Euro-Mediterranean integration and competitiveness of the agro-food sector. An empirical analysis in Campania region

Transcription

1 Euro-Medterranean ntegraton and compettveness of the agro-food sector. An emprcal analyss n Campana regon DEBORA SCARPATO 1, MARIAROSARIA SIMEONE 2 1. Introducton In a context of global competton, Italan agrculture needs to re-poston tself n order to be compettve on world markets whle, at the same tme, supportng the hghest costs of producton n Europe. The pressure on farmers s becomng more ntense partly due to strct producton methods demanded by socety, ncreasng drvng costs, and partly because producton prces have to be n lne wth world market prces. Because of the global crss, the worldwde trade n goods decreased n 2009 for the frst tme snce There was a 12% reducton n volume, whch confrmed the declnng trend begnnng n 2007 (WTO, 2011). Agrcultural goods suffered a less sgnfcant declne (only 3%). Another sgnfcant fact s that the share of agrcultural products of total goods traded remans below 10%. At a global level, the two man agrcultural exporters and mporters are the European Unon (EU) and the USA. Addng ther respectve shares as mporters or exporters they represent about 20% of current agrcultural trade, whle n 2000 they accounted for about 25%. Ths reducton s due to the emergence of a seres of countres whose partcpaton n global agrcultural markets s ncreasng (García Álvarez-Coque et al., 2012). Moreover, the agrcultural sector s facng ncreasngly complex compettve pressure arsng not only from the WTO negotatons and from the recent EU enlargements, but also from the EU s partcpaton n free trade areas (FTAs). The development of FTAs among Medterranean countres s of great nterest especally for the southern I- talan regon of Campana due to the smlarty of ts food producton to that of other Medterranean countres (Ancona, 2008). Agrcultural systems both n Europe and n the Medterranean regon are facng major economc and socal challenges. A central objectve n both developed and less developed countres s to promote publc goods by preservng a- grcultural potental. In addton, agrcultural polcy has the ethcal commtment to ensure the world populaton s access to food through sustanable producton processes and technologes and to mprove the qualty and nutrtonal propertes of food (Malorgo and Solarol, 2012). In ths context, ths analyss amed to focus on: () the role of Campana n the food trade n the so-called Mezzogorno area and towards non-eu Medterranean countres, also known as Southern Medterranean Countres (SMCs); () the complementarty of producton and the compettve capacty of the food sector; () the mportance of projects to accompany the openng of free trade process wth productve specalzaton; (v) the need to dfferentate food producton n Campana. The followng secton hghlghts the mportance of the a- grcultural sector n relaton to the Euro-Medterranean ntegraton. The thrd secton presents an overvew of agr- Abstract Aganst the background of the lterature on the opportuntes and threats arsng from EuroMed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), we analysed the qualtatve data obtaned from n-depth ntervews wth opnon leaders of the sector and the secondary data for the quanttatve analyss wth the use of a Revealed Comparatve Advantage ndex (RCA). The results ndcate the compettveness of food products from Campana compared to those of other Italan regons towards Southern Medterranean Countres (SMCs). In the medum term a gradual ntensfcaton of trade s expected, ncreasngly lnked to producton specalsaton and unqueness of agro-food products. Keywords: ntegraton, food products, trade, Revealed Comparatve Advantage (RCA), Campana. Résumé En parcourant la lttérature consacrée aux atouts et aux menaces des Accords de lbre-échange (ALE) entre les partenares euro-médterranéens, nous avons analysé les données qualtatves obtenues à partr des entretens approfonds avec des leaders d opnon du secteur et des données secondares pour l analyse quanttatve à travers l ndce de l avantage comparatf révélé (ACR). Les résultats ont ndqué que de toutes les régons talennes examnées, la Campane est celle qu offre les produts almentares les plus compéttfs par rapport aux Pays du sud de la Médterranée (PSM). A moyen terme, on s attend à une ntensfcaton progressve des échanges, étrotement lée à la spécalsaton de la producton et à l uncté des produts agro-almentares. Mots-clés: ntégraton, produts almentares, échanges, Avantage comparatf révélé (ACR), Campane. 1 Department of Economc Studes Salvatore Vnc, Unversty of Naples Parthenope, Naples (Italy). 2 Department of Economc, Law and Socal Studes (SEGIS), Unversty of Sanno, Benevento (Italy). Jel Classfcaton: Q17, F13, F53 56

