Ammonium removal from drinking water - comparison of the breakpoint chlorination and the biological technology
|
|
- Kenneth Ramsey
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 248 Ammonium removal from drinking water - comparison of the breakpoint chlorination and the biological technology Szabolcs Takó BME Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, tako.szabolcs@vkkt.bme.hu Abstract In 2004, Hungary joined to the European Union, which resulted in, harmonization of the law as well. As a result, the limits for drinking water quality parameters became more stringent. In Hungary, currently the most significant problems are the ammonium and arsenic content of the drinking water. This study deals with the effects of ammonium in drinking water and details the possible removal technologies. In Hungary, currently two methods are in use for ammonium removal: the breakpoint chlorination, and biological ammonium removal (nitrification). The two different methods are compared based on my own experiences and also by literary sources. Beside the basic principles of these technologies, the study also deals with the by-product formation and reaction time. Introduction In Hungary, 94.1% of the supplied drinking water originates from subsurface water resources (including the bank filtration wells) (CEEBI, 2009) % of the subsurface water sources originating from deep confined aquifers do not require treatment technology at all, only disinfection is enough before the water is pumped to the distribution system ([9]). Generally, the waters originating from deep confined aquifers do not contain anthropogenic contaminants. However, due to the geological environment, the concentration of certain components (e.g., iron, manganese, ammonium, arsenic, natural organic matter) exceeds the maximum allowable concentration values, therefore the application of water treatment technology is needed. Components Previous limit according to MSZ Current limit according to Government Decree 201/2001 Arsenic 50 µg/l 10 µgl/l Ammonium (surface water) 0.5 mg/l 0.5 mg/l Ammonium (ground water) 0.2 mg/l 0.5 mg/l Ammonium (subsurface water) 2.0 mg/l 0.5 mg/l Iron 0.3 mg/l 0.2 mg/l Manganese 0.1 mg/l 0.05 mg/l Iron and manganese together 0.3 mg/l - Table 1: The maximum allowable concentration values of selected components according to the previous and the current regulation Since 2001, new Hungarian drinking water requirements are in force, which significantly decreased the maximum allowable arsenic and ammonium concentrations (Government Decree No. 201/2001, [3]). In Hungary currently around 1.6 million people at around 600 settlements are supplied with drinking water which contains ammonium concentration higher than the 0.5 mg/l standard value, and around 1.5 million people at 400 settlements consume drinking water above 10 µg/l arsenic concentration. Figure 1. shows the ratio of the Hungarian settlements non-complying the EU Directive for arsenic and ammonium. Around 14.5 % of the total population is affected with elevated arsenic concentrations, 15.5 % for ammonium respectively. 8 % of the total Hungarian population is affected by the arsenic and ammonium problem as well (Government Decree No. 201/2001, [3]). The ammonium does not directly harm the human body in typical ph values (6.5 to 9.5) applied in drinking water treatment. However, it may form nitrite ions under oxidative conditions. Nitrite is a toxic component, because it disables the enzyme lactase in the blood cells, causing hydrogen-peroxide realize. As a result, the hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin, which means that the divalent iron in hemoglobin is oxidized to trivalent iron. Iron(II) is suitable for the oxygen transport, however iron(iii) is unable to do so, because the iron (III) containing hemoglobin connects to oxygen with stable ionic bond, which makes oxygen transport
2 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 249 impossible, and therefore cause hypoxia (blue baby syndrome) ([19]). Due to the harmful effect of nitrite, the maximum allowable concentration is 0.5 mg/l. 20 Percentage of inhabitants and settlements affected by thearsenic and ammonium problem 15 % Ammonium above 0.5 mg/l Arsenic above 10 µg/l Ammonium above 0.5 mg/l and arsenic above 10 µg/l Percentage of people affected of the total Hungarian population Percentage of settlements affected of the total number of settlements in Hungary Fig. 1: Percentage of inhabitants and settlements affected by the elevated arsenic and ammonium content in drinking water (data source: 201/2001 Government Decree about the quality and monitoring of drinking water, ([5]) This process can be also present in the water supply network if the distributed water contains ammonium, and the circumstances in the supply system favour nitrite formation. This process may result in the presence of nitrite at the consumers. Beside the possible nitrite formation, the other issue related to the presence of ammonium in drinking water is the decrease of the chlorination disinfection efficiency. The ammonium reacts with chlorine forming chloramines, and thus reducing the amount of the disinfectant available for microorganism inactivation. The less efficient disinfection may cause secondary water pollution in the distribution system. Moreover, the resulting chloramines cause the unpleasant smell, which may lead to customer complaints. In Hungary currently two technologies are applied to remove ammonium from drinking water: the breakpoint chlorination, and the biological method based on nitrification. Ammonium removal technologies Breakpoint chlorination The breakpoint chlorination is a commonly applied and well-known method to remove the ammonium. The method has been used for decades. The ammonium reacts with the chlorine based on the following reactions ([6]): In the first step, monochlor- amine (NH 2 Cl) and then dichloro- amine is formed, while the ammonium concentration decreases (Fig. 2), free chlorine appears in the water. When the breaking point is reached, all the ammonium is converted to trichloro- amine (NCl 3 ), and no ammonium is present in the water. The trichloro-amine compounds are instable, and decompose to nitrogen gas (N 2 ). The formed chloramine gives an unpleasant odour to the treated water. The ratio of the mass of the chlorine and ammonium-nitrogen at the breakpoint is 7.6 ([1]). However, this is only a theoretical value, and in practice usually higher chlorine dose is needed due to the presence of the
