- c h gud h Md Ru 8.4 d pcb dc d mp- f pa, bu y h whch h v f wh ud b kw m upud. m (c) "hud ppy y gv mcduc h wud y b h A gy c c pvd d f cmmd by y, whh wy wy- g bu wud b cdd f uch gvy qu d, c p p' f b wy." 67 dcp ht hud m ccumc, h hd m c wh d b p c p d c hc h, cmm. w Th uh Ac c ccp h h pp h m v f dcp d hw ccpb by uy cg d hugh vg. Th g c f udcv, p p vg pd by h fd pcu upvg udcv vg f g. Hwv, c b v g cu ppv y u f dcp by y wy, f h db h u f dcp h f h w by h wy. v Th bw wy' v cfcg du fm p bckdp f gg db h vu w - c whh y my dcp ud y ccum-, y bu D c. p F xmp, Cd, h upm cu fud cv u w fcm xcp h hy pv f h v hc c d. 68 fcm T wffc wh cchd w ud h. d R 69 Og, Ah d bu phb y dcp vg Iu jud u u d chg xpcy pmg udcv vg whu c fc h udyg ubjc m f h cm c. b 70 Th fwg c w xm h uh fm Cd, h Og, Nw Yk, d I. v 64. SISSELA BOK, LYING: MORAL CHOICE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE Bk ). Bk gu h yg v c f my jufd. Id Hw- h cv, 0 9 xp ( V dub gbu whh yg c b hw jufd h m f h pubc gd. Id d 65. C, up 62; M H. Fdm, I P f Ovzu Rp Lyg Judg, Dcvg Thd P, d Oh Ehc Cduc, 34 HOFSTRA L. REV. 771,772 L (2006). u 66. Ib & Sv, up M 817. c w 68. S I Pu, I M, 105 A.D.2d 455, 455 (N.Y. 1984); I Fdm, 392 II.E.2d 1333 ( ).. 3d ( 70. CS f P. III.D; I G 8 P.3c1966 (O. 2000) ) ( b c ). S v

12 134 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 B. I Pu: Th Dcp Whch Hpd Cpu Ax Mud Th ufgb fc f I Pu u Cd. Wm 71 N w mup x mud. 72 d pd H fuh, m u whm d h w d hdg hg. 73 cv hi wh Cd pc p h uh wh h w g, N w gd m ud, bu y f pd by cu1. 74 c kd T h Mk p Pu, - Chf Dpuy Dc Ay f Jff Cuy, Cd, hp pphd N. Pu pckd up h ph d mpd pubc dfd, vg h fcu m, "Mk Pm." 75 wud b pd fm h d, pmd mk, d h Npc f h wy wh h udd. 76 "Rgh, PI' u b p." d d 77 bu hw h hgh, Pu dmud. d.'" N78 uh N p c, q u Pu dd d v h d dcp N." Fwg N' - w c d h h pubc u dfd ppd dfd N cgzd Pu' hvc c p cdg - f h ud g d - fgm, pd h dcp h cu. u 81 dchgd T h h pubc dfd d pcdd b cvcd d - c dh d whch h pd hmf p. " PP z cd 82 F h h dcp f N, Pu, h pcu, w m hmf pcud by h d Cd y dcpy uh. m" NTh uh mpd dcp Pu, cudg yd up, h dd hc duc, d kg f h mu pf pby " h xm. 83 w jufd P u bcu h w cg h cpcy w fcm ffc, gd ubcu d h u pd h f "mm pubc hm," h N w k h m wh hd k hg. h84 hd c p 71. Pud, 47 1 w 372. M d M M u 75. M 76. M 77. Id d 78.1d Id Id u 81. Id 82. Id 83. Id 84. Id d f h

13 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg Th Cd Supm Cu uphd h dcp, fdg h Pu hd d h upc v f Cd RPC 8.4(c), whch phb fud, dc mp. 85 h "v T h b c mv u d w dpu fm h Ru f Pf Cduc," d d h "pcu c vv hmv dcp, v wh f mv." 86 m Th h Pu c hd u v dcp, g h h cud hv md j dd c ff d c df wy." Rh, h cu h d: [W] ffm g h u mmb - f u pf mu dh h hgh m d hc dd. Th dd ppy gd f mv. Pupfu dcp by y cd u b, v wh udk p f mpg cu h ud f mud upc. A pcu my dcv upd p by mpg pubc dfd. 88 I h, Pu w pubcy dcpd f ug dcp ff duc mud ud. Th Pu c, wh cug mg hc d pcu, dd u u chg hc p Cd. C. I M d I Fdm: Cchg W L Ud Oh B M, k Mk Pu, w pubc v wh ufh mv. A Ipc G f h Nw Yk S Dpm f Cc Svc, M, y, vgd h bu bg f m by v cc ffc. 89 d Mh cp f cc b - ffc wh wd h cd bu w ccd h h "cd f c" mg w fcm ffc wud ym h vg f h ffc d f h cp." H w ccd bu pb g h cpg w. w' 9I I dy, d d vd w md, M d h cpg w gv f w m whch h dd m h 85. Id 1184; c COLO. RULES cof PROF'L CONDUCT R. 8.4(c) (2008). y 86. Pu, 47 P.3d d f 88. Id h 89. I M, 105 A.D.2d 455, 455 (N.Y. App. Dv. 1984). 90. Id 91. M

14 136 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 wg h u f xcv fc h cmpg p. 92 cy M - k uhfu v f h w' m h cc. 93 M fd dcpy chg g h ppg ffc, d h wh c w fd b hg, whup h f vd h xc f h w cdcy m." M w chgd wh vg Nw Yk' Dcpy Ru f ucg w gv f my. 95 md I cug h h d f f my, bu, gud h h dvc w jufd h by h d pc d h -dy d fy f h w, pv w mpg, d puu mp vg p bmy. 96 cd u f udb mv, my, pc w wg Wk h f bkg h cc ffc' 'cd f c,'" 97 h cpp k dv jcd h jufc df d pubcy c- M, d g g h h w v mhd cu h wud dy g f h w h f ubg pjud my. 98 cu Tfuh h h bvd h h df f jufc, wh ppcb h dfd cm pcu, dd xcu uhc cduc by wy. M 99 A m y w ppd I Fdm, pcu m ucd w h w c h ud h d cumm bby c g cup wy. m " fm I cup xdf c h wy, g pc ffc fy fmd h pdg pjudg duk dvg c h h pc dpm' bh- fp $ yz p 5 0 wud b uvb fy c u. b 102 T h b f 92. Id ,480 (g h w uuu "f cc ffc vuy fm up h h fw ffc f f f f bkg h 'cd f c' whch x mg cc ffc"). v 93. Id M Id 96. Id Id Id Id 459. I cud v b gud h h c f f my w w h ucy; w cupducv h gvm' m. Th c f w c m by h gvm' w wud hv y hd h cdby f h w. A w wh wg ud h h dc f wy. Thu, dffcu udd wh h pc g hugh h w ccmphg by cg dub, cdcy cd M I Fdm, 392.E.2d 1333 ( ) Id Id

