Baseline Study Project

Transcription

1 CONVERTING WASTE PLASTICS TO FUELS Baseline Study Project Activity II-1: Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER

2 CONTENTS Tables 4 Figures 5 Forms 5 Acronyms 6 Local Terms 6 1. Summary of Findings 7 2. Background Brief Profile of Cebu City Geographical Area and Zoning Population Growth Socio-Economic Pattern Economic Growth Development Outlook City Solid Waste Monitoring Introduction Waste Sectors Methodology Sampling Schedule Collection of Samples Actual Waste Characterization Presentation of Data Key Findings Quantities of Waste Waste Composition Residential Sector Commercial Sector Industrial Sector Aggregate Data Moisture Content Waste Composition Waste Projection Conclusion and Recommendations Appendices Definition of Material Types Detailed Methodology Data Capture Forms Detailed Waste Characterization Tables Raw Data Waste Sorting Equipment and Materials WACS Team 68 3

3 TABLES Table 1 Table 1. Total Population by Cebu City and Barangay, as of August 1, Table 2 North District 15 Table 3 Volume of Garbage South District 16 Table 4 DPS and Barangay Collection (Ton/Day) 17 Table 5 Monthly Monitoring Table CY Table 6 Sampling Schedule 19 Table 7 Number of Samples for Waste Composition for Selected Confidence Levels 20 Table 8 Quantity of Municipal Waste and Waste Plastics for Cebu City 23 Table 9 Result of Overall Waste Composition, Cebu City 25 Table 10 Result of Overall Waste Plastics Composition, Cebu City 25 Table 11 Result of Waste Characterization, Residential 27 Table 12 Result of Waste Plastics Characterization, Residential 27 Table 13 Result of Waste Characterization, Commercial 29 Table 14 Result of Waste Plastics Characterization, Commercial 29 Table 15 Result of Waste Characterization, Industrial 31 Table 16 Result of Waste Plastics Characterization, Industrial 31 Table 17 Aggregated Data on Disposed Waste of All Sectors. 32 Table 18 Solid Waste Generation in Cebu City 32 Table 19 Raw Weight and Moisture Content of Collected MSW in Cebu City 33 Table 20 Results for Moisture Content Analysis 34 Table 21 Raw Weight and Moisture Content of Collected MSW in Cebu City 34 Table 22 Typical Data of Waste Composition for Cebu City 34 Table 23 Difference between Clean and Unclean Waste Plastics 35 Table 24 Projected Population and Waste Generation Table 25 Characterization of the Overall Waste Stream 46 Table 26 Characterization of Waste Plastics of the Overall Waste Stream 46 Table 27 Residential Waste Characterization Result 47 Table 28 Residential Waste Plastics Characterization Result 47 Table 29 Commercial Waste Characterization Result 48 Table 30 Commercial Waste Plastics Characterization Result 48 Table 31 Industrial Waste Characterization Result 49 Table 32 Industrial Waste Plastic Characterization Result 49 Table 33 Results of Unclean Waste Plastics 50 Table 34 Results of Clean Waste Plastics 50 Table 35 Weight Master Summary 51 Table 36 Day 1- Sample 1 Bargy. Kasambagan 52 Table 37 Day 1- Sample 2 Brgy. Sto Nino 52 Table 38 Day 1-Sample 3 Brgy. Kamputhaw 52 Table 39 Day 1-Sample 4 Brgy. Lorega San Miguel 53 Table 40 Day 1-Sample 5 Brgy. Day-as/ Pai-an 53 Table 41 Day 1-Sample 6 Brgy. Kalubihan 53 Table 42 Day 2-Sample 1 Brgy. Mabolo 54 Table 43 Day 2-Sample 2 Brgy. Tisa 54 Table 44 Day 2-Sample 3 Brgy. Lower Lahug 54 Table 45 Day 2-Sample 4 Brgy. San Nicolas Proper 55 Table 46 Day 2-Sample 5 Brgy. Apas 55 Table 47 Day 2-Sample 6 Brgy. Labangon 55 Table 48 Day2-Sample 7 Brgy. Upper Lahug 56 Table 49 Day 3-Sample 1 Brgy. Ermita 56 Table 50 Day 3-Sample 2 Brgy. Hipodromo 56 Table 51 Day 3-Sample 3 Brgy. Kasambagan 57 Table 52 Day 3-Sample 4 Brgy. Tinago/ San Roque 57 4