2 culture as t undergoes the process of lberalzaton. Fnally, secton 4 seeks to assess the compettveness of Campana, compared to other Italan regons, n ts trade wth SMCs. Therefore, ths secton s dvded nto two subsectons: the frst reports the results of the qualtatve survey and the second presents our emprcal analyss. In partcular, what e- merges from the qualtatve analyss makes t possble to nterpret the quanttatve data, thus sheddng lght on the e- mergng poltcal and economc compettve arena as well. As regards the creaton of a free trade area wth SMCs markets, through the analyss of export flows and through the ndcators provded n ths paper, t s possble to demonstrate the compettveness of Campana exports towards these countres. Therefore, the creaton of a free trade area for many countres could be an opportunty, and not necessarly a threat. Indeed, ths case study could be an example of how, even a regon lke Campana, wth hgh producton specalzaton n Medterranean products, has substantal export flows towards several Medterranean countres, whch suggests that n the future there mght be a beneft for ths regon n the creaton of an FTA. 2. Agrculture and EuroMed Free Trade Agreements Agrcultural negotatons are presented as an open queston whose resoluton s nfluenced by varous ssues that nclude socal dumpng, the scarcty of prvate nvestment n the regon and the ntra-european prsoner s dlemma 3. Hence, when the strategy was launched n the Euro- Medterranean partnershp n Barcelona n 1995, agrculture was afforded specal treatment. The creaton of a free trade area between the EU and southern Medterranean countres envsaged ts mplementaton through the progressve elmnaton of commercal barrers for ndustral products. Although the agrcultural trade agreements have establshed progressve lberalsaton, the presence of numerous techncal barrers mposed by the EU on SMCs represents a strong lmtaton to the lberalsaton process (Raston et al., 2004; Raston, 2005). The Euro-Medterranean Conference held n Barcelona n 2005 sought to brng a new mpulse to agrcultural trade n the regon and establshed a road map under whch the EU has reached new agrcultural trade lberalsaton agreements wth Jordan (n 2005), Egypt and Israel (2008), and Morocco (agreement adopted at the end of 2009 and ratfed n 2011) (Gadulf et al., 2011). The process of Euro-Medterranean ntegraton n agrculture has been very complex. The man reason s that a- grculture, especally the frut and vegetables (F&V) sector, 3 Ths dlemma s expressed n the partcular stuaton n whch European manufacturers ask for a rebalancng of the ad system because the common agrcultural polcy should be more equtable for the dfferent regons and dfferent Medterranean producers (CI- HEAM, 1998, pp ). has been, and stll s, one of the man sources of conflct n the relatons between the EU and the SMCs (García Álvarez-Coque and Jordán Galduf, 2006; García Álvarez- Coque et al., 2008). Accordng to Tm Joslng (2004), the ncluson of agrculture n FTAs s mportant for the followng reasons: Exportng countres wthn the tradng block want better access to the markets of mportng countres for ther agrcultural goods. If agrculture s excluded from the rules of free trade, the food ndustry, faced wth the dfferentaton of standards and cost gaps, would be lmted to the domestc market and would be less stmulated to become nternatonally compettve. The excluson of agrculture from free trade agreements could lead to dsputes between countres that may be reported to the WTO. Artcle IV of GATT (WTO bult-n agenda) provdes that regonal agreements concern essentally every type of busness (essentally all trades) between the partners. Although ths clause has never been clearly defned, one can magne that the excluson of an mportant sector of the e- conomy such as agrculture from the FTA, would be a subject of complant. In addton, the general trend s orented towards a more rgd nterpretaton of ths clause n order to avod excessve fragmentaton of the tradng system. There s extensve lterature on the EU s Assocaton A- greements