15 20081 D c p Udcv Ivg m w ppvd by Fdm, h pcu, pcfcy mk u c g h cup wy wh pd h bb.'" Fdm gud h h cduc w jufd d cumm h bby vg f cup wy, d w pmd by gy c pmg ubfug udcv cc vg. m hu d: "Th gy f h cum v h hh f Hu g ym h v f h gy, m wh m- c b cdd gd." wv, vm5 Fdm W hhd vd h hcd, dcd mp c du mh, ck jf uhy y h ubjc. f m6 Of cu, u h c d f ubg pjuy f vy dff d h f mgud h fm mpg ' dy. A d h cu h hv xpcy cdd h u fm h dp f y hc hv d h wy my pm u pjuy, - I cug. m 7 D. I G: Th Lwy Wh Pd Chpc I G 108 pmpd much hd-wgg d, umy, v f h Og Cd f Pf Cduc. Sm9 cgc I fu c u-bd u xcp d h dcpy u pcbg dcp. u pm D G, Og wy, pd chpc ud cm vg by pcu." Th gvm wy udcv vg, pg jud p j, mh ffc f G' chpc c, wh h vg gh C 103. S d 104. Id Id u 106. Id Y fd pcu d FBI g, f whm w wy, fbcd bvy f cm d pd h cu wh f my Op Gyd. A f h cvc w ffmd. A Svh Ccu cu d ffmg h cvc f judg: d I Op Gyd g f h FBI k h d h Ccu Cu f Ck Cuy d d bu h md-up c. Pjuy cm, d [dfd] Muphy u h h wh cmm cm hmv c pcu h' cm. Bu cm pcdg dgd bh h v qu mg pc d w dfd. I my cg f c cy f h g cmm c h, dg by hmv, cm. Ud S v. Muphy, 768 F.2d 1518,1528 (7h C. 1985); Rb Bck, Byd h 1984: Udcv Amc Spc Abcm, 28 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 823 (1984) S dcu f P d G, M d ( 9 7O ). h c u

16 138 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 d vdc f cm wgdg.112 G fd hc cmp g h pcu upvg h vg, gug h h f f h c' ffc ud f p w dcpv v f h Lwy' Cd f Pf Rpby." 3 Tb h dcpy bd dcd k c, bvg h, wh h w uhy dcy p, "[]u pmy ccu h f [h pcug gcy] cdd hv pubc uhy u pb fud, h y g [] h dv cg uhcy pvdg dvc hw cduc g udcv p." 4 Tw h f y dc bw h dd f cduc ppcb pubc- vu pv-c y. 115 b Embdd by h pp g gh fm h b cu, cg udk u h w vg f fudu mdc vw pcc by mdc gcy. H phd h gcy d f vwg chpc ud f p. f u 116 chpc G d dbd fm f d p-cdd cv- h, whch m h umy fud uch fd cv wu gg p fud g h mdc vwg gcy.'" I h pd cv, G d d h gcy "h h w d wkg f CMR [h mdc h vw gcy], h h w dc, h h w p, h h pfmd dpd mdc xm, d h h w d bcmg vvd wh CMR' duc m." 118 Thu, G d bu h dy d pup. w Up g f G' dcp, h mdc gcy fd gvc g hm wh h b, cdg h h hd vd DR f h Og Cd by ggg "cduc vvg dhy, fud, dc mp." 119 by G d up h b p cu' d w d p h w - cmp h g h gvm y vgg h c, hd h h by dducd fm h p h h u f dcp udcv vg w ppp d pp by h gvm pv y.'" I h wd, wh uc f h g uc f h gd. Wh h gum pvd bf h 112. S d. 113.M 114.M M M M 118.M M Id.

17 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg b cu, w jcd by h Og Supm Cu, whch hd h G' c h b cu' p w b. I2 mpd 1 h wy h pv pcc f w my mp h Rdy pup vgg m." 122 fud h h O G hd hffmvy mpd h dy h mdc gcy., h m, c123 fmd dpd u mdc xm, whch h [dd] d, d G h h w d wkg f CMR, wh fc h w." hf I 2 u4 Dug h pcdg pp, h U.S. Ay f h Dc hf Og fd mcu cu bf kg h Og Supm Cu c cv u xcp pmg h u f dcp udcv w fcm d p h "vv bh cv d cm c, ub gg fm fcm f cv gh u cc cpc." y 125 gh u dcp udcv vg f hug dcm- u w V. c126 h cu g v c w u-bd xcp. T h uth g cu h jcd h gum d bdy hd h dcp h f, y yp w phbd by h gug f h cd: "Fhfu g dhc g h wdg f DR 1-102(A)(3), D R 7-102(A)(5), ORS, v 9.527(4), z d h cu' c w d pm cg f x- " cp f y wy gg dhy, fud, dc, mp- qf m." [ h m, u 127 mp T h "ppy mmb f h B, whu xcp. " d d ' ] pc h p1 Og 2 8 hy c u. p G w pmdd. B u h w h d w h T f hh c y. Bp u d, c E. Th Og Rp G Fwg h Og Supm Cu' dc G, whch jcd ' h h Juc Dpm' qu f xp cv-u f cm- d d c c 121. d d u 122. d Id 974. p v 124. Id 125. Id d 126. Id 975; J W. B, A Rmdy f G, OR. STATE BAR BULLETIN 70 -(Nvmb 2001), vb hp:// hm (fcg ppd b pm udcv vg by cv gh gc d w fc- cm gc). g 127. G, 8 P.3d Id. h h d d v d c w d

18 140 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 w fcm, gg udcv cm vg h gud h. 129 hd Smdwy.'" v Th Juc Dpm fd u j h Og fb fm d fcg DR g fd pcu vvd cm udcv m p. 131 A h u w pdg, h Og S B ufd b whch mmbhp v mdy f Og wy cmbd v g hc c d. 132 mdm T h h u, whch wud xmp gvm wy fm w h b w dc d mp. 133 wy Nf ppd c xpdg b h xmp wy f "pubcy m fudd cv f gh fcm u gc,, cudg pf gz- c uch vm g m vc ff c." u 134 cv-u. T h g h y p O I 2002, g Og mdd hc u pm h u f d- dcp p Bc udcv p by wy, gd f - f h u d j wy c u f d h c m. 135 c u ha pvd h m wy d my d, "gg cduc vvg dhy, h fud, dc mp h fc dvy Oh wy' f g pcc / w." 136 T h h - c z d p w 129. M, up 26, 964. d d S d 131. Og S B, 2001 Hu f Dg Mg: Agd 9 (Spmb 22, 2001), vb hp:// Th Juc Dpm u ugh dcy judgm h "h Supmcy Cu b y ppc fd y f DR d DR 7-102" f h Og Ehc Cd, pd by h Og Supm Cu G. I d ; OREGON STATE BAR, BAR LEADER COMMUNICATOR, Ju 7, 2001, 1, vb hp:// (Og S B vg dfd f g fd u) B, up M 134. Id 135. I Juy 2002, h Og Supm Cu ppvd mdm DR 1-102, pvd h " h b pf mcduc f wy dv c h bu upv wfu cv cvy h vg f v f cv cm w cu gh, pvdd h wy' cduc hw cmpc wh h u." OR. CODE OF PROF'L RESPONSIBILITY DR (2003); Syv E. Sv, Nw (d Evvg) Dvpm h Dcpy Ru, OR. STATE BAR BULLETIN 27 (Ap. 2002); Ahu Gw, Cv Wk OK, I NO. 6 A.B.A. J. E -v h ABA Md Ru fm, d ddd gug w u 8.4()(3) bg y h Rdcp E P O R"h T fc 9 dvy h wy' f pcc w." Og S B A' ( Bd. 2 f 0Gv, 0 2 ). Fm Op (2005), vb hp:// hc/ pdf O g [hf O. Ehc Op.]. u 136. b OR. RULES q OF PROF1 u CONDUCT R. 8.4()(3) (2006) (mph ddd). y c h g d u c -