3 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 250 components being in reduced form (e.g., Fe(II), Mn(II), natural organic matter). Experiments carried out by Laky et al. ([4]) resulted in Cl 2 :NH 4 -N ratio. Figure 2. shows the results of experiments, where in the beginning the ammonium concentration was 1.1 mg/l. Chlorine was needed 9.5 mg/l to the breakpoint. In this case the needed ration was 8.6. Fig. 2: NH4-N [mg/l], Free active chlorine [mg Cl2/L], X Total chlorine [mg Cl 2 /L], Combined chlorine [mg Cl 2 /L] depending on the dose sodium hypochlorite ([4]) The chlorine in the water reacts with organic material, and as a result trihalo methane (THM) and adsorbable organic halides (AOX) are formed. These components may cause cancer and these also were mutagenic ([11]). In Hungary, the recommended value for the AOX compounds is 50 µg/l, and the Government Decree No. 201/2001 sets 50 µg/l as a maximum allowable total THM concentration in drinking water. Therefore, if the breakpoint chlorination is used for ammonium removal, activated carbon adsorber must be installed into the technology in order to remove the THM and AOX compounds. Furthermore, activated carbon catalyzes the decomposition of trichloro-amine to nitrogen gas. This treatment steps makes this technique relatively expensive. Before designing the technology, laboratory tests should be performed in order to study the amount of byproducts formed. The results of such experiment carried out with two types of raw water originating from deep confined are shown in the Figure 3 and 4. It can be concluded that the amount of THM and AOX byproducts increase with increasing reaction time. Moreover, the authors also concluded increased by-product formation with increased chlorine dose (data not shown). In case of both experiments, the THM remained below 20 µg/l, however AOX compounds were above 50 µg/l in all cases. The aim of the laboratory experiments are to minimize the formation of these products, and optimize the breakpoint chlorination in terms of reaction time and chlorine dose. Study by Laky et al. ([4]) concluded that 5-10 minutes reaction time was adequate for breakpoint chlorination, however the reaction time depends on the applied chlorine dose. According to another source ([7]) 10 to 15 minutes contact time is sufficient for the reaction. Biological ammonium removal The nitrifying microorganisms belong to the chemoautotroph bacteria. They use the inorganic carbondioxide as carbon source and ammonium is used as energy source. The nitrification process consists of two steps. As a first step the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB, mainly: Nitrosomonas, in addition Nitrosospira, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosolobus and Nitrosovibrio) oxidizes the ammonium content of the water to nitrite: In the second step the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB, in particular: Nitrobacter, in addition Nitrospira, Nitrospina and Nitrococcus) oxidizes the nitrite to nitrate:
4 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 251 Fig. 3: NH4-N [mg/l] AOX [µg/l] X THM [µg/l] Breakpoint chlorination in time AOX and THM formation Cl2: NH4-N rate at 9.7 (Laky et al., 2011) Fig. 4: : NH4-N [mg/l] AOX [µg/l] X THM [µg/l] Breakpoint chlorination in time AOX and THM formation Cl2: NH4-N rate at 9.7 (Laky et al., 2011) As a result of the previous reactions the released energy is used for the life processes of the nitrifying microorganisms. The reaction requires dissolved oxygen and appropriate temperature. A minimum 2 mg/l of dissolved oxygen concentration is needed to work nitrifying biofilters properly ([16]). Zhu and Chen ([14]) shown that in oxygen limitation, 14 and 27 C temperature range has no significant effect on the nitrification. The optimum ph range varies between 7.0 and 9.0 ([20]). Due to the nitrification, hydrogen is released, which reduces the ph of the water ([8]). The complete nitrification process is following ([8]): For the oxidation of 1g NH 4 -N to nitrate approximately 4,18g oxygen and 7,07g alkalinity (carbonate and bicarbonate equivalence point during acid neutralization) is needed, and as a result 0.17 g bacteria cell mass is produced ([13]) Because of the risks associated to the biological ammonium removal technology, field tests have to be carried out prior the full-scale application to test if that certain type of water is suitable for the nitrification technology, whether spontaneous nitrification starts, and ammonium is fully converted to nitrate. In general, the nitrification occurs because of the action of the nitrifying bacteria on the filters or on the activated carbon adsorber if aeration is applied and sufficient oxygen concentration is reached before the biological filtration step. In addition to the oxygen there are several factors, which affect the nitrification process such as ph, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbulence, organic matter content ([20]). The other disadvantage is that microorganisms can grow on the filter. Therefore, great caution is required during operation.