4 Table 53 Day 3-Sample 5 Brgy. Kamagayan 57 Table 54 Day 3-Sample 6 Brgy. Kamputhaw 58 Table 55 Day 3-Sample 7 Brgy. Day-as/ Parian 58 Table 56 Day 4-Sample 1 Brgy. Guadalupe 58 Table 57 Day 4-Sample 2 Brgy. Basak Pardo 59 Table 58 Day 4-Sample 3 Brgy. Bulacao 59 Table 59 Day 4-Sample 4 Brgy. Sambag 1 59 Table 60 Day 4-Sample 5 Brgy. Capitol 60 Table 61 Day 4-Sample 6 Brgy. Sambag 2 60 Table 62 Day 5-Sample 1 Brgy. Lorega San Miguel 60 Table 63 Day 5-Sample 2 Brgy. Tejero/Carreta 61 Table 64 Day 5-Sample 3 Brgy. Sto. Nino 61 Table 65 Day 5-Sample 4 Brgy. Pari-an 61 Table 66 Day 5-Sample 5 Brgy. Kamagayan 62 Table 67 Day 5-Sample 6 Task Force 62 Table 68 Day 5-Sample 7 Brgy. Ermita 62 Table 69. Day 6-Sample 1 Carbon 63 Table 70 Day 6-Sample 2 Brgy. Suba 63 Table 71 Day 6-Sample 3 Brgy. Pardo 63 Table 72 Day 7-Sample 1 Brgy. Luz 64 Table 73 Day 7-Sample 2 Brgy. Banilad 64 Table 74 Day 7-Sample 3 Brgy. Sawang Calero 64 Table 75 Day 7-Sample 4 Brgy. Talamban 65 Table 76 Day 7-Sample 5 Brgy. Calamba 65 Table 77 Day 7-Sample 6 Brgy. Punta Princesa 65 Table 78 Day 7-Sample 7 Brgy. San Nicolas 66 FIGURES Figure 1 Cebu City Zoning Map 10 Figure 2 Position of the representative sample extracted per truck 21 Figure 3 Overall Percentage of Waste Plastics from Total Samples 24 Figure 4 Overall Waste Composition, Cebu City 24 Figure 5 Overall Waste Plastics Composition, Cebu City 25 Figure 6 Percentage of Waste Plastics from Residential Sector 26 Figure 7 Overview of Waste Characterization, Residential 26 Figure 8 Overview of Waste Plastics Characterization, Residential 27 Figure 9 Percentage of Waste Plastics from Commercial sector 28 Figure 10 Overview of Waste Characterization, Commercial 28 Figure 11 Overview of Waste Plastics Characterization, Commercial 29 Figure 12 Percentage of Waste Plastics from Industrial sector 30 Figure 13 Overview of Waste Characterization, Industrial 30 Figure 14 Overview of Waste Plastics Characterization, Industrial 31 Figure 15 Moisture Content Analysis of Waste Plastic 33 Figure 16 Informal Waste Recovery in Cebu City 36 FORMS Form 1 Vehicle Data Capture Form 42 Form 2 Waste Characterization Form 43 Form 3 Moisture Content Determination Form 44 Form 4 Hand Sort Tally Form 5

5 ACRONYMS CPDO DPS HDPE ICT LDPE MMT MSW NIPAS NSO O P2F PET PP PS PVC SWMB UNEP DTIE IETC WACS City Planning and Development Office Department of Public Services High Density Polyethylene. Information and Communication Technology Low Density Polyethylene Mayor s Management Team Municipal Solid Waste Nationally Integrated Protected Areas System National Statistics Office Other Plastics Waste Plastics to Fuels or PETE, Polyethylene Terephthalate Polypropylene Polystyrene. Polyvinyl Chloride Solid Waste Management Board United Nations Environment Programme - Division of Technology, Industry and Economics - International Environmental Technology Center Waste Analysis and Characterization Study LOCAL TERMS Bakat Barangay Buri Sinulog Stacruzan Sugbayanihan Ternos Trisikad Visita Iglesia A large woven basket commonly used in markets for fruits and vegetables The smallest political unit in the Philippines Feast of the Sto. Nino, the biggest event in Cebu City Mayflower Festival Seafood Festival Traditional Filipino dress Non-motorized tricycle Series of church visits done during the Christian Holy Week 6

6 CEBU CITY PLASTIC WACS 1. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS A baseline study to determine the waste plastics generation, characterization and projection is needed before a facility for converting waste plastics to fuels (P2F) is set up. Quantification of waste plastics generated will help determine the feasibility of setting up a P2F conversion technology in the city. Likewise, characterization of waste plastics based on different materials types should be undertaken to be able to easily determine which technology is appropriate based on the waste resource materials available. Projection, on the other hand, is also significant as it will show if investing in a certain technology in viable in for a long-term operation. Based on the recently concluded Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (Plastic WACS) for Cebu City funded by UNEP-DTIE-IETC, it was found that the amount of waste plastics that the city currently disposes to the Inayawan Landfill is at 12.36% of the total waste being disposed. In the Inayawan Study conducted by the city government in 2006, waste plastics were found at 16.87% of the total waste. It could be inferred that there was a certain degree of waste plastics diversion to cause a 4.5% reduction of waste plastics being disposed at the landfill in less than 3 years. If the city will generate a total 161,083 tons of waste this year based on projection figures, the total waste plastics to be disposed for the year will be approximately 19,910 tons. Wood as additional feedstock for a P2F conversion facility would give the total available material at 46,038 tons or approximately 3,837 tons of available materials a month. This does not include waste plastics diverted from source or from other levels. The quantity of waste plastics being traded within the city and transported to Valenzuela, Metro Manila for recycling or to some minor facilities in the Visayas should be determined. Local processing of waste plastics for a P2F facility might just prove to be more economically viable for the city and the different sectors/actors in the waste management stream. A total of 129,055 kg ( tons) with the average of 18,436 kg (18.44 tons) per day of overall municipal solid waste disposed at the Inayawan Landfill during the seven-day period of the study. The quantities associated with waste plastics disposed in the same period based on the sample quantity which is 30 kg. (0.03 tons) per sample are over 159 kg (0.16 tons) and has the average of 23 kg (0.02 tons) per day in the seven day period. In the total of 1, kg sample collected in the study period, waste plastics represent approximately 12.36% ( kg) while other wastes account for 87.64% ( kg) for the sampling period. For the total waste composition result per material type, No.10 or Mixed Wastes (71.42%) constitute the largest amount disposed in the landfill, paper account for almost 14.55% and wood approximately 1.67%. For waste plastics, No.3 or PVC (5.11%) constitutes the largest 7