19 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg d 2002, ubqu h Og cu' dc G. 137 w Og T h u xpcy pvd h wy my hcy upv udcv vg whch hy hmv d dcy pcp: [IT h b pf mcduc f wy dv c h bu upv wfu cv cvy h vg f v f cv cm w cu gh, pvdd h wy' cduc hw cmpc wh h Ru f Pf Cduc. "Cv cvy," ud h u, m ff b fm uwfu cvy hugh h u f mp h ubfug. 138 Th pc f h vd u vb y "wh h wy gd fh bv h b pby h uwfu cvy h k pc, kg pc w k pc h fb fuu." u I39 h pm h u f dcp d "ubfug" by wy, wh- hdc u, bw pubc d pv c wy. T h wy Tu mu hv gd fh bf h h b pby f u- cvy whu p gd h ubv ubjc m f h wfu c' udyg cm. T h vg my b upvd by h wy, wh my, hwv, dcy pcp. Th vd Og w, by m, cy pm udcv p vg v f cm w, by h h pcu h df. G 14() cv w I v, v f cv gh, whu pcfyg h - u d h. I c hw f h u ch. Wud y, wm O cv w v jufy dcp Og? T h cc xmp g pwud b m f hug mpym dcm, dmk fgm c. Wh bu h vg f cv fud? pf xmp, D G hmf w pupdy vvd v- m f fud by mdc vw gcy.141 Wud h vg- u b g f u g u jufy h u f dcp ud h w u? Fud v gf cv d, m ccumc, cm w, d vg f bg pcc wud m cmpy fcy wh h vd p d u. Idd, y cud b chczd v f cv w. b 137. Juy 2002 Spc Hu f Dg Mg: Agd (Juy 18, 2002), vb hp:// (dg u b vd upcmg mg). v y d 138. OR. RULES OF PROFT CONDUCT R. 8.4(b) Id 140. S d 141. S I G, d 9 6 6, ( O ).

20 142 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 A hc p by h Og S B Ac cfd m f h u by h u f h hyphc. 142 phc I c, h h Og f cmm pd h wy cud hdv y c - u ubfug vg h d f wk' cmp cm, bcu h w uwfu cvy v f w. 143 df wy p juy c cud dcy dcv h Iphyc f pupd mg wh w upcd f xggg ffyg ju. 144 g v, W h h wy cud hcy pcp dcy h c ubfug, bu w md dvg h c d "upvg" h vg. d h pv h 145 y Ipc ffc udcv dug buy p bd up pbb pc cu bv h g dug cvy w udwy.146 Thu, h h h Og d B ud h w u md dc pcp h y p by wy vg wh h vdc f uwfu w h c cvy. c Og h md u-bd dc d cd, bd-bd u whch pm dc dcp by wy vg uwfu v cduc, gd f h ubv ubjc-m f h cd p c' udyg cm df. Oh, dcud f P V, c hv cm c up wh pchwk f u-bd dc h c u cm mu, fw f whch pvd much gudc f pc, f u yu hpp b pcu CIA g. c STATUS-BASED EXCEPTIONS IN SUBSTANTIVE SUBJECT AREAS u Th P w w xm h ubv f h w whch, udcv vg fquy upvd by wy: cm d w, cu ppy, d cv gh. Th ubv h whch m dg f dcp f cdd cy h d vg d pcu ffmv cm f v f c h w. m y m u 142. S O. Ehc Op., up 135. Th v f Og Ehc Op , whch w dcdd ud h p Og Cd f Pf Rpby. Cmp d. wh - Og S B A' Bd. f Gv, Fm Op (2003) O. Ehc Op., up O. Ehc Op., up 135, Id. 4. Th cd hyphc cuy vy m h fc f I G f, d ugg h h m u wud b bd ud h vd u, du h wy' p d h dc vvm h dcp. 146.M 5-6.

21 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg A. Cm Lw Th u f dcp by gvm wy udcv cm vg h b cgzd by umb f uh. Fd C. Zch d Buc A. G hv bvd h "pcu uy dc w fcm g md upc bu h g' d d g." 147 c IScy, A h p U.S. p Dc Cu f h Dc f Nw Jy c- ph "[u]dv g cm c d dcm- Ckwdgd L d cv. c, cg ud h dc f wy, cumy dmb. h d pup gh vdc f v Iwgdg." 48 Th u f dcp by w fcm uh h g h- A y 1932, h Ud S Supm Cu, f c Cy. -cgzg h pm df, I49 gm my b mpyd d h cch h ggd cm p." " 150 Muc [ ] Ndj, fcv c fm Nw Yk S Spc P- xpd: d "Wh yu' vvd wh dug, yu hv cu, g u d buy dug. Wh judg - g fx, yu hv g u d buy h fx. Th h y wy d." 51 A Rb Bck h cmphvy dcbd, h u f dcp by gvm g pg cm h gd fm h u f mufcud cm Nw Yk Cy h 1970, h fmu Abcm cd whch gvm fm d g, pg Ab hk, bbd U.S. Cgm f f FBI vd cm.152 I Abcm, fd g up d fudd dummy f cp cd "Abdu Ep." 153 pvd J ud dvd c h udcv g dug h cu f h g Dp. p m 154 w y S x u Fd C. Zch 81 Buc A. G, Th Uqu f Fd Pcu, 88 GEO. c g L.J. 207, 231 (2000) F. Sum,. 2d 456, 475 (D.N.I. 1998). m 149. S, S v. Ud S, 287 U.S. 435, 443 (1932) S d I h c, h pm df w cgzd wh udcv fd vu g pdy mpud h dfd fch hm cbd qu. T h Ufd g ud h upc cmmg h cm "by pd d p c whch h uccdd by kg dvg f h m ud by mcc f h xpc cmp m h [f] Wd W." Id Th w "g bu f u- d hy." I d S S, 151. Mc Chmb, Cu Cdm Ndj Mhd, N.Y. TIMES, Dc. 14, 1974, A Bck, up 107, O U.S. Cgm w cpud p bggg h, "1 hv cy my bd." Id S d S d. 882, 956. D wy v dvd gvm fm d g h mu f bb ff. I d