5 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 252 In the following the methodology and the results of such field experiments are presented. I carried out these experiments with raw water originating from a deep confined aquifer containing arsenic, ammonium, iron, manganese, methane, and aggressive carbon-dioxide above the maximum allowable concentration values. iron (mg/l) manganese (mg/l) ammonium (mg/l) arsenic (µg/l) aggressive carbon dioxide (mg/l) methane (NL/m 3 ) typical concentration ~3.7 Table 2: Some typical components of the raw water Fig. 5: The experimental setup used for field tests: 1- raw water of the waterwork, 2- buffer tank (200 L), 3- peristaltic pump, 4- overflow, 5- aeration tank (25L), 6- air installation, 7- overflow, 8- sand filtration, 9- overflow, 10- flush water installation,11- chemical mixing tank, 12- membrane pump, 13- potassium permanganate tank, 14- sand filtration, 15- stand pipe, 16- overflow, 17- flush water installation (sampling valve) ([4]) Figure 5.shows the experimental setup used for the field tests. The applied flow rate was 10 L/h. Due to the non-continous operation of the water treatment plant, first the water was directed to a buffer tank of 200 litre volume. From the buffer tank, the water was introduced to the aeration reactor, where near saturated dissolved oxygen concentration was achieved. Due to aeration, the iron and the part of manganese are oxidized (Fe 2+ Fe 3+, Mn 2+ Mn 4+ ) and thus they are converted solid state, which could be removed by rapid sand filtration.in addition to metal removal, nitrifying bacteria were able to growth on the filter, and therefore nitrification could take place. As a next treatment step, KMnO 4 it was added to the water, which converted the remaining dissolved manganese to solid form. These compounds were removed on the second rapid sand filter (unit No. 14 at Figure 5.) ([15]). Figure 6.shows the nitrogen forms after the first rapid sand filter of the second experimental setup. Nitrification started after treating 400 bed volume of water. Nitrite started to decrease significantly after 800 bed volume and achieved acceptable level after filtering 880 bed volume of water. No nitrogen loss or accumulation was observed in the rapid sand filter (the sum of Ammonium-nitrogen, Nitrite-nitrogen, Nitrate-nitrogen was around the same in the influent and effluent water. The iron concentration was successfully removed after the first filtration stage, while the manganese concentration decreased to acceptable level after KMnO 4 dosing and sand filtration by the second rapid sand filter (data not shown). For arsenic removal the in-situ coagulant (the natural iron content of the water) was sufficient, no extra coagulant was needed in order to convert the dissolved arsenic to particulate from (data not shown). Therefore by the application of the studied technology (methane, aggressive carbon dioxide, iron, manganese and arsenic were successfully removed from the water).
6 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 253 Fig. 6: Change of nitrogen-forms in effluent water of the 1 st filter (the applied technology: aeration + filtration + potassiumpermanganate dosing + filtration) NH 4 -N [mg/l] NO 2 -N [mg/l] NO 3 -N [mg/l] (own experiments [4], [5]) Conclusions In Hungary, the two most widely used technologies are the breakpoint chlorination and the biological ammonium removal based on nitrification. When comparing the two technologies it can be said that the advantages of the biological system are that no by-product is generated (if the nitrite formation can be controlled), while breakpoint chlorination may produce chlorinated organic compounds (such as THM and AOX). Because of the presence of harmful by-products activated carbon adsorber has to be installed in the technology, which makes this technique relatively expensive (Benedek, 1990). Laboratory experiments showed that even in case of relatively low THM concentration, the formed AOX may be above the acceptable concentration (50 µg/l). The needed chlorine doses are usually higher than the theoretical value (Cl2:NH4-N ratio of 7.6), and the reaction time is 5-15 minutes depending on the chlorine dose. Continously operating field experiments were carried out to study the biological ammonium removal technology. In case of the studied raw water the nitrification started spontaneously after treating 400 bed volume of water. At the end of experiments there was no nitrite in the treated water, which means that complete nitrification (conversion of ammonium to nitrate) was achieved. In case of each raw water quality field tests and laboratory experiments have to be carried out for decision support. Beside the technical aspects (applicability of the technology), economic considerations have to be also taken into account before the decision is made, which removal technology to use. In my future research I am planning to test different methods, which can be used to test the sustainability, affordability of the technical solutions for small drinking water treatment plants (below 500 m 3 /day capacity). These methods include e.g., the dynamic cost analysis ([2]), cost-benefit analysis ([18]) and benchmarking ([17]). Acknowledgement This work is connected to the scientific program of the Development of quality-oriented and harmonized R+D+I strategy and functional model at BME. This project is supported by the New Széchenyi Plan (Project ID: TÁMOP-4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR ). References [1] A. E. Griffin, N. S. Chamberlin: Relation of Ammonia-Nitrogen to Break-Point Chlorination, American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health: August 1941, Vol. 31, No. 8: [2] Dynamic cost analysis, a methodological guide MASZESZ, Budapest, 2011 (in Hungarian: Dinamikus költségelemzés, Módszertani útmutató MASZESZ) [3] Government Decree No. 201/2001. (X.25.) on the quality standards and monitoring of drinking waters (2001). (accessed 28 March 2012) [4] D. Laky, I. Licskó: Ammónium, vas, mangán, metán és arzén eltávolítása mélységi vizekből komplex technológiai megoldások értékelése a hálózatban lejátszódó vízminőség változások figyelembe vételével, javaslat a szolgáltatási pontokon a jogszabályi és fogyasztói igényeket leginkább kielégítő technológiára, kutatási jelentés, 2010
