E-Book As Learning Tool: A Review And Focus For Future Research

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1 E-Book As Learning Tool: A Review And Focus For Future Research Azidah Abu Ziden[1], Nur Kaliza Khalid[2] [1]PhD School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia. azidah@usm.my ABSTRACT This is a conceptual paper to study the use of e-book as a learning tool. The study reviews literature on the basic concepts of e- books. The paper discusses and analyses on previous studies about e-book and its use in education especially in teaching and learning process. The findings include multiple definitions of e-book, the limitations and advantages that appears to be the most influential in its use in the learning process and whether users perceptions of e-book use has changed over time. This paper ends with discussions on the existing gaps in e-book research and suggestions for future research on how e-book could be used and explored as a teaching and learning tool. [2]Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Islamic University College, Selangor, Malaysia. dia042002@yahoo.com Keywords:0e-book, teaching and learning, tool INTRODUCTION0 EGbooksarethemostimportantdevelopmentintheworldofliteratureafterGutenbergandareforecast tochangethereadinghabitsoverthenextseveralyears(rao,2001).asanewdevelopingtechnology,theeg bookhadabumpystartwithlimitedsuccessinthepast,andtherearestilllackofstandardsinplatforms(bry& Kraus,2002;Lee,Guttenberg&McCrary,2002),businessmodelsandmetadatathatneedtoresolved (Pomerantz,2010;Rao,2005). However,previousresearcheshaveshownthatthegrowthrateintheproductionanddemandofeG bookshasgrownbyapproximately20percentinthelastfewyears(just,2007;alvitediez&rodriguezbravo, 2009).Furthermore,thesalesstatisticsofferedbybothAmericanPublishersAssociation(APA)and InternationalDigitalPublishingForum(IDPF,2009;APA,2009)confirmedthistrendofincreasingsaleswitha verysignificantgrowthlastyears.thesefiguresseemstoindicatethategbookisincreasinglyaccepted (Pomerantz,2010)andauthorssuchasSharp(2005)andUnderwood(2010)haveevenidentifiedeGbookas waveofthefutureandwillsimplybeadoptedbyyoungergenerations. TherapidgrowthofeGbooksalesalongwiththeuseofcomputerGbasedlearningmaterialshas graduallychallengingthesupremacyofbooksineducation(garlandandnoyes,2005).theuseofthese learningmaterialsincreasesthepotentialofusingegbooksaslearningtoolsassuggestedbyareportfromthe ScottishExecutiveEducationDepartment(SEED,2002).Thereportsuggeststheuseofcomputerand technologywithincurricularareasasameantosupportlearningandteaching.thisviewisalsosupportedwith anotherresearchbypassey,rogers,machellandmchugh(2004)whichclaimsthatinordertomaximize enthusiasmamongstudents,computerandtechnologyneedstousenotonlyinsubjectgspecificwaysbutalso toembedinboththeteachingandlearningprocess. TheaimofthispaperistoexplorethebasicconceptofeGbook,followedbyearlierstudiesoneGbooks whichdiscussedthelimitationsandadvantagesofusingegbookasalearningtool.theauthordoessothrough extensiveliteraturereviewfrommajorjournalsfromallovertheworld.attheendofthepaper,theauthorwill suggestgapsofcurrentresearchandarrangefordirectionsforfutureresearch. 19

2 BASIC0CONCEPT0OF0EdBOOK0 TheintroductionhasstatedthateGbooksarebecomingagrowingtrendamongreadersalloverthe world.isthereacommondefinitionofegbookasdescribedintheliterature?whatdoweunderstandabouteg bookandhowdoesegbookdifferfromtheprintedbook?thissectionfocusesonprovidingexplanationstothe questionsfromthedifferentperspectivesavailableintheliteraturereview. TheauthormadevariousattemptsintheliteraturetodefinetheeGbook.Naturally,thesedefinitions mainlyfollowthemainstreamdimensionofbookevolutionwhichisdigitizationthatstartedsinceproject