22 144 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 Cmd, Nw Jy, d vu Phdph cy cucm w cvcd f bby. h I55 cu T h du pc gh w gdy vd bcu hy w d uwgy c d pud by gvm g cmmg cm c h hy g w pvuy dpd c mm. I56 w ubd Sm m by h c cduc u f h gvm g fd judg md g " u g u " 1pp1. u 5 7 d 158 h b uvwd h cvc; h cu hd h fd g my ct wfuy h p v"mu m c h gudd cv h wud b xpcd f w h ppg ; uwfu vu. Thy d y, 'Cgm, I hv fph f ch bb m b xchgd f yu cup pm b d m fucd yu ffc c." I59 I Op Gyd, dz f FBI g f whm w wy pd pcu d df y udcv g p whch d v 60 bby cvc f cup d f judg d wy. 16 cm Th h w ud b u cup wy d judg. FI61 fcy, BS I gh - fd g cummd h cm by gvg f y w 155. S d; Ud.S. v. Wm, 705 F.2d 603 (2d C. 1983); Ud.S. v. My, m d 692 F.2d 823 (2d C. 1982); Wkpd Ey Abcm, hp://.wkpd.gwk Abcm ( vd Augu 3, 2008). u 156. S Ud S v. Ky, 539 F. Supp. 363 (D.D.C. 1982), v'd, 707 F.2d 1460 (D.C. C. 1983). Ev h cu whch y dmd Abcm dcm gud f p gvm vchg gd pcp wh h pmby f udcv vg ud pp ccumc. F xmp, Ky, h judg, wh dmg h chg g j Cgm Ky, du "ugu" gvm cduc, ckwdgd h "cfuy dvd d upvd cv vg f h y m f dcvg bch f h hfudm u md f ' ffc." 539 F. Supp c 157. d 373. d 158. S Ky, 707 F.2d 1460; Wm, 705 F d 603; My, 692 F.2d 823; Ud S v. d Axd, 675 F.2d 34 (2d C. 1982); Ud S v. J, 673 F.2d 578 (3d C. 1982); Bck, up 107, 964. d 159. My, 692 F.2d 844. b 160. S OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL, THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION'S COMPLIANCE WITH z ME ATTORNEY GENERAL'S INVESTIGATIVE GUIDELINES (REDACTED), ch. 4 (Spmb y 2005), vb hp:// A dcbd by h Juc Dpm Offc f h Ipc G: FBI g wh w cd y umd cuy pcu d pv h pc. I dd, h FBI cud pcu d judg fm uh I wh w mpy gd Ck Cuy d wh h bckg f c h. Du g h pb, m h 100 mufcud cm w chd h Cu. Equppd wh cc uvc dvc, h udcv g w b p cd hudd f cmg cv wh judg d y whch vd p h judg uy ccpd bb dm c d cvd kckbck fm y f gg c hm. Id c u

23 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg my bu h fbcd c. 162 g h Tcvc h c f cup u judg, uphd h gvm' u f d dcp. f I63 p Pjuy p cm, d, Muphy u h h wh cmm cm hmv c pcu h' cm. B u cm pcdg f f m dgd - bh h v qu mg pc d dfd. I my cg f c cy f h g cmm c h, dg by hmv, cm.'thu,hfd cu Op Gyd uk h cu M d Fdm uphd h u f pjuy pcu cup h g ym. Wh, vd fm h fgg xmp, gvm wy fquy upv udcv vg, c whh uch cduc cmp wh h gug f Md Ru 8.4. Th fcu f h cu gy h b h v gy f h gvm cduc d h ppcby f h pm df, h hc f dvdu gvm my. 165 u d T h by wy vvm h c udcv uvc fuh hghghd - by h McDd Amdm, whch cmmd fd pcu cmpy wh hc u. 166 ggd N wd w, vg mu cmpy wh h hc u gf ch v dvdu judc m whch hy p, d whch hy c w y xpcy fbddg wy cduc bd dhy, dc m- F u h m, 162. S Ud S v. Muphy, 768 F.2d 1518,1528 (7h C. 1985). m 163. Id Th cduc uphd by h fd cu Op Gyd m h ub f pjuy whch ud pubc c f pcu I Fdm. I bh c, pcu ucd w fcm g ud h d cumm bby pcu Id S d Ombu Cdd d Emgcy Suppm Appp Ac f 1999, Pub. L. fn , 801 (1998) (cdfd v p 28 U.S.C. 530B (2000)). S Zch & G, up 147, 231. Zch d G ccz h McDd Amdm, whch ubjc fd pcu hc gu, f, mg h hg, ubjcg fd p- cu w pchwk f py c gu. Id. Th hc u A dgd f fd pcu, wh gy hd hgh dd h pc- d u cud mp ucy bud fd w fcm, whch dy B, gud by h fd cu d xcuv bch. S d. A 167. Th mp mu pby h y wh cduc vg M umu judc. F xmp, h Abcm vg vvd cduc my judc, cudg h cp f "Abdu Ep" Nw Yk, mg Fd ych, mg Whg D.C., Vg d Nw Jy. S Ud S v. Ky, 707 F d d1460, (D.C. C. 1983). R u 8. 4 b

24 146 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 p. I68 u A f pf cduc f cgz h xpdd pyd by h gvm y h vg f fd cm d d u pvd uffc gudc f h gvm my', bhv." 169 h vu ppch h pbm f dcp udcv vg, h T cmpc h v f fd pcu. M ca fd D dc cu h yzd h hc u d y d upv c f udcv vg. Ud S v. Pk m m mfm udcv vg f pc ffc f cup d d cv m gh v. h 1713, gg T h h c pc, whch fd g d fm, Fpg B I dug d w xd d bbd by h c pc ff- T h dfd pc ffc cmd h h vgg - c.171 uy p mppy mpyd dcp, dhy d mp v f DR f Nw Yk' Cd f Pf Rpby. d u d I I p, c h dc cu dvcd h qub pp, h h Cd' pcp y dcp dd " g v ppy pcu: "Idd, p f d c b c Nw hd DR 1-102(A)(4) d ppy pcug y wh p- g vd upv d dvc udcv vg." p 173 cu udy T h jcd d h chg c udcv p upvd h by fd pcu: - c Dfd' gc wud, f ccpd, m h gvm y cud upv vg vvg udcv g uh S dcu f P V. c 169. Rb K. Fw, A Cd f Th Ow: Updg h Ehc Cd Icud h N- Adv R f Fd Pcu, 37 B.C. L. REV. 923, (1996) F. Supp. 2d 431,476 (W.D.N.Y. 2001). 171.M Thy gud h hy w ppd by gvm g. S d c Id (c md). Th pc f h cu' dc cuy mk, md w Nw Yk Ehc Op ccg h pmby f upu p cdg, h f whch cv u xpc xcp f pcu. S N.Y. Cy Lw A', Fm Ehc Op. 696 (1993) (pmg upu pg gd f y u); N.Y. S B A', Fm Ehc p. 515 (1979), vb hp:// /CMJCDpy.cfm (hdg h wy cm c, gd f whh gvm pv, my cy cd ph cv wh c f d). Thu, h cu mpy md w c b c hc p. I dd, h dc cu vkd h (dmdy cfug) dc f h Scd Ccu Cu f App Ud S v. Hmmd, 858 F.2d 834 (2d C. 1988), whch hd h fd pcu mu cmpy wh h -cc u f Nw Yk Lwy' Cd DR S Hmmd, 858 F.2d 834. I f h cc u d ppy udcv fd vg, b hd h bch, wud m gc f h b dcp Nw Yk Lwy' Cd DR ppy w.