7 Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering 254 [5] D. Laky, Sz. Takó: Biological ammonium removal field studies for drinking water treatment, 6 th International Conference for Young Water Professionals, 10th of July 2012 (under publication) [6] G. Öllős: Water treatment- management, Egri Nyomda Kft., Eger, 1997 (in Hungarian: Víztisztítás-üzemeltetés) [7] J. Zbiskó: The reaction time of breakpoint chlorination reduce in the water teratment, Heves megyei Vízmű Zrt., 2007 (in Hungarian: Törésponti klórozás reakcióidejének csökkentése az ivóvíztisztító technológiánál) [8] Kirmeyer, Gregory J., Lee H. Odell, Joe Jacangelo, Andrzej Wilczak and Roy Wolfe. Nitrification Occurrence and Control in Chloraminated Water Systems. Denver, Colo.:AwwaRF and AWWA. (1995) [9] MAVÍZ: Technological innovate in the water treatment (in Hungarian: Tehnológiai fejlesztések, 2007) (2007) [10] MSZ : Hungarian Standard for drinking water [11] M. Borsányi: Oxidation and disinfection by-products of public health importance, 1999 (in Hungarian: Oxidáció és fertőtlenítési melléktermékek közegészségügyi jelentősége, 1999) [12] R. Neunteufel, D. Laky Central and Eastern European Benchmarking Initiative for Water Supply Utilities. Project report, (accessed 28 March 2012) (2009) [13] Shulin Chen, Jian Ling, Jean-Paul Blancheton: Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quqlity factors (Water Research, Aquacultural Engineering 34, (2006) [14] S. Chen, C Zhun: Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors Original Research Article, Aquacultural Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 3, May 2002, Pages [15] Sz. Takó: The waters originating from deep confined aquifers treatment technology with biological ammonium removal, degree work, 2011 (in Hungarian: Mélységi víz tisztítására alkalmas komplex technológia kidolgozása biológiaiammóniummentesítés alkalmazásával, diplomamunka, 2011) [16] Wilczak, Andrzej,. Chloramine Decay Rate: Factors and Research Needs. In 2001 AWWA, Annual Conference Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: AWWA [17] W. Schreiber: Benchmarking Water Rhineland-Palatinate, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Consumer Protection, 2005 (in German: Benchmarking Wasserwirtschaft Rheinland-Pfalz, Ministerium für Umwelt, Forsten und Verbraucherschutz) [18] WHO :Costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level (2004) (accessed: 24 April 2012) [19] Zs. Pocsai: Environmental Health Department, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, School of Population Affairs, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Gödöllő (2003) (in Hungarian: Környezetegészségtan Debreceni Egyetem Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum, Népességügyi Iskola, Megelőző Orvostani Intézet) [20] Zhang, T.C., Bishop, P.L. Evaluation of substrate and ph effects in a nitrifying biofilm. Water Environ. Res. 68, (1996). [21] Zhang, T.C., Fu, Y.C., Bishop, P.L. Competition in biofilms. Water Sci. Technol. 29, (1994).
EPB 311- Strategies for Dealing with Groundwater Treatment Systems Having High Natural Ammonia
EPB 311- Strategies for Dealing with Groundwater Treatment Systems Having High Natural Ammonia Background The occurrence of ammonia (NH 3 ) in the water source is often associated with pollution due to
More informationTreatment options for hydrogen sulfide. Testing for hydrogen sulfide
Sometimes hot water will have a sour smell, similar to that of an old damp rag. This smell often develops when the thermostat has been lowered to save energy or reduce the potential for scalding. Odor-causing
More informationTHE NWF WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS FRESH WATER IN A NATURAL WAY. Esko Meloni Ferroplan Oy
THE NWF WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS FRESH WATER IN A NATURAL WAY Esko Meloni Ferroplan Oy 1 The NWF Water Purification Process: list of contents 1. NWF biological purification of groundwater Iron and manganese
More informationWATER QUALITY CRITERIA
ORNAMENTAL AQUATIC TRADE ASSOCIATION (OATA) WATER QUALITY CRITERIA Version 2.0 A Company Limited by Guarantee and Registered in England No 2738119 Registered Office Wessex House, 40 Station Road, Westbury,
More informationPresented by Paul Krauth Utah DEQ. Salt Lake Countywide Watershed Symposium October 28-29, 2008
Basic Nutrient Removal from Water Beta Edition Presented by Paul Krauth Utah DEQ Salt Lake Countywide Watershed Symposium October 28-29, 2008 Presentation Outline Salt Lake County waters / 303(d) listings
More informationChemistry at Work. How Chemistry is used in the Water Service
Chemistry at Work How Chemistry is used in the Water Service WATER TREATMENT Everyday, more than 100 water treatment works in Northern Ireland put approximately 680 million litres of water into the supply
More informationIron and Manganese BACTERIA AND IRON AND MANGANESE
Iron and Manganese Iron and manganese control is the most common type of municipal water treatment in Minnesota. Iron and manganese occur naturally in groundwater. Neither element causes adverse heath
More information8 Chemicals from water treatment and distribution
8 Chemicals from water treatment and distribution 8.1 Introduction Chemicals from water treatment and distribution reach drinking-water by the most direct route. They fall into three broad categories:
More informationRemoving Heavy Metals from Wastewater
Removing Heavy Metals from Wastewater Engineering Research Center Report David M. Ayres Allen P. Davis Paul M. Gietka August 1994 1 2 Removing Heavy Metals From Wastewater Introduction This manual provides
More informationIMPACT OF CHEMICALS ADDITION IN WATER/WASTEWATER TREATMENT ON TDS CONCENTRATION AND SLUDGE GENERATION Jurek Patoczka, PhD, PE Hatch Mott MacDonald 27 Bleeker Str., Millburn, NJ 07041 (973) 912 2541 jurek.patoczka@hatchmott.com
More information1) Alkalinity...2. 2) ph...3. 3) Colour...4. 4) Heterotrophic Plate Count...5. 5) Residual Chlorine...7. 6) Sulphate...9. 7) Nitrate...
Water Quality TESTs 1) Alkalinity...2 2) ph...3 3) Colour...4 4) Heterotrophic Plate Count...5 5) Residual Chlorine...7 6) Sulphate...9 7) Nitrate...10 8) Ammonium...11 9) Iron...12 10) Copper...13 11)
More informationTotal Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solids Hardness
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are solids in water that can be trapped by a filter. TSS can include a wide variety of material, such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage.
More informationGUIDELINES FOR LEACHATE CONTROL
GUIDELINES FOR LEACHATE CONTROL The term leachate refers to liquids that migrate from the waste carrying dissolved or suspended contaminants. Leachate results from precipitation entering the landfill and
More informationBasic Chemistry of Chlorination
Basic Chemistry of Chlorination Chlorine (Cl 2 ) is a gas, heavier than air, toxic, non-flammable and an economically available oxidizing agent that provides properties desirable in disinfection usage.