7 amount being disposed in Inayawan. This is followed by No.7 or Other Plastics (3.29%) and No.2 or HDPE (2.64%). While the least kind of plastics observed is No.4 or LDPE with approximately 0.04%. Of the 1,529.6 kg of waste samples from all sectors were collected, approximately 11.55% are waste plastics while 88.45% for Other Wastes. For different sectors, residential has 6.57% waste plastics and 93.43% Other Wastes. The commercial sector has 14.00% waste plastics and 86.00% Other Waste while industrial waste plastics represent approximately 7.69% and Other Waste 92.31%. For waste from different sectors, similar results suggest that No. 10 (Mixed waste) constitute the largest amount disposed at 86.92% for residential, 66.95% for commercial and 83.66% for industrial sector. For waste plastics result per sector against the total of plastic disposed, Other Plastics (32.49%) has the highest percentage for residential, PVC (44.30%) for commercial and HDPE (32.37%) for industrial. Results show that from the three sectors, the highest amount of waste disposed was contributed by the commercial sector. Moreover, large amount of waste plastics generated were also observed in this sector. The moisture content analysis is important in converting waste plastics to fuel. In determining appropriate technology for P2F conversion, moisture content will be an important factor as it will affect combustibility and other waste to energy conversion processes. It will also shed light on how to be handle and transport of waste materials. During the study, the average moisture for all plastic wastes was found at 4.10%. Average moisture for waste plastics content is at 4.10%, as opposed to the total moisture content for all waste disposed at 38.57% based on the Inayawan Study. HDPE (8.74%) shows highest moisture content among waste plastics. This is followed by Other Plastics (7.15%), PVC (4.59%) and PS (4.28%). PET (1.76%), PP (1.70%) and LDPE (0.46%), on the other hand, show very small percentage of moisture content. The resulting figures were calculated at 80% confidence level. The formula and discussion on how this is computed is fond at the detailed methodology. Projection shows that Cebu City will generate approximately 1655,576 tons of waste in 2010, 189,995 in 2015 at about 217,997 tons in With a steady increase of waste generation for urban communities (1% per year) 1, it is certainly important to utilize technologies that would directly address the escalating waste problem, especially of waste plastics. 1 Philippine Environment Monitor 2001 Solid Waste, (World Bank, 2001) 8

8 2. BACKGROUND Brief Profile of Cebu City Cebu City is located on the central eastern part of Cebu Province, the center island in Central Visayas, Southern Philippines. It is bounded by Mandaue City in the North and Talisay City in the South. On the East is Mactan Channel and on its West are the Municipality of Balamban and the City of Toledo. 2 It has a total land area of square kilometres or 29, hectares. Its strategic location makes it accessible by air and sea transport. By plane, it is only an hour away from Manila and just a few hours to reach major cities in the Asia Pacific region. 3 It is composed of eighty barangays 4, thirty-six in the North District and thirty-four in the South District. Of these barangays, fifty are classified as urban and thirty as rural barangays. Geographical Area and Zoning Of the city s 29, hectares, only 5, hectares occupy the urban areas. However, 5o of the 80 barangays are classified as urban, while only 30 are classified rural scattered along some 23,526 hectares. The North district has 46 barangays while South district has 34 barangays. While only 28% of the city is within the 18% slope or less range, about 64% of the city s lands are classified by the national government as alienable and disposable. The rest is classified as forest or timberland. Lands classified as timberland include areas that are within the critical watersheds and other protected areas of the city. Seventy-three percent of the city s land is under the Nationally Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). Twenty-three of the city s barangays are totally or partially located in the four watershed areas: Mananga, Kotkot, Lusaran and the Cebu Watershed Reservation in Buhisan. As shown in the city s Zoning Map (Figure 1), the coastal area facing the Mactan Strait is predominantly industrial. Commercial areas follow inward, followed by urban residential areas. As the slope goes higher, the areas are rural residential, followed the Sudlon National Park, as well as other open areas and parks. Pockets of institutional areas are scattered throughout the narrow coastal flatland where the commercial and industrial, as well as urban residential zones 5 are found. 2 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile, Solid Waste Management in Cebu City, June 15,2009 < 4 Barangay is the smallest political unit in the Philippines. 5 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile,