25 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg d fm wh c v h u dy d pup h g f h vg whu hby dg h vg fu d dgu. Th uhy f uch ccu. I74 Thu, h dc cu hd h gvm wy my hcy upv udcv vg vvg dcp. 175 Ev hc pcu hv b kw dcp d cky h w vg f y mcduc. Th M Offc f Lwy Pf Rpby (OLPR) h M wy pc h, h p, dpchd vg f updd dbd wy w k c b h fm f ppcv qug c. 176 chf cu A c c h dm g OLPR, gvm vg wud ph updd dbd wy qu whh hy w W pccg. m WI77 wh ud h cu m, h h wud dfy hf z W pv h, f h b cu1. f 178 vg' h A ph c wud b mhg k h: "H, I'm Lyd m O ud I'm wdg v whh M. D vb f p x fmy m w p m." w I79 k h I b f d hccpd h z c, h updd y wud b pcud v h f uuhzd pcc f w cmp f cu. 180hA h m, pcuy - gh f h Cd Supm Cu' dc u h Pu, u181 f whh h g u gvm p wy my hcy upv dcpv h c g y g 174. Ud S v. Pk, 165 F. Supp. 2d 431, (W.D.N.Y. 2001). d f 175. Th cu vy hd h v f h pcu' cduc w v h Cd, vxcu f h vdc qud. S d g 176. S Wm Wmz, 'Pxg,' Pvcg d Gg h Fc, MINN. LAW., Oc. b30,2006, vb hp:// Id Wm Wmz f OLPR ppxmy Id. I. y 178. S d. u 179. S d Accdg M. Wmz, fm chf cu h M Offc f Lw- Pf Rpby, h vg wud v cuy h wy,.., by hy umg fk dy fy pdg b c. Sh wud h y, uhfuy, h h w "d fdg Ou whh" h gb wy w wg ccp w c y u vpp. Th OLPR wud w h g f h g um h h h h c "d" bcu f d f g vc d pcu. Tph Ivw wh Wm Wmz, Fm Chf Cu, M. Offc f Lw. Pf 1 R- g (Ocb 10,2007). Lyd O h m f OLPR vg. hpby 180. Th M Offc f Lwy Pf Rpby dv h h pcdu dcbd h Wmz c c wh cu OLPR pcc pcy. E-m fm, qm. Offc uf Lw. Pf' I Rpby By R. Tmk, Adjuc Pf f Lw, Nw Yk Lw Sch (2008) ( f wh uh) S dcu up P -

26 148 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 vg. M b hv cdd h u wh h b xcp f O g 1cu 8 2 wh upv udcv cm vg. 183h v c v d u B. T Cv Rgh C Pff' cv gh wy hv g ud d bud xdcm c p c g mpy dd, f uppyg h wh "by ffd cd." f184 dy T b dpchd h gh v vdc f c g d ph dcmy pcc by whch mpy, dd,, - g fy my ppc h h vcc "" hm ggd hug. I85 xpd, A "' h dvdu wh, whu pu- u phm pm, m p puch f h pup Sch Cf ccg u vdc f uwfu g pcc." h186 dcv T h udcm c h f b ppvd by h cu: u Th cu - d h hv pdy ppvd d cd h f '' c dcm c. I fquy dffcu dvp pf dcm c d h vdc pvdd by fquy vub, f dpb. [A] hv g cgzd h h qum f dcp w vy m pc py df c dcm.'" M uh hv gd h h u f dcp by " b wy fc, cy wy cy h bud f pvg dcm." mb. I88 T Bu h d h fy g jufy h u f dcp by y wh g gud d upv? Ahugh f v uh ckwdg h pvc f d d f gf hdcm, I89 g f w u h c p182. S dcu c fup c P 183. A dcud f P V, pcu my upv udcv cm vg d Uh, y Og, cd Fd. c m184. Ib & Sv, up 22, S gy Hv Ry Cp. v. Cm, 455 U.S. 363, 373 (1981). d 186. Id Th pmy u Hv w whh bck d wh hd dg u dcmg dd ud h F Hug Ac f T h dd d bck pm cmpx, d wh h. Th w dcu f h hc f h y upvg h vg Rchd v. Hwd, 712 F.2d 319, 321 (7h C. 1983) Fdm, up 65, 780. Accd App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456 ( DIU. 1998); Gdx v. Cmp Imp, Ld., 82 F. Supp. 2d 119 (S.D.N.Y. d ) S Hv Ry Cp., 455 U.S. 373; Rchd, 712 F.2d 321.

27 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg h hc f y wh upv. A md bv, Ib d Sv cud f ppvg h hc f wy upvg dcm, gug h "h c f c pcy p mkdy fv f h u f udcv vg d dcm, dp h dcp cy d." 90 b T dcp h Md Ru 8.4 hud b wy md h mp h "wud b cdd f uch gvy qu p' f b wy." 191 u bud W h f u uch cduc, d f Ib d g Sv gu h h u f dcm h, y gh vdc, d v Ru 8.4. Th dh f judc uhy h hc f wy wh upv. O cu cy cdd h upu p cdg f uupcg dv dcm c d hd h h upu p cdg, d ubqu p, f dcmy vdc w hcy jufd bh by h c cmbg dcm d by h d f h dcp d cpu hw fg vdc. 192 hc cmm I d dhv ppvd, h pcc dcm c. 193 Th u v h, hwv, b quy ddd by h cu. C. Icu Ppy C Udcv vg f ud dmk d uf cmp c.'" A pmy bhd h cu ppy xcp h dcp f h y wy pc cu Ib & Sv, up 22, 804. Th fu c pd h d f my cu d b c ppv dcm c. Hwv, m f Ib d Sv gum hv pvd b d, cudg h cm h wy pg vg cg " h cu f pg c" wh h mg f Md Ru 4.1. Id Wh my my b cc, m h p, c m g p vv udcv vg upvd by wy. A m f cmm, h cv gh wy wh um fk dy dg bhf f c, h wy' p cpcy. Mv, h f whh wy c pv cpcy dpd umb f fc, cudg gm wh h c pvd g vc, gm, f gm, p hp wh h c, c. S By R. Tmk, I Th T f Ngg Rf?, 17 TOURO L. REV. 639 (2001). I y v h wh p f Ib d Sv' c c f wy, cg h pv cpcy, wh upv vg. Thu h gum h Md Ru 4.1 d ppy wy qu vg d dvc h v gum Ib & Sv, up 22, S M v. Ky Fd S C-Opv, 758 N.Y.S.2d 246 (Sup. C. Kg Cuy 2003) S Nw Yk Cuy Lwy A' Cmm. Pf' 1Ehc, Fm Op. N. 737 (2007), vb hp:// [hf N.Y. Cuy Ehc Op. 737J S,.g., App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456 (D.N.J. 1998).

28 150 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 fg d dmk fgm. 195 py df A hf w y g f h dmk w uky ucv vdc f fgg cduc. I dd, h cu hv d- vh pubc pcy g f pcg cu ppy gh. cud Th B, Pu McCy, Yk O, d h f h wjh L h vd h bckgud f xm f h hc f vgv chqu App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Scy. 196 Scy (ICS) m dbu f cmmmv pg mp Afug p p mg f h B mmb f pcfc f c ub. CI97 Supcg -cmpc wh h gm, cu f h p- phd ICS' pubc, -f ph umb d qud pff h g vby f h mp. 198 cu T f d h h, d h ud h md m vd dc. w y w d 199 gb h d cv h mp, h dfd, ICS, cmpd wh h - d Aqu f m cudg hd g cy, f vg, y d my' hubd h A phd uc h dfd d dd mp h hud hv b d g vb h g y f cub mmb ud h c gm. f 20 Th dc cu fud h h f B mp mmb vd h c dc d fuh fud h h cduc h ' If h pff' cu dd v hc c cc wh pd p ud Nw Jy Ru f Pf Cduc h (RPC) 4.2 h pcp dc ud Ru 8.4(c).202 Rh, h cu hd h "RPC 4.2 c ppy wh wy d/ h vg, w kg bu cu cp mcduc, c mmb y C f h g pubc gg dy bu c q wh w-v mpy f pd cp." 203 u Th cu my fud h App' y dd gg "dhy, w fud, dc mp" bcu Nw Jy Ru 8.4 "d ppy mp y dy c - f 195. S,.g., Gdx v. Cmp Imp, Ld., 82 F. Supp. 2d 119,124 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (g h dffcu f mpb pv "pmg ff' hy whu dcp). c F. Supp. 2d 456 (D.N.J. 1998) Id mu 198. Id Id Th y pccd ud h md m. m 200. S d 201. S d b 202. S App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456, (D.N.J. 1998) S d f f h fp

