ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR HEAVY GROUND WATER TABLE IN SHIRPUR AND SURROUNDING AREA

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_07_01_031 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (2016): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR HEAVY GROUND WATER TABLE IN SHIRPUR AND SURROUNDING AREA Prof. Vikram J Patel Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India Prof. Hemraj R Kumavat Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India Prof. Ganesh V Tapkire Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India Prof. Rajendra D Patil Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Road failure is common problem in India and areas like Shirpur having high water table area are mainly suffered from this problem. To overcome this problem, some methods are studied in this project to improve the bearing capacity of soil such as the use of Geogrids, Cement mixing, proper subsurface drainage. Soil can be improved by the addition of a stabilizer or excess aggregate. In any case, the traditional undercut & stabilization solution is often costly & always time-consuming. The paper suggests the use of geogrid which helps in increasing the bearing capacity of subgrade soil while greatly reducing the loss of aggregate cover material into weak, wet or saturated subgrade soils. It also provides extensive cost savings & decreased life cycle costs when compared to other structural solutions. Key words: Geogrid, Pavement, Road, Sub-base, Subgrade editor@iaeme.com

2 Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area. Cite this Article: Prof. Vikram J Patel, Prof. Hemraj R Kumavat, Prof. Ganesh V Tapkire and Prof. Rajendra D Patil, Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp INTRODUCTION Shirpur is one of the flovorus city in Maharashtra. But till 2002 it was suffered from drought due to insufficient rainfall & scarcity of water. But from the year of 2002 there is large scale of implementation of watershed is known as Shirpur Pattern was done it gives lot of benefits till a date for agriculture industry and domestic purpose because of increase in surface & subsurface ground water table. Now a days or in monsoon season average depth of water table m (8-12 ft.) On the sloping ground it comes very nearer to ground level. Hence bearing capacity of soil is affected by ground water table and due to that road pavement failure are big problems in such areas. After studying the flexible pavement design specially roads under PMGSY scheme, the use of Geogrid is preferable for the design of pavements. LOCATION & STUDY AREA Table 1 Water Table condition around Shirpur city Area Increased water table Nageshwer m Dahivad m Jatoda 6.09m Ajanad 15.24m Figure 1 Waghadi to Badade Road (Shirpur Taluka) editor@iaeme.com

3 Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and Jabriel Qureshi METHODOLOGY Soil Improvement Land reclamation along coastlines is one of the most significant activities of the dredging industry. In most countries coastal properties are already densely populated and yet areas nearby water continue to attract people for recreation and residence. In addition, the newly reclaimed soil is often in a loose state and needs to be compacted. Cement mixing system In many parts of the world soft subsoil is a very serious problem for maritime construction. For these situations, in-situ soil mixing is often implemented. This method is variously known as the cement deep mixing method, soil cement columns / piles, auger mixing, cement soil mixing, rotary mixing or just soil mixing. These cement mixing methods are applied for the following purposes: Foundation of breakwaters, revetment and wharfs; seismic reinforcement of existing marine structures; foundations of bridge piers, tanks, railroads, roads, river dikes and buildings; cutoff walls and braced walls; and countermeasures for liquefaction. Geotextiles Geotextiles have many applications including filtration and drainage. Specific types of geotextiles can also be used for embankment stabilization and improving the bearing capacity of soft soil foundations on marine projects. Attention must be given to the composition of the geotextile for specific situations. Using a suitable geotextile can increase safety against underground failure and reduce the settlement of the subsoil foundation. Vertical Drains Figure 2 Wheel load criteria Soil stabilization using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) or wick drains are applied in areas with loose, compressible and water-saturated soils such as clay and silty clays. These soils are characterized by a very weak soil skeleton and a large pore space, usually filled with water (pore water). When a load such as a road editor@iaeme.com

4 Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area. embankment, a hydraulic fill or a dike, is placed on soft compressible soils, significant settlements may occur. Vacuum consolidation Vacuum consolidation is a process whereby vacuum pressure is applied to an area already installed with PVDs to potentially increase the drains effectiveness. Generally this technique requires the application of a surcharge loading to squeeze water out of the soft clay soils. An additional important advantage of the vacuum is the isotropic nature of the vacuum pressure and the correlated improvement of the stability under preloading, reducing considerably the risk of slope failure resulting from the surcharge. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages in relation to time, cost and performance. The best method is always to consider the specific needs of a project and contact specialist contractors to evaluate the needs of the project. A well-managed soil improvement system appropriate to the site will enhance the prospects of on-time and safe project delivery. DRAINAGE SOLUTIONS Water is the main contributor to the wear and damage of low-volume rural roads. The water can be in the form of ground water, surface water (streams and rivers) or rain and it can damage the road in several ways: By washing away the soil (erosion and scouring), By making the road body less resistant to traffic (i.e. weakening the load bearing capacity), By depositing soils (silting) which may obstruct the passage of water, or By washing away entire sections of the road or its structures. Figure 4 Drainage pattern Damage and wear to the road can be reduced if the f low of water is controlled. Minor damages can easily be repaired as part of the regular maintenance provided to the road and its structures editor@iaeme.com