9 Figure 1. Cebu City Zoning Map Source: Cebu City Planning and Development Office 10

10 Population Growth As of August 2007, Cebu City had a total population of 798, Although trend shows a slight decline in growth rate, at 2.19% (1990) 1.64% from 1995 to , the city s weekday population is slightly bigger, since it houses the biggest commercial areas, schools, hospitals and public offices that people from neighbouring towns and cities come to during daytime and weekdays. These transients and commuters contribute to the over-all waste generation of the city. Table 1. Total Population by Cebu City and Barangay, as of August 1, 2007 Barangay Population Barangay Population 1. Adlaon 3, Mabini 1, Agsungot 1, Mabolo 22, Apas 18, Malubog 1, Babag 3, Mambaling 26, Basak Pardo 16, Pahina Central (Pob.) 4, Bacayan 12, Pahina San Nicolas 3, Banilad 8, Pamutan 1, Basak San Nicolas 33, Pardo (Pob.) 10, Binaliw 2, Pari-an 2, Bonbon 4, Paril 1, Budla-an (Pob.) 3, Pasil 7, Buhisan 10, Pit-os 5, Bulacao 21, Pulangbato 4, Buot-Taup Pardo 1, Pung-ol-Sibugay 1, Busay (Pob.) 9, Punta Princesa 24, Calamba 11, Quiot Pardo 14, Cambinocot 2, Sambag I (Pob.) 14, Capitol Site (Pob.) 12, Sambag II (Pob.) 12, Carreta 10, San Antonio (Pob.) 2, Central (Pob.) 1, San Jose 3, Cogon Ramos (Pob.) 3, San Nicolas Central 5, Cogon Pardo 13, San Roque (Ciudad) 4, Day-as 4, Santa Cruz (Pob.) 2, Duljo (Pob.) 16, Sawang Calero (Pob.) 5, Ermita (Pob.) 8, Sinsin 2, Guadalupe 47, Sirao 3, Guba 4, Suba Pob. (Suba San Nicolas) 8, Hippodromo 9, Sudlon I 2, Inayawan 24, Sapangdaku 5, Kalubihan (Pob.) T. Padilla 10, Kalunasan 16, Tabunan 1, Kamagayan (Pob.) 1, Tagbao 1, Camputhaw (Pob.) 21, Talamban 24, Kasambagan 6, Taptap 1, Kinasang-an Pardo 15, Tejero (Villa Gonzalo) 16, Labangon 29, Tinago 8, Lahug (Pob.) 36, Tisa 32, Lorega (Lorega San Miguel) 11, To-ong Pardo 3, Lusaran 2, Zapatera 3, Luz 16, Sudlon II 1,814 CEBU CITY (Capital of Cebu Province) 798,809 Source: NSO.gov.ph 6 National Statistics Office, June 20, 2009 < 7 Cebu, CPDO, City Profile,

11 With the base figure of 798,809 for 2007 and growth rate at 1.77% (2000), current population can be placed at 824,337. These figures will be used for further population and waste generation projection in this paper. Socio-Economic Patterns Socio-economic events contribute to the fluctuation of waste generation in the City. Tourism is a major contributing industry because Cebu is considered as one of the main tourist destinations in the country. Tourism is at its peak from January to July. Both locals and visitors from other countries participate in celebrating major events. During this period, industrial and commercial establishments are busiest. Tourists go shopping, buy souvenirs and eat out. 8 Major events contribute a large volume of wastes. The first event of the year which contributes to a lot of waste is New Year. Generated wastes usually spill off from the Christmas week, wherein people engage in gift-giving and major shopping sprees. However, the single biggest event which contributes the biggest waste generation is the Sinulog Festival. During Sinulog, thousands of pilgrims and visitors join the celebration for the feast of the Sto. Nino. The Festival features street dancing, face painting, party events, show bands, fireworks, a Mardi Gras Parade and other activities. During February, the Cebu X International Furniture & Furnishing Exhibition attracts buyers from around the world. Although commonly featured in this annual exhibit are indigenous materials such as rattan, bamboo, shells, and buri, the waste generated by visitors include PET bottles and Styrofoam. The Chinese New Year, on the other hand, is a vibrant Filipino-Chinese fanfare with dragon dances, fireworks. Valentines Day gift giving has also become popular among urban residents. The Lenten Season which falls on the last week of March to the first week of April is observed with religious processions in every church in the city and Visita Iglesia or church visits. A large volume of devotees visit the Sto. Nino during the week-long observance. April and May is summer time during which countryside fiestas are celebrated. People take toursin mango and flower farms of Cebu City s Hillylands where anyone can stop along the roadside markets to buy fresh fruits and flowers. Flores de Mayo is celebrated all over Cebu City where visitors can watch the Santacruzan Parade where chosen women walk under floral arches in tiaras and ternos. Classes start in June. Major waste generation includes packaging materials for school supplies. It is also when the Annual Cebu Business Month is held. Cebuano retail merchants take chunks off tags prices and many warehouses hold export overruns and some of the biggest name brands in clothing. The Sugbayanihan, the longest barbecue grill, is also celebrated in June. 8 Calendar of Activities (Department of Tourism, 2008). 12

12 July and August are usually lean months as tropical storms become more frequent. In July, the Fruits and Vegetables Festival is held at the City Hall Ground. September, on the other hand, signals the entry of the ber months before Christmas. Retailers offer a lot of bargains to attract buyers. Restaurant rows hold a series of concerts and events during the month-long Octoberfest. The Queen City International Run is held in November. By this time, the second semester opens in colleges and universities and more wastes are generated from packaging of schools supplies. Christmas in Cebu is more than a month-long celebration. The Christmas Food Street Festival is held and the traditional gift giving, shopping and parties render a surge in waste generation. Economic Growth Despite the global economic slowdown, Central Visayas showed economic resilience during the second quarter and first half of For Cebu City, the sectors which posted positive growth were the information and communication technology (ICT) and tourism industries. Demand for tourism-related services, building of accommodation establishments and various services increased as the region becomes one the top destinations in Asia. BPO outsourcing increased and expanded. At the Asiatown IT Park alone in Lahug, the number locators increased from 20 to 30 in The upbeat tourism and ICT performance led to positive movements in other economic sectors as well, made evident by the vibrant construction industry. This increased the labor market in the region from 92.7% in 2006 to 93.8 in IT Park alone employed 4,000 more workers in the same period. This translated in to growth in retail trade as more disposable income is earned by BPO employees. The ICT sector contributes to more power consumption leading to the development two power reserves projects to add 100 megawatts of the Cebu-Negros-Panay (CNP) power grid, both of which are targeted for completion by The transportation sector grew as traffic and volume of passengers and cargo handled increase. In particular, Cebu-based Cebu Pacific Air opened new routes, prompting others to follow. 9 Development Outlook Because of international community recognition of Region 7 for its IT and tourism potentials, the region expects sustained growth in these sectors. In fact, the London-based Foreign Direct Investment magazine ranked Cebu City as eighth among 10 top Asian Cities in the future, while a study by Global Services placed the city as one of the favoured outsourcing destinations for global companies. Congruently, the region aims to further expand its tourism industry not only 9 NEDA, Central Visayas Remains Tough Amidst Global Financial Turmoil, DevPulse, Vol. 12, No. 23,May 20,2009 < visayas.pdf> 13