29 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg pup d y f vdc-ghg pup." 204 h Rdc y f g pff' xp w, Pf Buc G, ph cu bvd h "[]h pvg uddg h g pf h pubc pv wy' u f udcv vg dc gg v f h w hcy pcbd, pcy wh wud b dffcu dcv h v by h m." 205 mcduc h wud y b gy pvd f cmmd by Ty, h whh wy wy, bu wud b cdd f uch dgvy c qu p' f b wy." 206 T p d vg, h h hd, d gg gv dhy bu d "d m h cc h dy pup h x cy gh vdc." p 207 d Tpup h u d dy, uhc wh cy v- gg c p uwfu cduc., Oh cu ppy c hv dg c wmy h hd h udcv dcp hcy pmb. b 2 Wh m m w - cu hv cvd u md xcp h d " wy hy u, uh gm, w w bf P V. Sm judc hv ugh cv u xcp y pmg dcp by w fcm ffc cg h cpcy R uch, wh h judc hv mpd dp h Ib d usv g Ru 8.4, whch w h u pcb y dcp- cduc h fc dvy my' f pcc v w. 8 V. STATE ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE THE CONFLICT BY. STATUS-BASED DISTINCTIONS 4 A dcud, h bw h gug f h ABA Md Ru d h d f udcv vg, pcuy cm c, h b ucpb y u. A w hv, h Og p I G w md h ' hc u pm wy, gd f h pubc/pv u d m whu pc h ubjc m f h udyg cm, dcy upv d cu c bu dcpv udcv v Id 475. d 205. M 206. Id. 476 (qug Ib & Sv, up 22, 817) Id 208. S,.g., Gdx v. Cmp Imp, Ld., 82 F. Supp. 2d 1 19, 122 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) "("Th pc f vg pg dc dd cu h ck mk gy m hy hw wud hv md. Th vdc dc h h ck w ckd dupd by h vg' mp qu uch h quy h m?' ' h pc g h fuu?'"). v

30 152 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 g!'" Og h ffc md u-bd dc. Bu h h b ppd g h f. Th u, dcud bw, hv b d d c. A. Th Fd Appch.. Su-Bd Excp Th Fd Ru f Pf Cduc xpcy xmp w fcm ffc d pcu fm h g b dcp.210 Th 2006 mdm y 211 my h F d [E]gg cduc vvg dhy, fud, dc, mp, u xcp h h b pf mcduc f p wyf v cm d w fcm gcy guy gcy dv h bu upv h udcv vg, h u phbd by w u, d h b p- f mcduc f wy mpyd cpcy h h wy by w cm w fcm gcy guy - gcy pcp udcv vg, u phbd by w u!" Thu, pcu my upv gv dvc bu udcv vg!" Th u mbguuy w, bu m ugg h gvm wy mpyd -p cpcy my pcp udcv vg!" Th cmmy h Fd u d xp bu d pp h y gvm wy my upv udcv vg: "Subdv (c) cgz c wh wy cm w fcm gc guy gc dv h bu upv h udcv vg, 209. Og' mdd u 8.4, dcud f, h cv cvy pmd y wh h b b f h y bv h uwfu cduc f. OR. RULES OF P, CONDUCT R. 8.4 (2008) S FLA. RULES OF PROE'L CONDUCT R (c) (2008) S uehc.cm, Fd Nw Achv Lwy Ehc, Ru d Op, hp://u hc.cm-up.hm ( vd Augu 3, 2008) FLA. RULES OF PROE'L CONDUCT R (c) (mph ddd) Th cmmy h Fd Ru ugg h y gvm wy my upv udcv vg. S FLA. RULES OF PROWL CONDUCT R Fd Ru 4-8.4(c) w cud m f w hg. I cud m h " wy. 4 mpyd c m. b y cm w fcm gcy" cpcy "h h wy" my 8 dcy pcp udcv g. I.., FBI g wh hpp b wy my hcy v udcv g. Th h p pm dcp by y wy "mpyd cpcy h h wy by cm w fcm gcy guy gcy".., y wy pv pcc my dcy pcp udcv g. Gv h cx d h p f m u h, cudg Vg, h fm p mk m. I wud m mu ccd m wy Fd wy pv pcc h gvm pcu.

31 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg d pvd xcp w h cvy whu h wy ggg pf mcduc. Th xcp ckwdg cu, ccpb pcc f h gc." 215 B. Uh S B: Pcu My Supv Udcv Ivg Uh h mpd cv u u-bd xcp f gvm y wh upv udcv cm vg. Uk Fd, hwv, Uh h d by hc p h h fm u chg. 2I6 cp T hcy f w fcm g f phcd Ucm p!" h Ahugh h m dcp vvd Bug udcv w-fcm g p, Uh Ehc Ru 8.4 w dd "phb pcu h gvm wy fm pcpg wfu udcv vg." 218 h, h h R Uh - hc u "w dd mk ubjc pf dcp y g cduc by wy h bg qu h wy' f pcc w. I w dd pv fd pcu m h gvm wy fm kg p wfu, udcv vg." 2 hc u vmpy u-bd w fcm xcp pmg Tpcu d h u, upv dcpv vg- " U. h f h dc h C. Dc f Cumb: Th CIA Ag Op - Th Dc f Cumb B Ac cdd mp- dy by p fd g d gc pv wh hpp b cd y, bu wh h p cpc. 22 cudd Th h FBI g d CIA pv wh h fd jb, d D wh. C. ggd h pcc f w, d v D.C. Ru B A c 215. FLA. RULES OF PROF1 CONDUCT R cm.; uehc.cm, Fd Nw Achv Lwy Ehc, Ru d Op, hp://uhc.cm-up.hm ( vd Augu 3, 2008). p 216. S Uh S B Ehc Advy Op. Cmm., Fm p (2002), vb hp:// 8 [hf Uh Ehc cop Id (qug Sc Cmm Sudy Udcv Acv f Cmp f h Dpm Puc, 97h Cg. 2d S. 11 (1982)) Uh Ehc Op., up 216, M S D. f Cumb B, Fm Op. 323, 2 (2004), vb hp:// gf wyhcg_hcpp323.cfm [hf D.C. Ehc Op.].