More informationNitrate and Nitrite Removal from Municipal Drinking Water Supplies with Electrodialysis Reversal
Technical Paper Nitrate and Nitrite Removal from Municipal Drinking Water Supplies with Electrodialysis Reversal Authors: Ted Prato and Richard G. Parent, Ionics Reprinted from Proceedings of 1993 AWWA
More informationFacility Classification Standards
Facility Classification Standards Approval Date: April 3, 2009 Effective Date: April 3, 2009 Approved By: Nancy Vanstone, Deputy Minister Version Control: Replaces Facility Classification Standards dated
More informationNITRIFICATION IN PREMISE PLUMBING AND ITS EFFECT ON CORROSION AND WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION
NITRIFICATION IN PREMISE PLUMBING AND ITS EFFECT ON CORROSION AND WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION Yan Zhang Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In
More informationWATER TREATMENT IN AUCKLAND
WATER TREATMENT IN AUCKLAND Auckland's water (like water throughout New Zealand) is a combination of water from dams and water from underground springs. Depending on the source of the water, it has different
More informationHow to measure Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen: Kjeldahl Method
World Bank & Government of The Netherlands funded Training module # WQ - 38 How to measure Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen: Kjeldahl Method New Delhi, March 2000 CSMRS Building, 4th Floor, Olof Palme Marg,
More informationOXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry
Experiment No. Date OXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry INTRODUCTION Potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, is probably the most widely used of all volumetric oxidizing agents. It is a powerful oxidant
More informationNutrient Removal at Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Gary M. Grey HydroQual, Inc. ggrey@hydroqual.com 201 529 5151 X 7167
Nutrient Removal at Wastewater Treatment Facilities Nitrogen and Phosphorus Gary M. Grey HydroQual, Inc. ggrey@hydroqual.com 201 529 5151 X 7167 1 Agenda Nitrification and Denitrification Fundamentals
More informationNitrification TCEQ. Public Drinking Water Conference Austin, Texas August 16, 2006. A System s Perspective after 20 years of Chloramination
Nitrification A System s Perspective after 20 years of Chloramination Presented by: Daniel K. Nix Water Source/Purification Superintendent City of Wichita Falls Public Drinking Water Conference Austin,
More informationMOLES AND MOLE CALCULATIONS
35 MOLES ND MOLE CLCULTIONS INTRODUCTION The purpose of this section is to present some methods for calculating both how much of each reactant is used in a chemical reaction, and how much of each product
More informationWater Treatment & Purification Chemicals
Lime-Out Extra Water Treatment Cleaning Chemicals Dissolves tough lime, calcium & rust stains Non-abrasive thick jelly like liquid clings to vertical surfaces Cleans tubs, sinks, shower doors, dishwashers
More informationProvided below is a description of the processes generating wastewater in a poultry plant and a typical pretreatment and full treatment system.
II. PROCESS OVERVIEW Provided below is a description of the processes generating wastewater in a poultry plant and a typical pretreatment and full treatment system. II.1. Wastewater Generation A typical
More informationHow To Water System
Mid-Monroe Water System: Soluble Iron and Manganese Removal via Oxidation & Filtration Daniel Rickard, P.E. Engineering Project Manager Pennsylvania-American Water Company Who Is American Water We are
More informationWASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES The student will do the following: 1. Define wastewater and list components of wastewater. 2. Describe the function of a wastewater treatment plant. 3. Create a wastewater
More informationTREATMENT OPTIONS FOR REMOVAL OF SPECIFIC IMPURITIES FROM WATER. S. Vigneswaran Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR REMOVAL OF SPECIFIC IMPURITIES FROM WATER S. Vigneswaran Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia C. Visvanathan Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok,
More informationMANY ASPECTS OF DEALING WITH HIGH NITRATE CONCENTRATION WATER By: Nahed Ghbn Ph.D. Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Palestinian Water Authority
MANY ASPECTS OF DEALING WITH HIGH NITRATE CONCENTRATION WATER By: Rebhy El-Sheikh M.Sc. Mechanical Engineering Palestinian Water Authority Nahed Ghbn Ph.D. Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Palestinian
More informationSOURCE WATER PROTECTION DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS ISSUES EVALUATION
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS ISSUES EVALUATION OXFORD COUNTY PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT OCTOBER 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...1 1.1. CLEAN WATER ACT AND THE ISSUES IDENTIFICATION/EVALUATION
More informationTALLINN WATER TREATMENT AND SEWERAGE Tuuli Myllymaa
TALLINN WATER TREATMENT AND SEWERAGE Tuuli Myllymaa Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It has approximately 450,000 inhabitants and the town area is about 150 km 2. Tallinn Water Ltd., owned by the City
More informationStorage-stable Aqueous Solutions of Chlorine Dioxide
White Paper Storage-stable Aqueous Solutions of Chlorine Dioxide Tom McWhorter November 14, 2014 Abstract Chlorine dioxide is a powerful, selective biocide. Aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide have many
More informationIron and manganese are two similar elements
L-5451 2-04 Drinking Water Problems: Iron and Manganese Mark L. McFarland, Associate Professor and Extension Soil Fertility Specialist Monty C. Dozier, Assistant Professor and Extension Water Resources
More informationBromate Formation and its Control in Advanced Water Treatment System 高 度 浄 水 処 理 における 臭 素 酸 の 生 成 と 制 御
Bromate Formation and its Control in Advanced Water Treatment System 高 度 浄 水 処 理 における 臭 素 酸 の 生 成 と 制 御 Tohru Miyagaki, Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan 東 京 都 水 道 局 宮 垣 融 Bromate
More informationWastewater Nutrient Removal
Wastewater Nutrient Removal An overview of phosphorus and nitrogen removal strategies Presented by: William E. Brown, P.E. Peter C. Atherton, P.E. Why are nutrients an issue in the environment? Stimulates
More informationEnhanced Organic Precursor Removals Using Aged Filter Media Page 1. Enhanced Organic Precursor Removals Using Aged Filter Media
Enhanced Organic Precursor Removals Using Aged Media Page 1 Enhanced Organic Precursor Removals Using Aged Media O b j e c t i v e s The main goals of this project was to evaluate the dissolved organic
More informationWhat is Chlorination?
