Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
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1 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare? Michael Roland University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria,, Austria IWSSISPMU2012 International Workshop on Security and Privacy in Spontaneous Interaction and Mobile Phone Use 18 June 2012, Newcastle, UK This work is part of the project 4EMOBILITY within the EU program Regionale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit OÖ (Regio 13) funded by the European regional development fund (ERDF) and the Province of Upper Austria (Land Oberösterreich).
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3 Outline Introduction Near Field Communication Secure Element-based Card Emulation Software Card Emulation Software Card Emulation Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion 2 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
4 Near Field Communication Advancement of proximity RFID and smartcard technology Idea: Touch an object to trigger an action 3 operating modes Peer-to-peer mode Reader/writer mode Card emulation mode 3 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
5 NFC in a Mobile Phone Application processor NFC interface Application processor Secure element (via NFC controller) Peer-to-peer mode, Reader/writer mode, Software card emulation (1) (3) Secure card emulation (internal access to secure element) Secure element NFC interface Secure card emulation (2) (4) Application processor Secure element (direct) Secure card emulation (internal access to secure element) 4 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
6 Card Emulation NFC device emulates a contactless smartcard Access control token Credit card Compatibility to existing proximity smartcard infrastructure Emulation by Smartcard chip (secure element) Software on application processor 5 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
7 Secure Element-based Card Emulation Secure Element Dedicated secure element chip UICC ( SIM card ) SD memory card Same high security level as other smartcards Secure storage Secure execution environment Hardware-based cryptographic operations 6 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
8 Attacks on Card Emulation and Smartcards Example: Relay Attack Communication between smartcard and reader can be relayed over longer distances Proxy reader in proximity of the smartcard Proxy card emulator in proximity of the actual reader Proxy card emulator and proxy reader communicate over an alternative channel (e.g. Bluetooth) 7 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
9 Software card emulation No secure element Smartcard commands handled by software on the application processor 8 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
10 Availability of Software Card Emulation All BlackBerry NFC mobile phones CyanogenMod 9 after-market firmware for Android devices Dedicated NFC reader devices (e.g. ACR 122U) Dedicated card emulators (Proxmark, ) 9 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
11 Advantages of Software Card Emulation Card emulation is often associated with high revenue applications (payment, ticketing, access control) Everyone wants to develop these applications BUT: Secure element is under tight control of handset manufacturer/trusted service manager/mobile network operator Competing applications not likely to be allowed to coexist on one secure element High cost to get applications onto a secure element (due to limited space and expensive certification) 10 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
12 Advantages of Software Card Emulation Software card emulation opens card emulation applications to average developers Complex secure element is not needed Anybody can develop applications based on existing reader infrastructure Software card emulation can be used as an alternative to peer-topeer mode Peer-to-peer mode is still not (fully) supported by many NFC devices Many smartcard readers for PCs do not support peer-to-peer mode Reader/writer mode is well supported on the PC platform through PC/SC (peer-to-peer mode is not!) Software stack for reader/writer mode is less complex than that of peer-topeer mode Great chance for others than the big players to create innovative NFC applications 11 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
13 Disadvantages of Software Card Emulation Application processor is less secure than secure element (no secure storage, no trusted execution environment) Difficult to store sensitive data Possible interference by other applications Maybe okay for some applications (e.g. ticketing) Problematic with other applications (e.g. payment, access control) Software card emulation devices as attack platform Card emulator for relay attacks Mobile phones have form factor expected for NFC/contactless transactions Mobile phones have network connectivity for the relay channel 12 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
14 Cloud-based Secure Element 13 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
15 Conclusion Software card emulation is a great opportunity for developers Breaks the barrier of secure element-based solutions Easy integration into existing contactless smartcard systems Easier to use than peer-to-peer mode Significant risk Developers may be lazy with securing their applications and data Devices may be used as platform for relay attacks 14 Software Card Emulation in NFC-enabled Mobile Phones: Great Advantage or Security Nightmare?
16 September 11th 12th, 2012, Austria Thank You! Michael Roland Research Associate, NFC University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria,, Austria michael.roland (at) fh-hagenberg.at This work is part of the project 4EMOBILITY within the EU program Regionale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit OÖ (Regio 13) funded by the European regional development fund (ERDF) and the Province of Upper Austria (Land Oberösterreich).
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