13 through continuous promotion of its ecotourism destinations, but also by penetrating new markets such as the Russians and Indians who are now becoming frequent visitors. Their numbers are expected to increase following moves by the Department of Tourism to streamline visa requirements for Indian guests. 10 City Solid Waste Monitoring North and South District monitoring on a monthly basis, as indicated on Tables 2 and 3, respectively, show the quantity of waste generation per barangays. Blanks indicate that no data was submitted by the barangays to the DPS at the given period. Because of this, the totals given: 38,446,458 tons for the North District and 51,315,739 for the South District do not completely reflect waste generation in the two areas. Table 4 indicates that most barangays have their own waste collection trucks and that only a few are being served by DPS collection. The table also shows that the DPS has some Task Force trips for some common areas serving commercial establishments, markets and major thoroughfares. For 2008, the monthly comparative waste generation (Table 5) shows 25% reduction in February (4,021.13) from January (5,061.92). It gained 6.14% by March and decreased again by almost 5% in April. This monthly up-down fluctuation continued until an increase in July. August to November shows continued decline in waste generation and an increase of 7.8% in December. Table 5 also shows no data of commercial and industrial sectors, as both sectors have their own waste management collection and disposal. The sectors also do not report their own solid waste monitoring to the concerned city offices. 10 Ibid. 14

14 Table 2. Volume of Garbage, North District, Cebu City Brgy Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Apas 179, , , , , , , , , , , ,485 2,267,403 Bacayan 74,880 56,525 55,679 74,515 67,521 76,296 86,075 74,555 74,650 77,510 81, ,036 Banilad 54,475 39,523 48,460 56,174 72,040 66,260 60,710 73,140 61,660 54,800 57, ,908 Bo. Luz 382, , , , , , , , , , , ,260 4,332,273 Budla-an 15,160 17,600 12,286 13,991 11,350 10,710 16,470 16,040 25, ,887 Busay 37,515 41,216 43,765 38,060 53,800 55,500 49,800 51,810 55,665 44, ,001 Capitol Site 561, , , , , , , , , , , ,175 6,011,460 Carreta 109,435 86,155 75,360 76, , , , , , , , ,150 1,208,436 Co. Central Ramos 80,555 84,460 87,698 91,480 83, , , , , ,705 85,385 1,081,163 Day-as 75,710 60,690 60,321 76,028 69,030 67,640 71,430 71,760 74,560 54,060 56, ,919 Hipodromo 145,455 62,910 74,150 67,960 65, ,540 Kalubihan 48,705 36,528 34,457 34,705 32,045 41,303 48,220 38,220 41,650 31,045 29, ,548 Kamagayan 54,777 79,254 74,942 66,533 72,895 72,961 76,520 68,940 69, ,912 Kamputhaw 220, , , , , , , , , , ,295 2,872,831 Kasambagan 75,955 53,093 47,165 54,375 97,097 86, ,030 92,635 90,540 88,690 98, ,339 Lahug Lorega San Miguel 127,895 74,335 41, , , ,460 99,310 60, ,835 Mabolo 162, , ,240 82, , ,883 Pahina Central 137, , , , , , , , , , , ,270 1,798,365 Pari-an 59,600 55,915 43,300 30,932 55,832 48,679 56,790 58,590 52,430 48,860 37,680 45, ,848 Pit-os 52,790 48,090 52,790 66,290 54,915 61,198 71,535 73,600 69,400 70,310 65, ,738 Pulangbato 23,520 31,515 25,125 20,922 38,793 24,161 24,649 20,920 18,980 20,970 20,160 35, ,855 Sambag 1 234,393 36, , , , , , , ,725 1,762,398 Sambag 2 206, , , , , , , , , , , ,980 2,201,778 San Antonio 49,150 44,470 52,025 64,701 49,935 65,692 73,200 74,370 76,905 70,660 64, ,853 San Roque 72,270 59,895 59,155 58,973 70,840 71,364 67,200 70,690 63,200 66,290 57,390 60, ,832 Sto. Nino 101,390 82,285 84,690 80,285 99,150 94,858 87,244 70,690 92,945 91,090 79,905 86,900 1,050,982 Sta. Cruz 93,755 71,520 77, ,612 98, , , , , ,910 93,060 1,152,118 T. Padilla 99,140 88,015 82, , , , ,438 92, , , , ,110 1,287,200 Talamban 55,716 55,029 78, , , , , , , ,380 1,423,792 Tejero 165, , , , , , , , , , , ,395 1,803,257 Grand Total 2,622,924 2,328,224 2,559,644 2,488,604 3,104,166 2,993,061 3,642,963 3,932,006 3,826,751 3,728,585 3,681,644 3,537,866 38,446,458 Source: Department of Public Services, Solid Waste Management Division, Cebu City,

