Session 2A. The needs of passive spectrum users and the lessons learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in terms of spectrum
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1 Session 2A. The needs of passive spectrum users and the lessons learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in terms of spectrum sharing. Moderator: Sandra Cruz-Pol Oct 19, 2015
2 RF Spectrum definition It s the range of frequencies of em waves Between 3kHz-3THz
3 How do we choose f? Many factors: antenna size, available technology, cost,.. but mainly: Atmospheric attenuation Physical properties of EM waves vary with frequency Resonant molecules, Sensitivity to Earth parameters,
4 Atmospheric Attenuation Due to resonance with several molecules
5 Atmospheric Attenuation In general, attenuation increases as frequency increases. Price also increases but antenna size is smaller.
6 Sensitivity of f The physical parameters we want to measure, need to use specific frequency, ex. Salinity, water,
7 Astronomical Spectral Lines and Continuum Needed to study quasars, black holes, CMB (Big Bang), dark matter, planets Doppler Shift
8 Passive surviving in an active world Passive- only Rx Active Tx & Rx
9 RFI Passive Passive
10 Did you know that Katrina (Passive Microwave Satellite)
11 SMMR AMSR-E
12 Arecibo Observatory Radar only 30% of time Passive ~70% of time Frequencies MHz-10.6GHz 3 Tx with eirp [effective isotropic radiated powers] =300 MW at 47 MHz =2.5 TW at 430 MHz =20 TW at 2.38 GHz Rx Sensitivity= -250 dbw/m 2 /Hz 1 jansky = 1 Jy W/m2/Hz
![6GHz 3 Tx with eirp [effective isotropic radiated powers] =300 MW](/docs-images/44/15145095/images/page_12.jpg "at 47 MHz =2.5 TW at 430 MHz =20 TW at 2.")
13 Occurrence of RFI versus frequency by month for Arecibo Jan-Sept 2014
14 Radar from hilltop monitor Compare radar frequency usage: Top: 29may09 pre CARSR, pre PuntaSalinas upgrage middle:27apr15:carsr, new puntasalinas (modea) Bottom:14oct15:CARSR, new puntasalinas, all chan. Punta Salinas coordination sometimes fails: Dec 2014: mode A when AO uses lband July 2014: not going to modea Had trouble with their radar. Jul,Aug14 This was pre 100 channel mode.
15 1227M-L2-satellite 1245M-Glonass Galileo/ Chinnesse Compass sat sec integrations with alfa receiver 1220 to 1390 MHz band. Telescope sitting, sky drifting. Dynamic spectrum (flattened by median) Image shows: Radars, 12 sec rotation periods IQ image of aerostat GPS L2, glonass, probably Galileo
16 You can get $25,000 bill from FCC if you are using an illegal frequency. Click to see examples
17 Most vulnerable to RFI Other NSF funded facilities
18 Most vulnerable to RFI Other NSF funded facilities Up to 720GHz in Chile. ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter / submillimeter Array ) is the largest radio telescope in the world It was officially put into operation on 13 March 2013 scientific observations take place, however since October In June 2014 was erected the last of 66 planned antennas. They are used as interferometer for millimeter-wave and submillimeter used. Measures noise-like signals from galaxies far away
19 U.N. ITU (Intl Telecomm. Union) ITU Formed: st int l body! (UN in 1945) U.S. is special Case: Federal-NTIA assignments NonFed-FCC licenses
20 Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) U.S. Postal Service Air Force VA BBG DHS Transportation State Energy Chair (NTIA) NSF Navy FCC (Liaison) NASA Agriculture Commerce Interior Justice Army Treasury Coast Guard FAA
21
22 List of the RF services abbreviations Abbreviations Radio services RR definition AMS aeronautical mobile service No AM(R)S aeronautical mobile (route) service No AMSS aeronautical mobile-satellite service No AMS(R)S aeronautical mobile-satellite (route) service No ARNS aeronautical radionavigation service No ARNSS aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service No AS amateur service No ASS amateur-satellite service No BS broadcasting service No BSS broadcasting-satellite service No EESS Earth exploration-satellite service No FS fixed service No FSS fixed-satellite service No ISS inter-satellite service No LMS land mobile service No LMSS land mobile-satellite service No MetAids meteorological aids service No. 1.50
23 List of the RF services abbreviations Abbreviations Radio services RR definition MetSat meteorological-satellite service No MMS maritime mobile service No MMSS maritime mobile-satellite service No MRNS maritime radionavigation service No MRNSS maritime radionavigation-satellite service No MS mobile service No MSS mobile-satellite service No RAS radio astronomy service No RDS radiodetermination service No RDSS radiodetermination-satellite service No RLS radiolocation service No RLSS radiolocation-satellite service No RNS radionavigation service No RNSS radionavigation-satellite service No SOS space operation service No SRS space research service No. 1.55
24 The Red Book Manual Of Regulations And Procedures For Federal Radio Frequency Management 2013 Edition May pages Living document constantly changing