and on the models to analyse trade lberalsaton n agrculture, especally n terms of mpacts of trade flows on factor markets, on natonal producton and on welfare (Stern, 2001; Kuper, 2004; Garca-Alvarez-Coque et al., 2006). Accordng to Martnez-Gomez (2007), tarff concessons mean sgnfcant prce advantages for the preference-recevng countres. In realty, 25 years of commercal preferences have gven no great mpulse to the export dynamcs of the SMCs, but a contnuaton of the tradtonal trade flows from these countres to the EU. In effect, there has been a lmted mpact of the Barcelona Process on agrcultural trade (Abs, 2011). Agrculture s a key ssue n relatons between opposte shores of the Medterranean, not only due to the complex process of ongong lberalsaton, but also due to the coexstence of producton generated by smlar, but very dfferent producton structures. The southern shore has a sgnfcant rural component, whle on the northern shore,.e. European countres, the populaton s only margnally agrcultural. Regons wth a gross marketable producton of Medterranean products greater than 40% are concentrated n the southern areas of the European Unon. Campana s one of the Italan regons whch has more than 40% gross marketable producton of Medterranean products: for example, Medterranean products n Span and Italy represent 43% of the fnal output and ths percentage s as hgh as 50% n Greece. The product concentraton n the Medter- 57

3 ranean EU nvolves the farmers of the South n stff competton wth SMCs due to the smlarty of ther products. The determnng factor s that exports of SMCs to the EU show a specalzaton of the market n ts own Medterranean products, whch also emerges on examnng the Campana data for the top ten food products exported to SMCs: Medterranean countres have a very smlar composton of agrcultural exports manly based on products such as frut and vegetables, nuts and processed products. Turkey, Israel and Morocco are among the man supplers of such products to the EU and compete drectly wth the countres of Southern Europe n senstve products such as fresh frut and vegetables, ctrus fruts, tomatoes and olve ol. Ths suggests that trade concessons to the Medterranean partner countres of southern Europe are vewed by farmers as a serous threat to ther products (Mulazzan and Malorgo, 2009). The development of free trade plays a key role n the compettveness of the Campana regon, due to the North- South asymmetres that exst n the Medterranean regon, the weght of agrculture n the economy and, last but not least, the mportance of trade flows between EU and SMCs. The agrcultural sector s of nterest, not only for ts performance n exports, but also for ts mportance to the rural populaton of SMCs and for the treatment of moderate lberalsaton whch the sector has been nvolved wth n the a- greements. The problem of sustanablty of Campana s agro-food producton n the current ntegraton process wth Euro- Medterranean countres must necessarly be seen wthn the broader debate on the mplcatons of trade lberalzaton. Accordng to several researchers, ths process should be accompaned by polces for rural development to rebalance the ad between the northern and southern Unon. Farmers n southern Europe pose two man types of restrctons n relaton to the creaton of Euro-Medterranean Free Trade: far play n nternatonal competton and a better balance n support of the CAP (García Álvarez-Coque et al., 2006). Fgure 1 - Total foregn trade wth Med area. Italan macro regons Sources: ISTAT n SRM, Economc relatons between Italy and the Medterranean area - Annual Report Agrcultural trade between southern Italy and southern Medterranean countres Gong nto the detals of our analyss we proceeded to s- tudy export flows, payng attenton ntally to southern I- talan mports and exports to and from the Medterranean countres. Fgure 1 clearly shows that total mport-export trade between southern Italy and the Southern Medterranean countres from 2001 to 2010 ncreased by around 30%, as dd ts mportance n relaton to the other macro regons. In the southern Italan context, the regon of Campana has a very sgnfcant share of trade of the aggregate totals for products from agrculture, forestry and fsheres (INEA, 2010). Most countres wth whch Campana has ntense trade relatons have been nvolved n partnershp programmes. One such programme was the Partnershp Project between Campana and non-eu Medterranean countres nvolvng Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Tunsa and Turkey untl December 2009, whose am was to create a network to develop the agro-ndustral system of Campana n the non- EU Medterranean countres. 