15 Table 3. Volume of Garbage South District, Cebu City Barangay Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Basak Pardo 184, , , , , , , , , , , ,335 2,318,912 Buhisan 87,670 68,352 70,599 73,659 90,536 77,738 90, ,708 88,428 96,809 75,480 80,760 1,000,804 Bulacao 286, , , , , , , , , ,650 75,480 80,760 2,936,494 Calamba 72, , , , , , , , , , , ,460 2,373,409 Cogon Pardo Duljo Fatima 253, , , , , , , , , , , ,000 2,560,149 Ermita 281, , , , , , , , , ,055 2,690,011 Guadalupe 773, , , , , , , , , , ,745 9,140,482 Inayawan 297, , , , , , , , , , , ,550 3,482,939 Kalunasan 89,965 74,780 74,840 72,405 89,468 80,339 84,189 89,210 84,325 86,570 81,895 84, ,426 Kinasang-an 122, , , , , , , , , , ,360 1,676,041 Labanagon 432, , , , , , , , , , ,550 3,255,694 Mambaling 458, , , , , , , , ,990 3,332,016 Pasil 164, , , , , , , , ,280 1,259,471 Pob. Pardo 281, , , , ,728 97,142 1,218,185 Punta Princesa 25,526 16,963 48,733 18,367 20, ,111 Quiot 240, , , , , , , , , , , ,650 2,634,557 San Nicolas Proper 145, , , , , , , , , , , ,460 1,975,289 Sapangdaku 64,940 44,167 35,182 40,793 47,455 43,301 49,242 58,540 47,680 49,490 40,750 53, ,270 Sawang Calero 161, , , , , , , , , , , ,935 1,742,038 Suba 156, , ,746 78, , , , , , , ,270 1,8677,082 Tisa 328, , , , , , , , , , , ,730 4,154,359 Grand Total 3,891,180 3,238,800 4,248,270 4,054,346 4,871,030 4,419,120 5,013,023 4,904,296 4,790,126 4,253,816 3,809,972 3,821,760 51,315,739 Source: Department of Public Services, Solid Waste Management Division Cebu City 16

16 Table 4. DPS and Barangay Collection (Ton/Day) South District Central District North District Task Force Barangay DPS Brgy Total Barangay DPS Brgy Total Barangay DPS Brgy Total Barangay DPS Brgy Total 1. Basak Pardo Pahina Central Apas Task Force (S2) Basak San Nicolas Bo. Luz Banilad C. Padilla, T. Padilla, San Roque, Mambaling, 3., Buhisan Capitol Site Bacayan Ermita, San Nicolas Prop, Pahina San Nicolas 4. Bulacao Carreta Busay Task Force (R3) Calamba Cogon Ramos Kasambagan Ermita, Lorega, Kamagayan, Carreta, 6. Cogon Pardo Day-as Mabolo Kamputhaw, Lahug 7. Duljo Fatima Ermita Talamban Meto Aide Guadalupe Hipodromo Pit-os Mabolo, Carreta 9. Inayawan Kalubihan Pulangbato Kalunasan Kamagayan Lahug Task Force III Kinasang-an Kamputhaw San Roque, T. Padilla, Kamagayan, LOrega 12. Labangon Loreta Mambaling Pari-an Task Force II Pahina San Nicolas Sambag Ramos, Market, Abattoir 15. Pasil Sambag Sports Complex, NRA, Suares Bros. 16. Pob. Pardo San Antonio Task Force I Punta Princesa San Roque Tejero, Gen. Maxilom, Fuente, Ramos, Taboan, 18. Quiot Sta. Cruz San Roque, M.J. Cuenco 19. Sapangdaku Sto. Nino Heat of the City Sawang Calero T. Padilla Kalubihan, Pahina San Nicolas, Ermita, Sta. 21. San Nicolas Prop Tejero Cruz 22. Suba Tinago Sup. Payloader Op Tisa Zapatero Mabolo, Carreta, Kalubihan, Kamputhaw 24. Hospital Task Force Source: DPS Cebu,

17 Table 5. Monthly Monitoring Table CY 2008 Month Day Shift/South District Night Shift/North District Volume of Garbage (Tons) Comparative No. of Equip. Dispatched No. of Equip. Dispatched (%) Res Mkt Com Hos Ind Total Target Actual Condmn Target Actual Condmn January February % March % April % May % June % July % August % September % October % November % December % TOTAL Source: Solid Waste Monitoring Division, Cebu City 18

18 3. INTRODUCTION The Cebu City Plastic Waste Analysis and Characterization (Plastic WACS) study is being undertaken to determine the baseline data needed for a possible waste plastics to fuels (P2F) conversion project. It will also serve to complement the data being gathered by the city on a regular basis to be able to establish a more efficient and ecological solid waste management system, especially for waste plastics. Waste Sectors In the study, three major waste sectors were analyzed: Commercial Sector - Wastes disposed by businesses, institutions and market places that that are collected and transported by private and government haulers. Residential Sector - Wastes disposed by households collected and transported by private and government haulers. Industrial Sector - Waste generated from industrial areas and transported by private and government haulers. Since there is only one transfer station in the city DPS Dispatching Area, waste source and sectors are readily determined with each truck. Data such as these are captured in the Truck Tag, Weight Master Form and the Hand Sort Form 11. Because of this, sorting can be done at the Inayawan Sanitary Landfill before dumping. Sampling Schedule Methodology To be able to cover a whole period of the city s waste cycle, the schedule for the sampling activities was arranged as follows: Table 6. Sampling Schedule Sampling Day Date Day of the Week Shift Day 1 May 21, 2009 Thursday Night shift Day 2 May 23, 2009 Saturday Day shift Day 3 May 25, 2009 Monday Night shift Day 4 May 27, 2009 Wednesday Day shift Day 5 May 29, 2009 Friday Night shift Day 6 May 31, 2009 Sunday Day shift Day 7 June 2, 2009 Tuesday Day shift 11 Data Capture Forms are on Appendix 6.3 on page 42 19