25 The Red Book Note: some are in lowercase some in Capital letters.
26 Did you MOU know -Coordination that Objects under Study (e.g. Pulsars, sunspots, galaxy) far, far Away Active sensor Tx (radar) Passive sensor Rx (Radiometer) Arecibo Observatory
27 PR Map 22 o 22 o Radar surveillance for drug traffic sea vessels
28 World Radiocommunication Conference WRC Updates the Radio Regulations (treaty status) Spectrum Allocation Coordination and Notification procedures Administrative and operational procedures Adopts Resolutions Held every 3-4 years WRC RR
29
30 WRC Agenda Items examples AI-1.1 Considers allocations for mobile (IMT) in several bands of interest to NSF such as MHz used for HI extragalactic detection. AI-1.12 Considers extending EESS to X-band which may impact other services. AI-1.17 Considers allocations for WAIC consideration of 22GHz, GHz & 2.7 GHz AI-1.18 Vehicle anti-collision radars- in GHz. AI-1.10 Considers allocations for mobile (IMT) in several bands such as GHz used for water vapor, ammonia and CH 3 OH detection.
31 U.N. ITU Geneva, SZ
32 U.N. ITU Geneva, SZ
33 2016 RF Spectrum Workshop May At UPR-Mayaguez PR 1 week Sponsored by NSF
34 Useful knowledge RF systems; mixers, oscillators, transmission line propagation, etc. Filter design Harmonics Fourier, time-domain, frequency-domain Microwave and millimeter remote sensors: both passive and active Research using these bands: C-band, S- band, X-band, Ku-band, K-band, Ka-band, W-band Microwave Remote Sensing:Atmospheric Attenuation and Propagation, Mie Scattering, Bragg scattering, Rayleigh Scattering Rain, hail and other hydrometeor effect in atmospheric path delay Radiometer design Power flux density, db/m 2 /Hz, Jy dbw, dbm, Radar Equation Radar range resolution Bandwidth and relation to pulse width, integration time Received power Budget (a.k.a. Friis equation) Sensitivity equation S/N Noise/Interference Antenna theory and design; Sidelobes, radiation patterns, beamwidth, Gregorian dish, Antenna arrays (interferometry)
35 Obama 2010 MEMO Presidential Memorandum -- Expanding America's Leadership in Wireless Innovation. All agencies must make 500 MHz of Federal and nonfederal spectrum available for wireless broadband use by year focusing on the MHz band, the MHz band, and the and MHz bands
36 * Companies bid over $40 billion.. for six blocks of airwaves, totaling 65 MHz of the electromagnetic spectrum -CNET, Jan 2015
37 Improve Frequency Spectrum Use (1) Coordination in 3D : space, frequency &time TVWS -TV White Spaces androcs.com
38 Improve Frequency Spectrum Use (2) Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Ex. Google Spectrum Database
39 RAS/EESS Benefits $$$ are hard to quantify
40 Questions?
Sandra Cruz-Pol, Ph.D. RF Spectrum Manager EARS Program Director NSF Spectrum Management Unit
* Companies bid over $40 billion.. for 65 MHz of the electromagnetic spectrum - CNET Jan 2015 Sandra Cruz-Pol, Ph.D. RF Spectrum Manager EARS Program Director NSF Spectrum Management Unit Did Who you are
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