32 154 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1: T h D.C. hc cmm d h h u' pcp "fud, dc, mp" d ppy yg.222 Rh, h gug pp "y cduc h c qu wy' uby pcc W." 223 gu. CA vh cmm xpd, "[]m cv cducd bhf u f vh Ud S ccy vv ccumc wh d- f ' dy k pup wud b ppp d, - wcu dd, py dgu." d224 "A my' A pf h - cmpc d by cd D qu. C by vc. u gc cuy gc cfmc h wh c g uhz, cd qu by h cu f ffcv m m cv m chv gm cuy g." w225 mpy fm u f ccd dy.226 Th p d, by T m, h u: ppy U.S. y h gvm wy wh p, c cudg h gvm cu. Smy, d D, by. m, m ppy c udcv g. C. D. Vg: Adpg h Ib d Sv G R u Rcgzg h bw h gug f v f Ru 8.4, d h cu pcc h gud by fd w fcm gc, h Vg S B Ac cmmdd mdm h pvd 227 A h " pf mcduc f wy g g. cduc m vvg d dhy, d, fud, dc, mp whch fc 4 V dvy g h wy' f pcc /W." 228 czd d gug T h w ddd 2003, - fwg Pu d G. Vg wy R u w pmd dcv g h dcp d dvy fc h f pcc w. O fc, h mdd Vg u mk u-bd dc,, f xmp, bw gvm d -gvm wy ( c ) Hwv, 2004 Vg Lg Ehc Op k u-bd ppch c u h wy mdd Vg Ru 8.4 by cdg d p y v f d g v 221. Id Id Id 224. Id Id Id. 2 (cg App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456, 476 (13.N.J. 1998)) S V. Cug Lg Educ. Cmm., Lg Ehc p (2003), vb hp:// [hf V. Ehc p. 1765] S d (qug VA. RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R (c)) (mph ddd).

33 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg ppvg dcp by w fcm g cg fd g. 229 Th Vg p d xpcy cd h c f gvm wy uch Ud S y cg h "p cpc" bhf f c. Accdg h Vg hc cmm: [W]h y mpyd by h fd gvm u wfu mhd, uch h u f " d" d -cu p-cdg, p f h gc cv cv, h mhd c b fcg dvy h f pcc w; hf, uch cduc w v h phb Ru 8.4(c). 2 Lf f h dy h qu f whh h w gug pm h u f by pcu, by fd pcu wh " upv vg, by df cu, by cv pc, d. E. Th Iw Appch: F wh Cmm Y h ppch ud by Iw, whch h v hc u cy ck A B A Md Ru 8.4 bdy pcbg dc, fud d mp, y dd h pbm f udcv vg by m f cmm. 23I cmmy: A c c d g I h pf mcduc f wy dv c I h bu w upv pcp wfu cv cvy h vg f v f cv cm w cu gh wfu gc-ghg cvy, pvdd h wy' cduc hw cmpc wh h u. "Cv cvy" m ff b fm uwfu cvy hugh h u f mp h ubfug. Cv cvy my b cmmcd by wy vv wy dv upv y wh h wy gd fh bv h b pby h uwfu cvy h k pc, kg pc, w k pc h fb fuu. Lkw, gvm wy wh upv pcp wfu cv p whch vv mp dc f h pup f ghg v fm, uch w 229. S V. Ehc p. 1756, up S d 231. S IOWA RULES OF PRCL CONDUCT R. 8.4 cm. 6 (2008).

34 156 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 fcm vg f upcd g cvy gc-ghg cvy, d, whu m, v h u Accdg Pf Ggy Sk, h Iw cmm w pd by h upm cu h wk f h G ug Og d h App Cp ug Nw Jy, d u h gm udcv vg cud b puud by w fcm g d by pv y vgg v f If.W. 233 Th Iw xcp fw h mdm h Og cd d pp vg f v f cv w d cu gh, w cm w. 234 md N w fcm ffc. h h F. A Mxd Su d Cduc Bd Appch: I w Nw Yk Cuy Lwy Ac ui 2007, h Nw, Yk Cuy Lwy' Ac Pf uehc Cmm (h "NYCLA cmm") ud NYCLA Op k737, whch yzd h dcp u m f bh u d - u c. Fd 2, 3 5 d fud d mp, v pmd; h wy Imy, c ccumc, gg "dmbc," whch h cmm md "mm dy d pup md hy f ghg vdc." 236 cv m T h y, d dd p cm c, hugh ppvgy p cd Ud S v. Pk, whch pm dcp u- f f dcv u vg h upvd b y fd p cu. 237 NY CL A Tm cmm h ccudd d h, cv c, dmbc, md dy d pup, hcy pmb wh: () h c () h vg p f v f cv gh cu ppy gh d h wy bv gd fh h c, h N Y C L A c m m uch v kg pc w k pc mmy (b) h dmbc xpy uhzd by w; d 232. M IOWA PRACTICE SERIES 12:4() (2008) S IOWA RULES OF PROF1 CONDUCT R. 8.4 cm. 6; 16 IOWA PRACTICE SERIES 12:4() N.Y. Cuy Ehc p. 737, up 193. Th uh Ch f h Nw Yk Cuy Lwy Ac Pf Ehc Cmm ("NYCLA") d pcpd h dfg f NYCLA Ehc Op N Id 2. Bck' Lw Dcy df "dmb" : "T gv f mp bu (mhg); cv up (mhg) by dcp. " BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 506 (8h d. 2004). Thu, h dfm f dmbc c m f dcp S Ud S v. Pk, 165 F. Supp. 2d 431, 478 (W.D.N.Y. 2001).

35 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg () h vdc ugh by vb hugh h wfu m; d () h wy' cduc d h vg' cduc h h wy upvg d hw v h Cd.. Thu, 2 h 3 8 NYCLA p m ch mp f dy d pup w f h w: cu ppy d cv gh. Th dcp mu b w d pmb wh h v m (uch dcvy) b h m fm. 239 Nvh, h NYCLA ppch, xpd bw, m u-bd dc d hud hby v mp f wd u h wy hy pbm. Mv, h NYCLA p dp h cm pcu u. 240 I um, Og d Vg hv xpcy mdfd h hc u pm dcp h d dvy fc up h wy' f pcc W. 241 upvd O h by gvm y, h by xpc mdm h hc u (Fd), p242 Yk ), b y mj u d c u 243 vvm d p udcv c vg, gd f h udyg ubjc v m, bd cmm h hc ( b245 y Nv w VI. STATUS-BASED DISTINCTIONS ARE T SUBJECTIVE g - AND VALUE-LADEN h c A. Subjc M d Cduc Ax c m Ay f h hc f udcv vg h hcy mb dv by d fwd c vu, pcy h c f dcm d w fcm. Pmg m dmbc by vg h vd v c g, my mdyg c dcm d pcug cm. T h vy c ( gwh f cu ppy udcv vg h D pd ppy f pb. T h qu whh ubfug hud b pmd f dd ubjc f h w,. C. ) A d I w p m 238. Id Id S dcu up P 1V.A S dcu up P 111.E & V.D S dcu up P V.A S Ud S v. Pk, 165 F. Spp. 2d 431 (W.D.N.Y. 2001) S dcu up P V.C S dcu up P VI.