4. The compettveness of Campana agrofood sector exports towards southern Medterranean countres Ths phase of the study uses, n two successve steps, qualtatve and quanttatve research. Qualtatve research confrmed the emprcal data and made t possble to apprecate the regon s prospects. Campana has a unque gastronomc hertage both n terms of varety and qualty, recognzed snce ancent tmes, when the Greeks and Romans acknowledged the superorty of ts products and the purty of olve ol comng from what was known as Campana Felx. The frescoes of patrcan vllas of the Vesuvan ctes of Pompe and Herculaneum, excavated from under the volcanc lava, show the same fruts and vegetables whch, untl a few years ago, used to be purchased n local markets and used n cookng, as essental elements of the now famous Medterranean det. When t comes to crop producton, the geography of Campana contrbutes to favourng the coastal areas. The plans, whch account for less than one-sxth of the regon (50.8% s hlly, 34.5% s mountanous), are all coastal, of 1 ISTAT (Italan Natonal Insttute of Statstcs) s a publc research organsaton. Establshed n Italy n 1926, t s the man producer of offcal statstcs n the servce of ctzens and polcy-makers. 58

4 alluval orgn and rendered especally fertle by the volcanc sols. Campana has a Medterranean clmate and a gross output of Medterranean products of over 40%. Ths data shows the mportance of ganng nsghts nto trade wth the SMCs, gven that many products are smlar Qualtatve research phase: ntervewng key nformants The method of ntervewng key nformants has long been used n emprcal nvestgatons (see, for example, Tremblay, 1982). It s a subjectve method that provdes nformaton of a qualtatve nature (Pacnell, 2008). The key nformants are those able to provde vald and credble nformaton on certan phenomena. The emprcal phase on understandng revealed comparatve advantage was accompaned by a qualtatve phase. Indepth ntervews were conducted wth executves of the Campana Department for the Cooperaton projects between Campana and the southern Medterranean countres and I- talan Foregn Offce dplomats. These people were chosen for ther competence n the sector and on the subject n hand. The nvtatons were formal and were presented by telephone n order to explan the am of the research project. The ntervews were carred out n dfferent offces and on dfferent days because the ntervewees were n dfferent locatons. Everyone was nvted to express hmself/herself freely and to handle the subject startng from one s own deas and experences, avodng consderatons of a general nature that have no explanatory value. The ssues dscussed wth the key nformants referred to the current stuaton and future scenaros. The compettveness of Campana food products was the subject of analyss and evaluaton. Reflectons were focussed on: () the role of Campana n the trade of the Mezzogorno area and n the rest of Italy; () the complementarty of producton and the compettve capacty of the food sector; () the mportance of projects to accompany the openng of the free trade process wth producton specalzaton; (v) the necessty of dfferentatng Campana food products. In ths phase, every sngle person ntervewed was aware of the mportance of Campana producers to develop food product dfferentaton strateges n order to reman compettve. The results allowed us to dentfy opportuntes and rsks for the future and to confrm the mportance of Campana n the Italan food trade compared wth the other Italan regons for some products marketed wth the SMCs. In ths phase ntatves put n place by ths regon have emerged, preparatory to the future establshment of an effectve free trade area. One of these ntatves, called Antenna, was amed at developng partnershp programmes between Campana and SMCs, especally Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Tunsa and Turkey. Through ths system, whch nvolved the agro-food ndustry, the Campana Regonal Authorty actvated a network n these countres. The network worked through the Antenna whch was used to obtan macroeconomc and statstcal nformaton on the sector, marketng research nformaton, compettve analyss, legal and tax assstance, partner search, montorng