19 Each of the seven days represents a day of the week to complete a week-long cycle. Alternating shifts for sorting activities were schedule within the sampling period. The intervening days were intended to allow drying of washed materials for the moisture content analysis. During those times, the sorting area is free of other wastes to ensure the integrity of the samples. Collection of Samples The number of samples was determined by computing the median based on the 80% confidence level in the number of samples for plastic waste. Table 7. Number of Samples for Waste Composition for Selected Confidence Levels Materials C.L. 95% C.L 90% C.L 80% C.L 70% Resident l. Commer l. Resident l. Commer l. Resident l. Commer l. Resident l. Commer l. Newsprint Cardboard Aluminum Ferrous Glass Plastic Organic Source: Guidelines for Assessment of Waste Plastics, UNEP-DTIE-IETC, 2009 A total of 44 garbage truck samples within a period of seven days were distributed in a way that represents all three districts of DPS and barangay waste collection, including hospital waste. However, hospital waste was not included in the hand sorting classification because of its hazardous content and instead only estimated visually. The sample universe is tons derived from 30 kilograms from 43 trucks (not including the truck with hospital waste). The study did not utilize a random numbers table to determine the truck samples. Since there was no working truck scale at the landfill, trucks had to be pre-identified before dispatching and sent to a private weight master for the net and gross weights. This process had to be coordinated at three points: the dispatching area, where the truck drivers were given a truck identification tag, the weighting area 12 where the weight of empty and loaded trucks were recorded, and the disposal area, where the identified trucks were intercepted before dumping for the team to be able to extract the required amount of waste for each specific sample. To determine the residential, commercial and industrial waste compositions, the approach was to identify the DPS and barangay garbage collection site based on Cebu City Zoning. Trucks were selected from the North and South Districts as well as the Central Area. One truck was also taken from the DPS Task Force. Remarks on the content of the load extracted were noted in the data capture form. The Weight Master Summary, Table 35can be found at Appendix D. 12 Private Weight Master is Ladisto Dausan of Rhine Marketing, Brgy. Tinago, Cebu City 20

20 Actual Waste Characterization At the side of the Inayawan Landfill, the PhilBio site was prepared and cleared to be used as the sorting area. Designated spaces were properly labeled according to the type and source of waste placed into them. Before the start of the first sample extraction, needed equipments were prepared on site. 13 Each identified truck, after finishing waste collection, went to the weight master to be weighed before proceeding to the landfill. 14 Upon entering the landfill, collection crew extract a portion of the waste load from the truck. To facilitate immediate extraction of required sample, wastes were taken from the upper, outer portion of the truck load. Figure 2. Position of the representative sample extracted per truck Back of the truck Waste Sample A Front of the truck Based on the Inayawan Waste Characterization in 2006, each garbage truck loads from 2,500 to 3,000 kg. 15 During the study period, waste load range from 1650 to 5475 kg But to provide results consistent the latest WACS, the representative sample for each truck load was pegged at 30 kilos. A 50-kilogram platform weighing scale was used to weigh 30 kilograms of waste which were then brought to the sorting area for characterization. The waste samples were sorted into the prescribed material categories and recorded on FORM No.4. Wastes are classified into ten material types, Plastics 1 to 7 based on the Plastic Identification Code 16, Wood, Paper and Other Wastes. Waste plastics which are not identified in the first six types were placed in Other Plastics category. Aside from Plastics, Wood and Paper were specifically sorted. This is because the objective of the study is to provide baseline data for a possible demonstration project that will convert waste plastics into fuel. P2F conversion technologies often require the mixing of waste plastics with waste paper and waste wood as additional feedstock. 17 Materials were sorted according to the ten material types and placed into separate labeled containers. Before weighing, the materials were checked and verified against the Waste Classification Guide provided to the sorting crew. These are then weighed on a five-kilogram digital weighing scale. 13 Appendix 6.6 on page 67 lists all the materials and equipment used during the actual characterization. 14 The truck goes back to the weight master after dumping of its load to get the net weight of the truck. 15 Cebu, MMT, CPDO and DPS, Inayawan Sanitary Landfill Waste Characterization Study, October The Plastic Identification Code, March 20, 2009 < 17 UNEP-DTIE,IETC, Guidelines for Assessment of Waste Plastics,