Gutenbergin1971.Therefore,manyauthors(suchasLynch,1999;Rao,2003;Saurie&Kaushik,2001;Cox& Mohammed,2001;Lee,2002)refereGbookasatextthatisavailableintheelectronicformat.However,thisisa verybroaddefinitiontoconsiderwiththeevolvingtechnologicallandscapesaroundthe21 st century. AlthoughtheideaofeGbookhasexistedsince1960s,thereisstillmuchconfusionaboutabasic definitionofanegbook(goldleaf,2003;tedd,2005;bennett&landoni,2005).hughes(2003)hasstatedthat theegbookdefinitionhasbeenthesubjectofrenewedinterest, involvingmorecomplexitythanthatofmerely anydigitaltextreadviaaglassscreen.while,carreiro(2010)suggestedthattheunsolidifieddefinition surroundingegbookisthecauseofthisproblem.consequently,anunderstandingofthetermbookmaybean idealstartingpointinordertofurtherunderstandthetermegbook. AccordingtoRao(2001),thetermbookdenotesbothmessage(wordsandimages)andmedium (boundpaper).inprincipleanegbookisquitesimilartoaprintbookwhichthemediumisdifferenteitherpaper orelectronic(vandervelde&ernst,2009).ardito(2000)describeshowandriesvandammcoinedthephrase electronicbook in1967astheconceptthatreferstoboththeelectroniccontentandthecomputerized deviceusedtostoreandretrievethecontent.insummary,therearethreebasicelementsthatdefineegbook (Lynch,2001);content,hardwareandsoftwarewhichwouldbeusedasabaselineforfurtherexplanationsin thefollowingsections. Content0of0edbook ThetransformationofpaperbookintodigitaleGbookallowsreductionofhundredpagesofabookinto aonegpagescreen.thischaracteristicoffersthepossibilityofdeliveringknowledgethatischeaper,fasterand moreeffective.thecontentofegbooksmaybecanbedifferentfrombooksandnottiedtoaphysicalobjectfor representationordistribution(wilson,wilson&gibb,2000;hillesund,2001).thissectionwillelaborateonthe contentelementwhichisusuallyintertwinedwithsoftwareelementthroughtheirtypes,format,andavailable features. Variousauthors(suchasBarker,1999;Crawford,2000;Anuradha&Usha,2006)suggestedthat contentsplayavitalparttodifferentiatethetypesofegbook.amongthedifferenttypesofegbookmentioned bybarker(1999)included(a)textbookswhichcontainlineartext;(b)picturebookswhichcontainvarioussorts ofstaticpictures;(c)talkingbookswhichdependsprimarilyontheuseofaudionarrationsandsoundeffects; (d)movingpicturebookswhichcontainsdifferenttypesofmotionpictures;(e)multimediapictureswhichis thecombinationofthreemediaelementssuchastext,soundandpicture;(f)polymediabookswhichinvolve theuseofseveraldifferentmediatypes;electronicandnongelectronicmedia;(g)hypermediabookswhichis verysimilartomultimediabooksandembedsnonglinearinformationstructures;(h)intelligentegbooks;(i) telemediabooks;and(j)cyberbooks. ApartfromthedifferenttypesofeGbook,contentsofeGbookcanalsobeindifferentformatssuchas PDF,HTML,LITorRTF(Norshuhada,Ladoni,Gibb&Shahizan,2003).Thesedifferentformatsarecommonly referredtoasthesoftwarethatenablesvariousegbooksfileformattobedisplayedandused.amongthewellg knownformatsarementionedbycavanaugh s(2005)asthe BigFive whichincludesplaintext(txt),web 20

3 (HTML/XML),AdobeReader(PDF),MicrosoftReader(LIT)andeReader(PDB).ThismakesthecontentofeGbook muchmoreversatileandflexiblethanthetraditionalprintedbook.inaddition,italsoenablescontentofaneg booktobeindexedandeasilysearchedthroughsearchengines,thelibrarycatalogueorthepublisherplatform. Intermsofcontentfeaturesorinnovativeness,Landoni,CatenazziandGibb(1993)hasinvestigated whethertheusabilityofelectroniccontentscanbeincreasedfurtherbyalteringthepresentationofthe contenttosuittheelectronicmedium.anotherformofinnovativenessforegbookisthe augmentedbook (Yang,Cho,Soh,Jung&Lee,2008;Dünser&Hornecker2007;Grasset,Dünser&Billinghurst2008;Ucelli,Conti, AmicisandServidio2005;ParkandWoo2010;Farbiz&Cheok,2005)whichisaugmentingabookexperience byaddingsomedimensionsorfunctionalitytothetraditionalbookoregbook.currently,therehavebeen