and development of dstrbuton channels, and logstcal assstance wth the basc organzaton of busness meetngs. Among the other servces provded there was the possblty of verfyng the relablty of fnancal and corporate busnesses wth whch entrepreneurs ntended to start up partnershps. Servces also ncluded assstance n trade negotatons, relatons wth customers to solve dsputes and debt collecton, the completon of procedures requred by global regulatons and the sgnallng and the assstance to ther actvtes. The network between Campana regon and Southern Medterranean countres to mprove the cooperaton among them has also supported the socal, economc and cultural actors of Campana (chambers of commerce, trade assocatons, research centres, unverstes, etc.) n the creaton of partnershp wth the stakeholders. Ths actvty, based on the fndngs of the key persons ntervewed, has generated an ncrease n the trade. The prospects that arse from ths free trade area wll depend, accordng to opnon leaders, on the regon s ablty to captalse on ts specal food producton. For the agrcultural sector t would appear that f there s a declne n exports caused by the free trade area, t wll not affect the producton of food wth local dstnctveness and dentty. In the same way, t s mportant that the Campana food companes dfferentate ther producton based on the attrbutes of value through a market-orented strategy as much as possble n order to place ther producton on a market of monopolstc competton. Otherwse, an atttude that looks to the present wthout consderng the future scenaro of global market compettveness faced by Campana s producers could generate market myopa The revealed comparatve advantage (RCA) In ths contrbuton we carred out an emprcal study of nternatonal compettveness of one of the Italan regons wth an mportant share of Medterranean agrofood products. The frst problem we encountered was related to the s- carcty of emprcal data avalable. To cope wth ths problem we chose, wthn the exstng ndcators, the revealed comparatve advantage (RCA) ndcator. The RCA of a country for any partcular good s the share of the nternatonal market of that good dvded by ts share of the nternatonal market for all goods. Several studes have analysed trade and RCA measures for trade flows, conducted prmarly by Balassa (1965). Jambon and Hubbard (2012) n ther study, wth the am of analysng the effects of EU accesson on Hungaran prmary and processed agro-food trade, used revealed symmetrc comparatve advantages based on the most recent avalable data. They found that revealed comparatve advantages weakened after accesson. Indeed, the majorty of products reveal a comparatve dsadvantage over the entre perod, and ths majorty was greater n the 59

5 post-accesson perod. Ther study led to the concluson that the most mportant long-term goal of ther country should be the producton and export of hgher value-added processed products based on domestc raw materals. Savc et al. (2012) analysed the levels of development, compettveness, lmtatons and future development reached n the Serban food ndustry. The am of ther paper was to hghlght the assumptons and possbltes of the development of the food ndustry. For ths purpose they used the RCA ndex. Polymeros et al. (2005) sought to evaluate the compettveness of the fsheres and aquaculture ndustres of some Medterranean countres. The RCA ndex of I- talan, French, Greek, Portuguese and Spansh fsh products was estmated n order to gan new nsghts regardng the compettveness of such products n EU markets. In our work we used the RCA ndex to gan nsghts nto the compettveness of Campana food products towards SMCs and to compare t wth that of other Italan regons towards the same market, for the same food products Emprcal analyss: the RCA of Campana compared to other Italan regons n the food sector towards the Southern Medterranean Countres and the world A country j reveals ts comparatve advantage for a product when the share of ts exports s hgher than the correspondng share of exports of the same product on the total world trade. Startng from the revealed compettve advantage (1), the ndcator (2) was defned. The ndcator (2) allows, wth respect to a gven market (M), to compare the weght of the export of each Campana food product to the weght of the same food products on Italan exports. j RCA = : j j j j j (1) In the ndcator (3) the ncdence of Campana exports of a gven