What is Chlorination? What is chlorination? Microorganisms can be found in raw water from rivers, lakes and groundwater. While not all microorganisms are harmful to human health, there are some that may
More informationTesting Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation
wellcare information for you about Testing Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation Within a household, water may serve many functions beyond everyday household uses such as drinking, cooking, laundry,
More informationENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE RENDERING INDUSTRY. Gregory L. Sindt, P.E. Environmental Engineer Bolton and Menk, Inc.
Summary ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE RENDERING INDUSTRY Gregory L. Sindt, P.E. Environmental Engineer Bolton and Menk, Inc. The rendering industry has a significant positive impact on environmental quality.
More informationDrinking Water Standards
Drinking Water Standards The Detailed Reports above show all regulatory parameters which are monitored in accordance with the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000 (as amended). Some non-regulatory
More informationCyanobacteria, Toxins and Indicators. Field Monitoring Treatment Facility Monitoring Treatment Studies
U.S. Environmental Projection Agency, Office of Research and Development Cyanobacteria, Toxins and Indicators Field Monitoring Treatment Facility Monitoring Treatment Studies Nicholas Dugan, Toby Sanan,
More informationTrichloramine and Asthma in Swimming pools & spas Problem solved
1 Trichloramine and Asthma in Swimming pools & spas By Dr.Howard T Dryden October 2006 In recent years there have been many reports in the press regarding trichloramine and its potential implications as
More informationPhosphorus Removal. Wastewater Treatment
Phosphorus Removal In Wastewater Treatment by Derek Shires (512) 940-2393 Derek.Shires@ett-inc.com Why do we care? Eutrophication of surface water - Especially reservoirs Maximum agronomic uptake - Limiting
More informationA NOVEL ION-EXCHANGE/ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMMONIA IN WASTEWATER
A NOVEL ION-EXCHANGE/ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMMONIA IN WASTEWATER ABSTRACT Leonard P. Seed, M.Sc., P.Eng., Enpar Technologies Inc. * Daren D. Yetman, A.Sc.T., Enpar Technologies
More informationUnit 1. Physical, chemical and biological Characteristics of Wastewater
The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department Advanced Sanitary Engineering- ECIV 5325 Unit 1. Physical, chemical and biological Characteristics of Wastewater Based on Dr. Fahid Rabah lecture
More informationCyanotoxin Removal in Drinking. Recreational Waters. Judy Westrick April 14, 2011 2011 Northeast Regional Cyanobacteria Workshop
Cyanotoxin Removal in Drinking Water Treatment Process and Recreational Waters Judy Westrick April 14, 2011 2011 Northeast Regional Cyanobacteria Workshop NEIWPCC Overview Water Treatment Source and Recreational
More informationCHAPTER 7: REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER
CHAPTER 7: REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER There are a number of technologies that are being use to remediate contaminated groundwater. The choice of a certain remediation technology
More information1. Inspection and monitoring... 3
1 Index 1. Inspection and monitoring... 3 1.1 Handling of new elements... 3 1.1.1 Storage of original packaged RO elements... 3 1.1.2 Packing... 3 1.2 Initial start- up checks of a plant... 3 1.2.1 Preparation
More informationNatural and Advanced Treatment Systems for Wastewater Management at Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site in Developing Countries
Natural and Advanced Treatment Systems for Wastewater Management at Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site in Developing Countries C. Chiemchaisri Department of Environmental Engineering, Kasetsart University
More informationStandard methods in water analysis
Branch General analytical laboratories; water analysis Keywords Water analysis; standard methods; ASTM; DIN; ISO; USP; EPA; SLMB; EN; SCA; titration; ion chromatography; voltammetry; branch 1; branch 2
More informationRemoval of Chlorine Residual in Tap Water by Boiling or Adding Ascorbic Acid
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Removal of Chlorine Residual in Tap Water by Boiling or Adding Ascorbic Acid Liuqing Albert Zhang *King George V School, 2 Tin Kwong Rd, Hong Kong ABSTRACT Society s preference
More informationSCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001
SCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001 1. A small pin contains 0.0178 mol of iron. How many atoms of iron are in the pin? 2. A sample
More informationION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES. An introduction
ION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES An introduction Water Water is a liquid. Water is made of water molecules (formula H 2 O). All natural waters contain some foreign substances, usually in small amounts. The water
More informationW1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY
INTRODUCTION W1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY These notes and exercises are designed to introduce you to the basic concepts required to understand a chemical formula or equation. Relative atomic masses of
More informationIRON AND MANGANESE FILTRATION SYSTEMS
3726 E. Miraloma Ave., Anaheim, CA 92804 Phone: (714) 630-5040 Fax: (714) 630-1160 www.filtronics.com IRON AND MANGANESE FILTRATION SYSTEMS A TECHNICAL DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)
More informationChemical Proportions in Compounds
Chapter 6 Chemical Proportions in Compounds Solutions for Practice Problems Student Textbook page 201 1. Problem A sample of a compound is analyzed and found to contain 0.90 g of calcium and 1.60 g of
More informationNumber of moles of solute = Concentration (mol. L ) x Volume of solution (litres) or n = C x V
44 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING SOLUTIONS INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS Many chemical reactions take place in aqueous (water) solution. Quantities of such solutions are measured as volumes, while the amounts
More informationECOAZUR BLUEWATER WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS
ECOAZUR BLUEWATER WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS CONTACT EcoAzur Calle 11a #492 x 60 y 62 Tel: +52-999-920-1972 Col. Residencial Pensiones Email: info@eco-azur.com C.P. 97217 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Website:
More informationREMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW-COST ADSORBENTS
International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com Volume 1, Issue 7 (October2012) PP: 44-50 REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW-COST ADSORBENTS Dr. C.R.Ramakrishnaiah
More informationWater Quality in the Distribution System. Syed A. Imran
Water Quality in the Distribution System Syed A. Imran The Drinking Water Continuum Drinking Water Treatment Wastewater Treatment Sources Groundwater Surface Water Sea Water Distribution and Collection
More informationComparison of natural radioactivity removal methods for drinking water supplies: A review
Comparison of natural radioactivity removal methods for drinking water supplies: A review E. Esmeray, M. E. Aydin Selcuk University Environmental Engineering Department, Konya Turkey e-mail: eesmeray@selcuk.edu.tr
More informationWater Treatment NOTES. Cornell Cooperative Extension, College of Human Ecology. Iron and Manganese in Household Drinking Water
6 Water Treatment NOTES Cornell Cooperative Extension, College of Human Ecology Iron and Manganese in Household Drinking Water ANN T. LEMLEY, JOHN J. SCHWARTZ, LINDA P. WAGENET Fact Sheet 6, January 1999
More informationChapter 16: Tests for ions and gases
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series Hydrogen, although not a metal, is included in the reactivity series because it, like metals, can be displaced from aqueous solution, only this time the
More informationCalculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles
TEKS REVIEW 8B Calculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles TEKS 8B READINESS Use the mole concept to calculate the number of atoms, ions, or molecules in a sample TEKS_TXT of material. Vocabulary
More informationWATER CHEMISTRY AND POOL WATER BALANCE
C R6 H A PT E WATER CHEMISTRY AND POOL WATER BALANCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completely studying this chapter, you should be able to: Understand and list the parameters upon which water balance is based.
More informationBALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS. Each redox equation contains two parts -- the oxidation and reduction parts. Each is balanced separately.
C & EE 255B Prof. M. K. Stenstrom Winter 2015 BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS Balancing redox (oxidation-reduction) equations is a simple and very useful technique of performing balances from empirical equations
More informationChapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to:
Chapter 1: Moles and equations 1 Learning outcomes you should be able to: define and use the terms: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based on the 12 C scale perform calculations, including
More informationComplete. Water Solutions. for Rural India
Complete Water Solutions for Rural India More precious than gold. That s what safe drinking water is to India s rural population. Arsenic, iron, fluoride, nitrate, brackishness and pathogens in ground
More informationRehabilitation of Wastewater Treatment Plant of Sakhnin City in Israel by Using Advanced Technologies
Rehabilitation of Wastewater Treatment Plant of Sakhnin City in Israel by Using Advanced Technologies Yasar Avsar 1, Hussein Tarabeah 2, Shlomo Kimchie 3, Izzet Ozturk 4, Hadi Naamneh 2 1 Yildiz Technical
More informationAP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 Read the Fremont Examiner article below and answer the questions that follow. (a) Identify ONE component of the sewage that is targeted for removal
More informationADVANCED TREATMENT OF RAINWATER USING METAL MEMBRANE COMBINED WITH OZONATION
ADVANCED TREATMENT OF RAINWATER USING METAL MEMBRANE COMBINED WITH OZONATION Ree Ho Kim 1*, Sangho Lee 1, Seog-Ku Kim 1, and Jong-Oh Kim 2 1 Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2311 Deahwa-Dong,
More informationION EXCHANGE RESINS INTRODUCTION
ION EXANGE RESINS Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various
More informationUnit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test
Unit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test NAME Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter A. What is a mole? 1. Chemistry is a quantitative science. What does this term mean?
More informationNutrient removal from wastewater by wetland systems
Nutrient removal from wastewater by wetland systems Ishadeep Khanijo Abstract: For past so many years wetlands have served functions like providing habitat for aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals,
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND REACTING MASSES AND VOLUMES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND REACTING MASSES AND VOLUMES The meaning of stoichiometric coefficients: 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O(l) number of reacting particles 2 molecules of hydrogen react with 1 molecule
More informationDevelopment of Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System
14 Development of Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System TAKESHI TERAZAKI *1 HOZUMI OTOZAI *2 KOSUKE SHIGIISHI *2 HIDEO SUZUKI *3 HIROSHI NAKASHOJI *4 HIROYUKI KAWAMOTO *5 Recycling and the
More informationChemical Reactions in Water Ron Robertson
Chemical Reactions in Water Ron Robertson r2 f:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 possible slides for web\waterchemtrans.doc Properties of Compounds in Water Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes Water soluble compounds
More informationEngineers Edge, LLC PDH & Professional Training
510 N. Crosslane Rd. Monroe, Georgia 30656 (770) 266-6915 fax (678) 643-1758 Engineers Edge, LLC PDH & Professional Training Copyright, All Rights Reserved Engineers Edge, LLC An Introduction to Advanced
More informationChemistry Post-Enrolment Worksheet
Name: Chemistry Post-Enrolment Worksheet The purpose of this worksheet is to get you to recap some of the fundamental concepts that you studied at GCSE and introduce some of the concepts that will be part
More informationSupporting Guidance (WAT-SG-41)
Water Use Supporting Guidance (WAT-SG-41) Discharge of Chlorinated Effluents Version: v2.1 Released: Aug 2014 Copyright and Legal Information Copyright 2012 Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA).