researchesonbuilding3dmodelofegbooksformorenaturalandconvenientreading(chu,bainbridge,jones& Witten2004;Hong,Chi&Card2005;Almeida,Cubaud,Dupire,Natkin&Topol2006).However,thelimitation ofcurrentinnovationsinegbookisthatmostegbooksonlytransformthetwodimensionalpagesofthepaper bookintotwogdimensionalelectronicbook. Accessibility0of0edbook0 RecentdevelopmentineGbookistheemergenceofeGbookhardwareandservicesintegratedasa productservicesystem.theintegrationhasinfluencedauthors(suchasgoh,2002;lynch,2001)toindicateeg bookasthecombinationofelectronictextandelectronicreadingdevice(themediumusedtoreadthe documentcontent).consequently,otherauthors(suchaslynch,1999;wilson&landoni,2001)havealso mentionedamovetowardsamoreflexiblehybridsystemwhichenabletransformationofportablecomputer toanegbookreadingdevice.thenextsectionwillelaboratemoreonthehardwareelementofegbookinterms oftheegbookreaderandtheaccessibilitymodels. AccordingtoCavanaugh(2003),eGbookreadersaredevicesthatserveashardwareforeGbooksand readingmaterials.basically,theseegbookreadersarethedevicesusedtoreadegbooks;thesecouldbe handheldornot,dedicatedornot;thesoftwarethatenablesthedisplayofegbooksonpcsorotherdevices maybereferredtoasegbookreadersoftware,eventhoughsomesoftwarecompaniessuchasmicrosoftrefer totheirapplicationsasreaders(netread,2000).mostegbookreadersareassociatedwithpublisherssuchas Amazon.com skindle,barnes&noble snook,apple sipadwithibook. ThefourmajoraccessibilitymodelofeGbookasmentionedbyauthors(suchasRao,2004;Hawkins,2000; Anuradha&Usha,2006)are; a. egbookscanbedownloadedbyreaderstotheircomputerswithoutanyspecial requirementsortheneedofusingspecialreadingdevices; b. dedicatedegbookreadersrequiresdedicatedhardwaredevicewithahighgquality screenandspecialcapabilitiesforbookreading; c. webgaccessibleegbooksareegbookswithcontentsthatarepublishedonprovider s Websiteandmaybeaccessedforafeeorpurchasebookstoreceiveindefinite access;and d. printgongdemandbooksareegbookswithcontentsthatarestoredinasystem connectedtoahighgspeed,highgqualityprinterandboundcopiesareproducedon demand. 21

4 WecanthereforeconcludethattherearesomanydefinitionsofeGbookthatemergesfromthebasicconcept discussedsuchthatnodefinitiveanswerispossible.inaddition,thetermegbookisoftenusedsimultaneously todescribecontent,softwareandhardware.howeverasnotedbyrao(2001) Anydefinitionoftermswould beslightlyproblematicuntiltechnologyandpracticesettledownlongenoughforlanguagetocatchup. 0 THE0USE0OF0EdBOOK0FOR0TEACHING0AND0LEARNING00 Althoughearlyformsofelectronicbookshavebeenavailableforalmosttwodecades,studiesexamininghow studentsinteractwithandrespondtoegbooktextsarestillfewandresultsaresomewhatconflicting(larson, 2010).ExploringthepotentialuseofeGbookintheteachingandlearningprocess,researchershavestudied who,how,where,andwhytheyhavebeenused.0 TherehavebeennumerousstudiesofwhouseseGbooks.Fasimpaur(2004)proposedthatstudents findegbookstobe anewanduniquemedium andasaresultstudentsoftenreadmorewhenhavingaccess toegbooks.egbookhavebeenusedbyyoungreaders(doty,popplewell&byers,2001;grimshaw,dungworth, McKnight&Morris,2007),undergraduatestudentsinnursing(Appleton,2004,2005),economics,and literature(hernon,hopper,leach,saunders&zhang,2007),studentsinthehumanities(levinegclark,2007), graduatestudents(vernon,2006;letchumanan&tarmizi,2011;rowlands,nicholas,jamali,&huntington, 2007)andweremostpopularamongacademicians,andbothspeciallibrariesandpubliclibraries(Armstrong, Edwards&Lonsdale,2002;Berglundetal.,2004;Blummer,2006).Consequently,eGbookhasbeenusedinthe teachingandlearningprocessbyvarioustypesofstudentsandacademicinstitutions. Therehavebeencontradictoryresultsfromstudiesaboutstudents comprehensionandlearning throughreadingtextonacomputerscreen,ascomparedtoreadingtextfromaprintedpage.studiesbyde JongandBus(2002,2003)demonstratedthatreadingtextonacomputerscreenislesseffective.However, studiesdonebydoty,popplewellandbyers(2001)mentionedthatreadingtextonacomputerscreengivesa moreeffectiveresultintermsofstudentcomprehensionandlearning.finally,studiesbyannand(2008), MaynardandCheyne(2005)andGrimshawetal.