product wth respect to all regonal food exports s compared wth the natonal exports of the same product n relaton to the total natonal exports of food products. If the ndcator yelds a value hgher than one, t means that Campana assumes a leadng role n the export of that product to the world, as appears n Table 1, and to non-eu Medterranean countres (Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Tunsa, Algera, Syra, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon) n Table 3 because Campana exports that product n greater proporton than on a natonal bass. Ths phenomenon s then shown by the fact that aggregate 1 s greater than aggregate 2. Hence Campana, n respect of the rest of Italy, has a comparatve advantage n exportng that product. Table 1 - Campana Regon, agrcultural and food products. RCA of Campana regon compared to other Italan regons, Export market (M) World markets (current values). Source: Our processng INEA data, 2009-values.000 euros. Fgure 2 - Campana Export: comparatve advantage n world markets. RCA = Campana Campana, M :, M Itala Itala, M, M (2) The products consdered are the followng: agrcultural and hortcultural products, lve anmals and anmal products, forestry products, fsh and other fshery products, meat and meat products, processed and preserved fsh, prepared or preserved fruts and vegetables, vegetable ols, anmal fats, dary products and ce cream; mll products, starches, anmal feed, other foodstuffs and beverages; RCA = Campana Campana, M :, M Itala Itala, M, M (3) Sources: Our elaboraton on INEA data (2009). As shown n Tables 1 and 2, an RCA greater than 0 ndcates that, wth reference to world markets (table 1) and to those of SMC s (table 2), Campana has a comparatve advantage for that producton over the rest of Italy (see fgures 2 INEA (Natonal Insttute of Agrcultural Economcs) s a publc research nsttute under the supervson of the Mnstry for Agrcultural, Food and Forestry Polces. 60

6 Table 2 - Campana Regon, agrcultural and food products. RCA of Campana regon compared to other Italan regons, Export market (M) Southern Medterranean Countres (current values). Source: Our processng on INEA data, values.000 euros. Fgure 3 - Export Campana: RCA towards (SMC s). Sources: Our elaboraton on INEA data (2009). 2 and 3). In partcular, analyss of exports from Campana to the SMCs confrms the exstence of comparatve advantage n the regon vs-à-vs other Italan regons whch s already found on global markets n the followng food sectors: fsh and other fshery products prepared and preserved frut and vegetables. The comparatve advantage of Campana over other Italan regons n ts trade wth SMC markets emerges for the followng food products: lve anmals and anmal products processed and preserved fsh. 5. Dscusson and concluson Followng the road map establshed at the Euro- Medterranean Conference n Barcelona n November 2005, n theory, trade flows wll ncrease both n North- South and South-North drectons. Ths could create new opportuntes for actors of both sdes of the Medterranean. However, ths lberalsaton could result n major rsks due to the socal consequences arsng from adjustments requred n less compettve sectors, both n the North and South of the regon, ncludng the growng rsk of food dependency on mports of basc products. It would therefore be approprate to adapt the lberalsaton process and apply other accompanyng polces that can attenuate the socal costs. In addton, the fact that most rural areas stll have to cope wth several major problems to be more compettve and sustanable means that agrcultural lberalsaton s probably not the most mportant challenge for southern European agrculture (García Álvarez-Coque et al., 2012). The revew of the relevant lterature, combned wth the analyss of qualtatve and emprcal data, showed an ncreasng strategc mportance n the development of trade between Campana and SMCs. To analyse the mplcatons of trade lberalsaton for agrculture n Campana, an mportant element to consder s the level of compettveness, n terms of agro-food product dfferentaton and nnovaton (Smeone and Marotta, 2011), that SMCs wll be able to acheve. The market analyss confrms the comparatve advantage of Campana over other Italan regons vs-à-vs the SMCs, n fsh and other fshery products and prepared and preserved frut and vegetables. It also shows that Campana, a- gan n relaton to other Italan regons, has a comparatve advantage