36 158 S Uvy Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 whh vgv dc hud b md h h ubjc ud bv,.g., cm, dmk d cv gh. A d qu whh h vdy f h wy' cduc dpd h dy f h c,.g., whh gvm wy hud b gv m wy h pv pc. Fy, w c k whh h dcp hud b pmd y b y wy pg c m/pff, whh h d hud b pd df y w. T w h d d qu, h cu d cmm hv cdd umb f fc, bh xpcy d mpcy. O hd, h cu d cmm hv cdd h u f h udyg c (.g,. cm dmk), h u f h c (pubc pv), d h gug f h Md Ru. 246 h Ohv h fcud h u u - f h y d vg cduc (.g., hw ggu w h dcp), h v f cy f h pcu cduc, whh h w v f ubv hc u, whh h y fd h cduc f gu vg, c. 247 f dff fc. A248 F d, h k f h Ac, h myd fc c b yzd g f w x, u-bd d cduc-bd. T h fc d ch u-bd u x p bh h ubjc m f h c d h u f h y. Th cduc-bd x fcu h cduc f, h y d vg, h my' g. Th fc cud h fwg: h x f h mp; whh h dc dc dc; whh h dc w cy; whh - h v mhd f bg h m vdc x; d whh h qud cduc v h hc u pcp f ubv uw, m by h " cc u" f Md Ru 4.2. Cu d hcmm hv f cmbd vu fc yzg d- c?" I pcc, cduc-x fc hv b dv by, cp d fwd fm, ubjc-m fc. W w x h pm f h pbm by u f umb f hyphc. h v 246. S,.g., Pk, 165 F. Sup!). 431 (cm vg); App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456 (D.N.J. 1998) (cu ppy c); D.C. Ehc Op., up 220 (fd gc cuy g wh wy my u dc fuhc d f "gm cuy g"). d 247. S N.Y. Cuy Ehc Op. 737, up I Pu, d S, 1.g., 1 7N.Y. 5 Cuy Ehc Op. 737, up 193. ( C ) ( d b ) ; c N. Y. C m u b y E

37 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg B. Th Sppy Sp Pbm wh Su-Bd Dc: Hyphc Exmp Th judc p d chy c dcp vg d mphz h mpc f fcg fd cv gh w, fghg hug dcm, d fcg dmk d cpygh w. 293 hud p h, whh, h h hd, h h mgg T h f h w wh udyg vu jufy h u f dcp. I qmy u b dffcu gg kg f vu d dm whch c vu g c dcp, d whch. M f h cmm wgh h pc m bdy g h cfyg cu f c pjudc juf h u f dcp by. 251 ' cu B u wppy h w: A h m mp h pc- f b d mb? u I Pu, h cu hd h y u f dcp by w h g y f w uccpb, c d g pubcy cd pcu wh h d bu h h dy d cu h ud f mup xmud m v by bg h ud f mpgg mud. D ha mk g u jufy h dcp dy Gx d App Cp, b y whch, pcd h ppy gh f why cp, bu h hx yg Pu, whch my hv cuy vd v? p Ad wh hv b cy ufu mdyg dcm- p h my zu wy wh pcc h f h, w wh udubdy, cy bv h h cu f h c c quy dvg d ufu. Evm wy my k u u udcv g cmb xc dumpg; b wy my k f ' uf fc; d uc wy my k umk f duc fud d p juy mg. c 253 mpy C udcv m m vg c fch, yy, d h f- dpu. w y hp c 254 A y d 250. bs,.g., Ib & Sv, up 22; Ud S v. Pk, 165 F. Supp. 2d 431 w(w.d.n.y. 2001) (cm vg); App Cp Ld. v. I Cc Sc'y, 15 F. Supp. 2d 456 (D.N.J. 1998) (cu ppy c); D.C. Ehc Op., up 220 (fd gc P b cuy g wh wy my u dc fuhc f "gm cu- g"). y u 251. Ib & Sv, up 22; Fdm, up 65, 780. u 252. hpu, S,.g., Sgg v. Nw Yk Cy Hh & Hp Cp., 162 A.D.2d 595 (N.Y. App. Dv. 1990). 3d (udcv vg vwd gdy mgg pff p juy c) c 254. S,.g., Mdw M Sp v. Acc C S, Ic., 347 F. 3d 693 (8h C. 2003) (vg vwd dv py fch dpu). v vu d hf u -h

38 160 S Uv) Lw Rvw [ V. 32:1:123 ubv f h w hy ubjcv d cud vy mg dff f h cuy, d mg p hdg dff pc bf, d dff c vu. Gg fwd, ufu f cu d hc gg ubjcv kg f h ubjc- fc. W w u w umb f hyphc xmp h v u h m f d cc xg pcd. Hyphc 1: Cd h xmp f wy wh wh vg mm vm hzd, xc w dump d ghbhd, py cmd dkg w uppy. T h wy p hmw' c vm gup d wh b fm bu h pu fm c mufcug cc h upcd f cug h dgu cd. Th pbm ud h -cc u, h c g, d h wy wh mk u quy f w-v cc mpy. My h wy dcy cc h gd pu ud umd dy? I dff f h wy pcd dcy, hugh vg? Hyphc 2: A wy f b u h vg p mpy fcy upcd f vg OSHA gu. Th mufcu upcd f mvg fy gud pw w d pug wk cu fy pcdu. Hyphc 3: A gvm wy d udcv vg p ud umd dy d vg d f v gg. Th vg w cdg dvc d m fm h wy, wh dv h vg whm vw, wh qu k, d wh yp f fm b. Th g f h vg pd by cu. Hyphc 3-A: A cm df wy chg f xcupy w cp c. Th mg w h cm cd, pb upc ud vg, d hdg. Th wy d vg p gg mmb ud umd dy d w h cfdc d cp f h w. Hyphc 4: A df wy p juy c p dc wh gd ggc cpcd h pff, wh cm pm dby fm wk. Lg h h pff h pd ch bu, h wy dpch vg p cum d upuy p cd h gdy cpcd pff.

39 2008] D c p Udcv Ivg C. Ay f Hyphc ud Exg Lw Ech f h hyphc xmp p puv gud f pmg h u f dcp, dcy. Hwv, ud d g pcp, y Hyphc 3, vvg udcv cm vg, ky b cdd hcy pmb m judc. 255 c (Hyphc T h 1) d OSHA vg (Hyphc 2), p mp h c vu h gfc h h cv gh d xcu m pppy c whch dcp h b dd by m uh., 256 u f dcp c ud h w hyphc& uh Mv, dw v ud xg w, pp h h pcu Hyphc 3 my hcy u udcv vg gh cu- py h vdc f c m, g, h 257 my b uu dcp h gh xcupy vdc h m d c. f 258 v udcv vg Fd, Uh, d pby h D- f Cumb, bu h df y wud. v c y Ic m 259 Iw, h h I df O y g d pcu k wud d b b upv uch vg y h v f ky v f cv h y u p h h cm y w. Bcu h pcu vgg cm ud c h m f h hyphc, h wud b hcy pmb Og d Iw. y Bu h df y my yg bh h 3 p pa h xc f b dub h c' gu. U h d- y h upc d vg cm uch mf c gd juy pjuy buc f juc by gvm w g uch vg cud b uhc, v ud Og w, whch, h hw md u-bd dc. 260 T u h pbm fuh, cd h fwg dd h hyphc xmp. Aum h Ud S y (AUSA) vgg h hf f $500 wf chck, fd m- I ud c pdg h m judc, pubc pdm. dfd pg upc ccud f cp cm. Ud x- w m judc, cudg Fd d v Og, h g 255. S dcu up P IVA S dcu up P IV.13 C. c 257. S dcu up P IV.A. u 258. M 259. S dcu up P IVA C S O. Ehc Op., up 135 (2005) (g h mu b uwfu cduc jufy u f dc vg). J W. B h gud h pmg dcp by pcu bu df cu cud gv cu pbm. S B, up 126. w u d b p