(2007)didnotfindanydifferenceinbothmethodsbeing studied.thecontradictoryfindingsemphasizetheneedforfurtherresearchontheimpactofelectronicbook andelectronictextontheoveralllearningexperience. StudieshavefocusedonfindingthepurposeofusingeGbookamongreaders.Theresultclearlyshows thatreadersmostlyuseegbookasanaddedlearningtool.accordingtonoorhidawatiandgibb(2008),students useegbookforfourmainpurposes;factgfinding,findingrelevantcontent,selectivereadingandextended reading.theirfindingsshowthatmostpopularreasonforusingegbookis findingrelevantcontent whichisin linewithgunter(2005)whostatedthatearlyegbookusagewasprimarilyforreferenceworkandnotreading forleisureandentertainment.thesecondmostpopularreasonwasfor selectivereading.thiswouldshows thategbooksarenotreadintheirentiretybutinsteadaresearchfororusedforreferencepurposes.this observationissupportedbyletchumananandtarmizi(2011)studythatshownthatstudentsprefertouseeg booksfortheirresearchworkthanascoursetextbookasegbooksareeasiertofindandeasytomanagefor theirresearchwork. PreviousstudieshaveconcludedtheusabilityofeGbookamongvariousgroupsofreaders.However, carefulattentionshouldbegiventoegbookeffectondifferentagegroups.furthermore,mostofthe researchersconsolidatedontheuseofegbookasadditionalreferencetoolasopposedtobeingthemain textbook.thefollowingsectionwillfocusonstudiesregardingthepotentialsofegbooksespeciallyinthe teachingandlearningprocess. 0 22

5 Potentials0of0edbooks0 The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-learning Volume 2, Issue 4 InordertofindthepotentialofeGbooks,severalstudiesarereviewed.EGbookismainlyseenasan effectivelearningsupplementwhichhastheabilitytoincreasestudents previousknowledgeandmotivation. Furthermoreitcouldalsoprovideattractiveandinteractivesupportingfeaturesalongwithfastandlarge availableresourcesofinformationtobeusedbystudentsinboththeirleisureandacademicactivities. Cavanaugh(2003)statedthateducatorsandtechnologisthavestartedtoconsiderthepossibilitiesof egbooksasarealistic,potentialityeffectivemediumforlearning.appleton(2005)quoted, Withprinted textbooksbeingwellintegratedintotraditionalteachingandlearninginhighereducation,thenextobvious resourcetoembedintovirtuallearningwouldbetheegbook.thisviewisbeingsecondedbyrothman(2006) whoquoted Ifeverapromisingtechnologyexistedforeducationanddistancelearninginparticularitwould beegbooks.inamorerecentstudythatwascarriedoutbythejiscegbookobservatoryprojectbetweenjune 2008andJune2009inwhichmorethan40,000studentstookpart,theparticipantsconsideredeGbooksasan excellentreferencetool,asupplementaryreferenceorasacomplementinsteadofanautonomoussolution (Stelle&Woodward,2009). Recentstatistics(InternationalDigitalPublishingForum,2011)indicatethateducationaleGbooksare positionedforrapidgrowthasdigitaltextsbecomeprevalent(guess,2008a,2008b).hence,egbookshave predominantlybeenusedbybothaverageconsumersandstudentsforpleasurereadingandleisurereading (Rowlandsetal.,2007).Asaresult,studentsmayhavepriorexperienceusingeGbookswhileenrolledinhigher educationinstitutions,whichisimportantbecausepriorknowledgefacilitatesthelearningprocess(levineg Clark,2006;Rowlandsetal.,2007).However,thisfindingcontrastswithotherresearcheswhereamajority numberofstudentshadnopriorexperienceinusingegbookpriortotheconductedstudies(noorhidawati& Gibb,2008;Ismail&AwangNgah,2005;Chu,2003;Bennett&Landoni,2005;Anuradha&Usha,2006). TheuseofeGbookscanincreasestudents