21 The accuracy and operation of the scale were checked against a known reference weight. And since the digital scale is very sensitive and registers weight two digits on gram, it was place on a clean, flat surface and the level of scale was adjusted when necessary. Weighting of each material samples was done inside the PhilBio site since even movement of the tray or container from strong wind affects the weight registered by the scale. The materials were weighed as is, but bottles, cans and containers were emptied of their contents before weighing. The weight of each material (wet basis) was recorded on FORM No.2. Presentation of Data Data is shown in pie graphs and tables. Presentation of data starts from Plastics (material types 1 to 7) and Other Wastes (8 to 10). Tables present data by material types 1 to 10, total Plastic (Nos. 1-7), total Other Waste (8-10) and Total Waste (100%). In the discussion of the key findings, the quantity of waste plastics is presented in four ways: first, the proportion of the total plastic waste against total waste composition; second, is the proportion of Plastics (material types 1 to 7) against the total waste composition; third is the proportion of Plastics (1 to 7) against the total number of waste plastics. Fourth, Plastics (1-7) on three sectors: residential, industrial, and commercial. Detailed tables culled from raw data are placed in Appendix E. 4. KEY FINDINGS Quantities of Waste A total of 129, 055 kg ( tons) with the average of 18, 436 kg (18.44 tons) of overall waste disposed at Inayawan Landfill during the seven days period of the study. The quantities associated with waste plastics disposed in the same period based on the sample quantity which is 30 kg. (0.03 tons) per sample are over 159 kg (0.16 tons) and has the average of 23 kg (0.02 tons), a total of 1, kg sample collected in the study period. Waste plastics represent approximately 12.36% ( kg) while other wastes account 87.64% ( kg) for all sampling period. Table 8 shows the aggregated data and the quantity of municipal solid waste and waste plastics on daily samples. 22

22 Table 8. Quantity of Municipal Waste and Waste Plastics for Cebu City Daily Samples Aggregated Data Day-Sample No. MSW (kg) Waste Plastics (kg) Day MSW (kg) Waste Plastics (kg) Percentage (%) TOTAL AVERAGE Waste Composition This report presents the results of overall waste disposed by three major waste sectorsresidential, commercial and industrial. A total of 1, kg from 43 garbage truck samples were characterized. The results were presented in pie chart showing the summary of waste composition and a table showing the waste type, by weight and the precision levels at the 80% confidence level. Due to rounding, numbers may not sum exactly to totals or subtotals. 23

23 As shown in Figure 3, comparing percentage of waste plastics (12.36%) against other waste (87.64%) for the overall composition of waste disposed in the landfill. Figure 3. Overall Percentage of Waste Plastics from Total Samples Plastics, 12.36% Other Wastes, 87.64% Figure 4 shows the percent composition of each material type, Mixed Wastes (71.42%) constitute the largest amount disposed in the landfill. Some identified materials in Mixed Wastes were organic, residues and other materials or individual materials that not included in the major categories. In addition, paper account for almost 14.55% and wood (1.67%). For waste plastics against the total waste composition, PVC (5.11%) constitutes the largest percentage for waste plastics. In addition, paper account for almost 14.55% and wood (1.67%). For waste plastics against the total waste composition, PVC (5.11%) constitutes the largest amount being disposed in Inayawan. This is followed by O or Other Plastics (3.29%) and HDPE (2.64%). While the least kind of plastics observed is LDPE with approximately 0.04%. Table 9 shows the result of overall waste composition which combines all sectors. The detailed overall waste composition findings are shown in Table 26. Figure 4. Overall Waste Composition, Cebu City Mixed Waste, 71.42% PET, 0.35% Paper, 14.55% HDPE, 2.64% PVC, 5.11% LDPE, 0.04% PP, 0.17% PS, 0.77% Other Plastics, 3.29% Wood, 1.67% 24

24 Table 9. Result of Overall Waste Composition, Cebu City Percentage (%) Variance +/- 1. PET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS Other Plastics Paper Wood Mixed Wastes TOTAL PLASTIC TOTAL OTHER WASTE TOTAL WASTE For plastic wastes a total of kgs of sample for the overall waste stream which combines all sectors were characterized. In Figure 5, PVC (41.33%) commonly and represents the highest percentage disposed among other kinds of waste plastics. This is followed by Other Plastics (26.61%) and HDPE (21.34%). Other kinds of plastics that have significant numbers disposed were PS (6.23%), PET (2.82%), PP (1.39%), and LDPE (0.28%), respectively. Table 10 shows the result of overall waste plastics composition which combines all of the sectors. The detailed findings of overall waste plastics composition are shown in Table 27. Figure 5. Overall Waste Plastics Composition, Cebu City PET, 2.82% Other Plastics, 26.61% HDPE, 21.34% PS, 6.23% PP, 1.39% PVC, 41.33% LDPE, 0.28% Table 10. Result of Overall Waste Plastics Composition, Cebu City Plastics Percentage (%) Variance +/- 1. PET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS Other Plastics TOTAL

25 Residential Sector A total of kg of waste samples were disposed by the residential sector within the study period. Figure 6 shows the amount of plastics that can be found in this sector which is kg. (6.57%) and kg (93.43%) for other wastes. Figure 6. Percentage of Waste Plastics from Residential Sector Plastics, 6.57% Other Wastes, 93.43% Figure 7 shows the percentage of each material type against total waste disposed in the residential sector, Mixed Wastes (86.92%) are most common waste disposed by the residential sector. The findings suggest that almost all of the waste being disposed in the landfill by this sector is composed of individual materials that are included in Mixed Wastes category. It is followed but close to each other by Paper (3.46%) and Wood (3.05%), respectively. For Waste Plastics against the total Plastic composition, Other Plastics (2.14%) and HDPE (2.10%) are the two most prevalent kinds of waste plastics disposed in this sector. The amount of LDPE (0.03%) in this sector shows lesser percentage. Table 11 shows the result of waste characterization in the residential sector. The detailed findings of waste characterization in the residential sector are shown in Table 28. Figure 7. Overview of Waste Characterization, Residential Composition of Waste from the Residential Sector PET, 0.22% HDPE, 2.10% PVC, 1.27% LDPE, 0.03% Mixed Waste, 86.92% PP, 0.21% PS, 0.61% Other Plastics, 2.14% Paper, 3.46% Wood, 3.05% 26