5 Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and Jabriel Qureshi Fig. 5 Camber slope criteria Finally, it is also worth mentioning that the drainage system of a road may have an impact on the environment in the vicinity of the road. Water collected through a road drainage system needs to be carefully discharged from the road, avoiding any damages to the adjacent land. Equally, the drainage system of a road needs to be carefully adjusted so it does not conflict with the drainage systems on adjacent farmlands. Use of Geogrids Geogrids are polymeric products formed by joining intersecting ribs. They have large open spaces also known as "apertures". The directions of the ribs are referred to as machine direction, orientated in the direction of the manufacturing process or cross ma - chine direction perpendicular to the machine direction ribs. Geogrids are mainly made from polymeric materials, typically polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene and polyester. Figure 6 Geogrid Geogrids are manufactured as either biaxial or uniaxial. Biaxial geogrids are those that exhibit the same strength in both the machine and cross machine directions while uniaxial geogrids exhibit the primary strength in the machine direction with minimal strength, enough to maintain the aperture structure, in the cross machine direction. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of materials. Each layer receives loads from the above layer, spreads them out, and passes on these loads to the next layer below editor@iaeme.com

6 Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area. Design Traffic Volume The method considers traffic in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles (8160 kg) to be carried by the pavement during the design life. This requires the following information: Initial traffic in terms of Commercial Vehicle per day Traffic growth rate during the design life Design life in number of years Vehicle damage factor Distribution of commercial traffic over the carriage way. Initial Traffic Initial traffic is determined in terms of commercial vehicles per day. For the structural design of the pavement only commercial vehicles are considered assuming laden weight of three tones or more and their axle loading will be considered. Traffic Growth Rate Traffic growth rates can be estimated By studying the past trends of traffic growth. By establishing econometric models. If adequate data is not available, it is recommended that an average annual growth rate of 7.5 percent may be adopted. Design Life For the purpose of the pavement design, the design life is defined in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles that can be carried before strengthening of the pavement is necessary. It is recommended that pavements for arterial roads like National Highway, State Highway should be designed for a life of 15 years, EH and urban roads for 20 years and other categories of roads for 10 to 15 years. Vehicle Damage Factor The vehicle damage factor is a multiplier for converting the number of commercial vehicles of different axle loads and axle configurations to the number of standard axle-load repetitions. Vehicle Distribution Until reliable data is available, the following distribution may be assumed. Single lane roads: Traffic tends to be more channelized on single roads than two lane roads and to allow for this concentration of wheel load repetitions, the design should be based on total number of commercial vehicles in both directions. Number of vehicle for design; Where, A = Number of heavy vehicle per day for design editor@iaeme.com

7 Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and Jabriel Qureshi P = Number of heavy vehicle per last count ϒ = Annual rate of increase of heavy vehicles n = Number of year between last count and year of completion of construction Design of Pavement Table 1 CBR Result Penetration (mm) = 305 Veh / Day Load (mm) The plot is made between load in Kg versus penetration of plunger for test data obtained for soil subgrade as given in figure loads at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetration (after collection are 55 & 78 kg resp.) Area of plunger of dia. 5 cm = 19.6 cm Pressure at 2.5 mm penetration = 55 / 19.6 Kg/Sq. cm Pressure at 5 mm penetration = 78 / 19.6 Kg/Sq. cm Figure 7 Load-Penetration Curve editor@iaeme.com

8 Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area. C.B.R value of soil at 2.5mm; C.B.R of soil at 5 mm; Adopt CBR value = 4 % Assume, CBR of compacted soil = 7% CBR of poorly graded gravel = 20%, CBR of well graded gravel = 95% Calculation of design thickness of different layers Figure 8 CBR Design Curve Therefore Design curve D is to be used for design as the design traffic volume is in range 150 to 450 CVPD. Using Design Curve, the total pavement thickness over subgrade having CBR of 4 percent is obtained as 48 cm for curve D. Provision of Geogrid Geogrid Working Geogrid work by interlocking with the granular or soil material placed over them. The apertures allow for strike-through of the cover soil material which then interlocks with the ribs (flat straps/bars) providing confinement of the overlaying granular/soil material due to the stiffness and strength of the ribs editor@iaeme.com