n these markets for the followng food products: lve anmals and anmal products processed and preserved fsh. These fndngs may be due to the tastes of consumers n these markets n relaton to the dfferent producton specalzaton found among Italan regons. Ths case study could be an example of how even a regon wth hgh productve specalzaton n Medterranean products, has substantal export flows towards several SMCs. Ths result means that n the future there mght be a beneft for ths regon n the creaton of a free trade area especally f the agro-food economy of the European regons s geared to actvtes that offer hgher added value and are technologcally ntensve. As regards the creaton of a free trade area wth such markets, through the analyss of export flows and through the ndcators provded n ths paper, t s possble to show the compettveness of Campana exports towards these countres. Therefore, the creaton of a free trade area for many countres could be an opportunty and not necessarly a threat. The prospects for the regon are those of progressve ntensfcaton of trade, captalsng on specal agro-food products that make ts producton so dstnctve. In ths case, due to the compettveness of producton n Campana, whch depends on product dfferentaton, marketng, harvest and post-harvest technologes, and transport servces, the free trade area may also be seen as an opportunty to be exploted by European operators, especally n order to ensure supples of out-of-season frut and vegetables. Polcy mplcatons that emerge from ths concluson confrm that the CAP reform process should assst the structural adaptaton of areas that could be most affected by agrcultural lberalsaton. In partcular, the CAP should pursue objectves regardng both support to rural areas and external openness more effectvely. Ths means, frst of all, that publc resources whch southern Europe receves from the 61

7 CAP must be nvested wth more effcency and equty on factors that can mprove the compettveness and sustanablty of EU countres, encouragng and supportng actvtes that offer a hgher added value and are technologcally ntensve whch can contrbute to a real re-orentaton of ther agro-food economy. Polcy nterventons should be more effectve at mprovng the qualty of food and the envronment, seekng a postve mpact on local communtes and enterprses, encouragng, for example, Corporate Socal Responsblty practces (Scarpato et al., 2011). Wth the CAP reform n 2003 and the Health Check of the CAP n 2008, producer support n the EU s becomng, to a large extent, decoupled from producton, takng account of terrtoral and envronmental payments as well as the strengthenng of rural development polces. But, even f much has been done, further reform of the CAP s needed to address publc concerns. The evoluton of the CAP has to be completed from decouplng to targetng, and polces to promote strong producers organzatons and a value chan approach are necessary (García Álvarez-Coque et al., 2012). The future compettveness of the Italan agro-food sector wll depend greatly on the effectveness of polces desgned to accompany the trade lberalsaton process wth approprate measures to support the adaptaton of farmng systems. In ths context, the CAP reform for 2013 wll have an mportant role to play n the future. The CAP reform proposals for 2013 provde a more even dstrbuton of the basc support and the reallocaton of the budget to envronmental payments, more adapted to the challenges faced by agrculture n the present century (European Commsson, 2010). In addton, consderng the socal, terrtoral, envronmental and cultural mplcatons, Euro-Medterranean ntegraton s not only a queston of trade, but wll also be mportant for nternatonal cooperaton. In ths sense, the evoluton of the European Neghbourhood Polcy for Agrculture and Rural Development (ENPARD) could also have an mportant mpact on the compettveness of the Italan agrofood sector. In concluson, the mplcatons of trade lberalsaton for Campana agrculture n the future wll depend not only on the compettveness of the regon s food products, but also on the polces that wll be mplemented at dfferent levels. References Abs S., Lbéralsaton du commerce agrcole et coopératon pour la sécurté almentare. Euromed Survey, Barcelona, IEMed. Ancona G. (2008), Le econome medterranee tra convergenza e dvergenza, n Stud sull ntegrazone europea, 2008, v. III, no. 2. Balassa B., Trade lberalzaton and Revealed Comparatve Advantage. The Manchester School, 33: Centre For European Polcy Studes (CEPS), Economc ntegraton n the Euro-Medterranean Regon. Fnal report appendces, pp. 22, 33. Choccol E., Svluppo e poltche agro-almentar nella Regone Medterranea. Pars: CIHEAM. 