More informationControl Technology, Advanced Treatment Processes, and Next-generation Systems for Sewage and Wastewater
591 Hitachi Review Vol. 64 (2015), No. 9 Featured Articles Control Technology, Advanced Treatment Processes, and Next-generation Systems for Sewage and Waste Masahiro Goto Ichiro Yamanoi, Dr. Energy Science
More informationOPTIMIZING BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM AN SBR SYSTEM MIDDLEBURY, VT. Paul Klebs, Senior Applications Engineer Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.
OPTIMIZING BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM AN SBR SYSTEM ABSTRACT MIDDLEBURY, VT Paul Klebs, Senior Applications Engineer Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc. The Middlebury Wastwater Treatment Plant, located
More informationNITROGEN IN SOIL AND FERTILIZERS James J. Camberato
1 NITROGEN IN SOIL AND FERTILIZERS James J. Camberato Nitrogen influences turf health and quality more than any other nutrient. Nitrogen is present in grass plants in greater quantities than any other
More informationTREATMENT OF SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW
TREATMENT OF SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW WITH FIXED MEDIA BIOREACTORS J. Tao, K. M. Mancl, O. H. Tuovinen ABSTRACT. Fixed media bioreactors (biofilters) are a promising and proven technology used for wastewater
More informationModule 16: The Activated Sludge Process - Part II Instructor Guide Answer Key
Unit 1 Process Control Strategies Exercise Module 16: The Activated Sludge Process - Part II Instructor Guide Answer Key 1. What are the six key monitoring points within the activated sludge process? Ans:
More informationChapter 2. The Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 2 Plants need at least seventeen elements to grow. Three of these elements carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are referred to as "building blocks." Plants get these elements from air and water. The other
More informationNANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. CV2701: Laboratory 2A. Laboratory Manual. For
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY School of Civil and Environmental Engineering CV2701: Laboratory 2A Laboratory Manual For Experiment Lab 2A-6(ENV) Wastewater Quality Analysis Location : Environment Laboratory,
More informationCalculation of Molar Masses. Molar Mass. Solutions. Solutions
Molar Mass Molar mass = Mass in grams of one mole of any element, numerically equal to its atomic weight Molar mass of molecules can be determined from the chemical formula and molar masses of elements
More informationTHE PHOSPHATE METHOD FOR PRODUCING QUALITY DRINKING WATER!
THE PHOSPHATE METHOD FOR PRODUCING QUALITY DRINKING WATER! Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Phosphates have a long history of successful application in drinking water treatment, providing both primary
More informationBalancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry)
Balancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry) This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
More informationFloating Treatment Wetland Technology: Nutrient Removal from Wastewater
Floating Treatment Wetland Technology: Nutrient Removal from Wastewater This case study illustrates the Floating Island International (FII) patented floating treatment wetland (FTW) technology and its
More informationFACTS. Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water. What Are Nitrate and Nitrite? 3. How Can These Chemicals Get into Your Drinking Water?
FACTS Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water What Are Nitrate and Nitrite? 3 How Can These Chemicals Get into Your Drinking Water? 3 How Can You Find Out If These Chemicals Are in Your Drinking Water? 4
More informationRemoving Thallium from Industrial FGD Scrubber Water with Sorbster Adsorbent Media
Case History MAR Systems Inc. Removing Thallium from Industrial FGD Scrubber Water with Sorbster Adsorbent Media Trace thallium levels in process and wastewater streams pose a human toxicity threat. Tidwell
More informationTHE MARSHALL STREET ADVANCED POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY (CLEARWATER, FLORIDA) CONVERSION TO 4-STAGE BARDENPHO TO IMPROVE BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
THE MARSHALL STREET ADVANCED POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY (CLEARWATER, FLORIDA) CONVERSION TO 4-STAGE BARDENPHO TO IMPROVE BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL ABSTRACT Timur Deniz, Ph.D., Thomas W. Friedrich, P.E.
More informationWHAT DOES A SWIMMING POOL OPERATOR NEED TO KNOW?
WHAT DOES A SWIMMING POOL OPERATOR NEED TO KNOW? 1. POOL VOLUME The volume of your pool is the most important number you need to know. The volume is the number of gallons of water in your pool. a. The
More informationTopic 4 National Chemistry Summary Notes. Formulae, Equations, Balancing Equations and The Mole
Topic 4 National Chemistry Summary Notes Formulae, Equations, Balancing Equations and The Mole LI 1 The chemical formula of a covalent molecular compound tells us the number of atoms of each element present
More informationFormulas, Equations and Moles
Chapter 3 Formulas, Equations and Moles Interpreting Chemical Equations You can interpret a balanced chemical equation in many ways. On a microscopic level, two molecules of H 2 react with one molecule
More informationSodium and Potassium chlorate synthesis, the complete guide
Sodium and Potassium chlorate synthesis, the complete guide Made by Plante1999 It is know that chlorates can be easily made. Much of the chlorate made by individual are used in pyrotechnic, but this thread
More informationLAB 5 - PLANT NUTRITION. Chemical Ionic forms Approximate dry Element symbol Atomic weight Absorbed by plants tissue concentration
LAB 5 PLANT NUTRITION I. General Introduction All living organisms require certain elements for their survival. Plants are known to require carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus
More information