9 Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and Jabriel Qureshi Figure 8 Geogrid Layer Figure 9 The base reinforcement market is just what the name implies. These are applications where an engineer is trying to improve the performance of a gravel base over poor soils, trying to minimize the amount of gravel in the base course design, or increasing the life of the surface cover, concrete or asphalt. Figure 10 Pavement Thickness Composition editor@iaeme.com

10 Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area. CONCLUSION In Shirpur city, since 2002 there is large scale implementation of watershed known as Shirpur Pattern was done which gives lot of benefits till a date for agriculture industry and domestic purpose because of increase in surface & subsurface ground water table. Hence bearing capacity of soil is affected by ground water table and due to that road pavement failure becomes a major problem in such areas. To overcome this problem, some methods are studied in this project to improve the bearing capacity of the soil such as the use of geogrid, cement mixing, proper subsurface drainage. Soil can be improved by the addition of a stabilizer or excess aggregate. In any case, the traditional undercut and stabilization solution is often costly and always timeconsuming. Geogrids are often used as a replacement for these traditional solutions. The geogrid helps to increase the bearing capacity of the subgrade soil while greatly reducing the loss of the aggregate cover material into weak, wet, or saturated subgrade soils. The use of geogrids also provides, extensive cost savings and decreased life cycle costs when compared to other structural solutions. It is useful in the areas, where the less bearing capacity of soil in India and other countries. REFERENCE [1] John Kelly and Steve Ami, Kelly Ami Inc.(May-2011), Solving your drainage problems. [2] Er. Nandanandan Das, Road Construction In Water Logged Highway Stretch- A case study (Upade IADC) [3] Praveen Kumar & Ankit Gupta (2014), Case Studies on Failure of Bituminous Pavements. [4] Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh Local Government Engineering Department, Road Pavement Design Manual. [5] Asphalt Paving Association of Iowa (Aug. 2012), Asphalt Paving Design Guide. [6] S. K. Khanna & Justo, a Text book of Highway Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi. [7] R.Greesan and V.Balamurugan, A Practical Solution To Ground Water Recharge by Rain Water Harvesting System In Pudukkottai Dist, Tamilnadu, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 2013, pp [8] Kadhim Naief Kadhim and Ahmed Awad Matr Al-Abody, The Geotechnical Maps For Bearing Capacity by Using Gis and Quality of Ground Water For Al- Imam District (Babil - Iraq), International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(10), 2015, pp editor@iaeme.com

11 Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and Jabriel Qureshi AUTHORS INFORMATION Prof. VIKRAM J. PATEL completed B.E. in Civil Engineering in 2011 and M.E.Civil (Transportation Engineering) in 2013 from Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology, Waghodia, Vadodara. Presented 05 research papers in National conference and published 04 research papers in International journal. Along with the presentations author had attended 08 workshops sponsored by ISTE. Author has 4.6 years teaching Experience & from last 2.6 years he is working as Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department at R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, and Dist. Dhule (MS). Prof. HEMRAJ R. KUMAVAT, Completed B.E. in Civil Engineering in 2003 and M.E. in Building Science and Technology in 2009 from North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (MS). Published 12 research papers in international journal and presented 10 papers in international conference, 01 paper in national conference. Along with the publication author had attended 12 workshops sponsored by ISTE. Also he has associate member of IEI & LMISTE Have 2.5 year industrial experience of construction of various civil engineering projects like Building, Roads and Canals. From last 10 years he is working as Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department in R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule (MS) Prof. GANESH V. TAPKIRE, Completed B.E. in civil Engineering 2008 and M- Tech appear in Building Construction &Technology in RGPV University Bhopal (MP).presented and Publish paper 04 Research paper in National conference and 01 International Journal along with publication author had attended 05 workshop sponsored by ISTE Also he has associate life member of ISTE. Have two years site experience in NH-3 Pimpalgaon-Dhule BOT Project. From last 3.6 year assistant professor in civil Engineering department in R.C.Patel.Instute of Techonology Shirpur Prof. RAJENDRA D PATIL, Completed B.E. in civil Engineering in 2010 and M.E. in Building Science and Technology in 2013 from North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (MS). presented and Publish paper 04 Research paper in National conference and 01 International Journal along with publication author had attended 05 workshop sponsored by ISTE. From last 4.5 year assistant professor in civil Engineering department in R.C.Patel. Instute of Technology Shirpur editor@iaeme.com