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Papeles de Economía Española, 117: García Álvarez-Coque, J. M., Martnez-Gomez V. and Jordán Galduf J.M., Agrcultural globalzaton and Medterranean products. In: MedTERRA Pars: CI- HEAM, Presses de Scences Po, pp García Álvarez-Coque J. M., Martnez-Gomez V. and Vllanueva M., Modellng Euro Medterranean Agrcultural Trade. Tradeag, Agrcultural Trade Agreements, WP- 2006/05. INEA (Isttuto Nazonale d Economa Agrara), Il commerco con l estero de prodott agroalmentar. Rome. Jambor A. and Hubbard L., Changes n Hungaran Agr-Food Trade snce EU accesson. Selected Paper prepared for presentaton at the Internatonal Assocaton of A- grcultural Economsts (IAAE) Trennal Conference, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazl, August, Jordán Galduf J. M., García Álvarez-Coque J. M. and Martínez Gómez V. D., La agrcultura y el espaco Euromedterráneo: recursos, compettvdad y polítcas. Economía y compettvdad en el área Euromedterránea, July-August, 861: Joslng T. and Hathaway D., Ths Far And No Farther? Nudgng Agrcultural Reform Forward. Internatonal Economcs Polcy Brefs, (March): PB04-1. Kuper M., Ffty ways to leave your protecton. Comparng Appled Models of the Euro-Medterranean Assocaton Agreements. ENARPRI Workng Paper, 6. Lorca Corrons A., L mpact de la lbéralsaton commercale Euro-Médterranéenne dans les échanges agrcoles. FEMISE network. 62

8 Malorgo G. and Solarol L., Polces and regulatons n the Medterranean: complementarty and coherence. In: MedTERRA Pars: CIHEAM, Presses de Scences Po, pp Martnez-Gomez V., Assessng Euro-Med trade preferences: The case of entry prce reducton. Paper presented to the 1st Medterranean Conference of Agro-Food Socal Scentsts, Barcelona, Aprl Mulazzan L. and Malorgo G., Market dynamcs and commercal flows n the Medterranean area: trangular effects among the EU, the MPCs and Italy n the frut and vegetable sector. New Medt, 8(1): Pacnell A., Metod per la rcerca socale partecpata. Mlano: Franco Angel. Ptts E. and Lagnevk M., What determnes food ndustry compettveness? In: Trall W.B. and Ptts E. (eds.). Compettveness n the food ndustry. Blacke Academc & Professonal, pp Polymeros K., Tsakrdou E. and Mattas K., Assessng the Compettveness of EU Medterranean Fsheres and Aquaculture Industres. European Assocaton of Agrcultural Economsts, 95th Semnar, December 9-10, 2005, Cvtaveccha, Italy 01/2005. Raston J.L., Il settore agroalmentare e l area euromedterranea d lbero scambo. Economa e Drtto Agroalmentare, 2. MANCANO LE PAGINE Raston J.L., Ghers G., Jacquet F., Padlla M. and Tozanl S., Agro-food development and polces n the Medterranean regon. In: Agr.Med. Pars: CIHEAM, pp Savc L., Boskovc G. and Mcc V., Assumptons and possbltes of the development of the Serban food ndustry. Economcs of Agrculture, 59(4): Scarpato D., Iannuaro S., Veccho R. and Carbone G., The corporate socal responsblty as a tool for compettveness and sustanablty of local systems: the case of water buffalo meat n Campana regon. Qualty-access to success, 1(125): Smeone M. and Marotta G., Towards an ntegraton of sensory research and marketng n new food products development: A theoretcal and methodologcal revew. Afrcan Journal of Busness Management, 4(19): Stern R.B., Dynamc aspects of Euro-Medterranean agreements for the Mddle East and North Afrcan e- conomes. In: Dessus S., Devln J. and Safad R. (eds.). Towards Arab and Euro-Med Regonal Integraton. Development Centre of the Organsaton for Economc Co-Operaton and Development Economc Research Forum for the Arab Countres, Iran And Turkey-The World Bank, Development Centre Semnars, Pars. SRM (Study and Research for Mezzogorno Area), Economc relatons between Italy and the Medterranean area - Annual Report Napol: Gannn Edtore. Tremblay M., The key nformant technque: A nonethnographc applcaton. In: Burgess R. G. (ed.). Feld research: a sourcebook and feld manual. London: George Allen & Unwn, pp WTO (World Trade Organzaton), Internatonal Trade Statstcs, 63

9 L ncapactà d ottemperare necessar cambament, propro quando ess sono ndspensabl, fa sì che ogg la santà pubblca sa n grave percolo.