motivation.mosteducatorswouldagreeonthefactthat currentstudentsonlyreadbooksinordertopassanexamorsolveassignedhomeworkproblems.inother words,thereislittlemotivationorinterestforstudentstoreadaprintedbookcomparedtoegbook.according tomiller(2005)studentsarequicktoadapttheconceptofdigitallearning,multitaskingwithcomputers, integratingselfginstruction,enhancinginstructors expectationsoftheassignmentsandmotivatingthemto learnmore. YoungergenerationtypicallywelcomeeGbookastheyfeelmorecomfortablewiththeadditional featuresofferedbyegbooksuchasabilitiestosearchandhighlighttext,makenotationsandtobookmarkpages anddictionaries(hodasetal.,2001;rao,2003).moreover,electronictextbooksincludevideoandinteractive elementsthatsignificantlyenhancetheelectronictextbookaslearningandteachingtool.sharp(2005)who exploredtheuseofelectronictextbooksinauniversitysettingalsorecommendthisinhisarticle.fordham Collegealsoconductsasimilarstudywithundergraduatebiologystudents(Simon,2002).Intermsof satisfaction,majorityofstudentstatedthattheywouldrecommendusingegbooksincollegecoursestoa friend,andtheremainingstatedthattheywishedothercoursesalsoofferegbookmaterialsforstudent. OtherauthorssuchasNoyesandGarland(2006)havefurthersuggestedthatsystemdevelopersand interfacedesignerstogetherwiththeeducatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontotheusabilityfeaturesofthe computerbecausetheirstudyrevealedthatrespondentslikedtheinteractiveelementofusingcomputers.the egbookremoteaccess,easyusagewithinavirtuallearningenvironmentandallowingmultiplereaderstobe abletouseitanytime,anywhere(appleton,2004;long,2003;rao,2003).accordingtocavanaugh(2002),this enablesaccessibility,givingprofessionalsorteacherstheabilitytoaccessthematerialswithouthavingto reworkormodifythecontentintoanothermedium. 23

6 AnotheraspectofeGbooksthathasthemostpotentialistheamountofavailablematerials.Cavanaugh andcavanaugh(2008)mentionedthatthereareover240egbooklibrariesthatsupportthousandsoftitles.the vastlevelofavailabilityallowseducatorstoleavethecostlyandquicklyoutdatedtraditionaltextbookmaterials forfreeandaccessibleelectronicmaterials(cavanaugh,2004;weber&cavanaugh,2006).thismovecould serveasapositive,economicalgsolutionforstudentsandcreateapositiveimpactoncurrentconceptionand theuseoftheegbookinteachingandlearning. 0 Challenges0in0adopting0edbooks0in0teaching0and0learning0 EGbookaswithothertechnologicalinnovationisnotwithoutlimitations.Thecurrentchallengesin adoptingegbooksinteachingandlearningfromtheliteratureincludesuserpreferencestotheprintedbook, lackofnavigationalinteractionduetopoordesignfactors,userattitudinalpreferenceoftraditionalprinted books,visualproblemfacedbyreaderswhenreadingtheegbookandthesimilaritiesofcurrentegbookdesign withtheoldandtraditionalprintedbookmetaphor.severalauthors(appleton,2004;anuradha&usha, 2006b;Ismail&AwangNgah,2005;Roesnita&Zainab,2005;Vernon,2006;Chong,Lim&Ling,2008; Noorhidawati&Gibb,2008,Noyes&Garland,2006;Woody&Baker,2010)haveexploredthedifferences betweenprintedbooksandegbooks.thefindingsindicatedthatstudentsfoundegbookswerenotaneffective learningmaterialcomparedtoprintedbooks(appleton,2004).severalreasonsforthelowusageidentified withthemainreasonasbeingstudentspreferencesbyusingprintedbookscomparedtoegbook(anuradha& Usha,2006a;Ismail&AwangNgah,2005;Roesnita&Zainab,2005;Noyes&Garland,2006;Liu,2006;Slater, 2009).Thesepreferencesconfirmedthroughresultsofstudies(Malama,Landoni&Wilson,2005;Wilson, Ladoni&Gibb,2000)whichindicateeGbooksthatadherencetothepaperbooksmetaphorincreasesusers' subjectivesatisfactionandoverallusabilityoftheegbooksasusers'expectationsfromegbookswhichinherited fromtheirexperiencewithprintedbooks. Authorshavealsomentionedotherreasonssuchaslackofuserfriendliness(Noyes&Garland,2006), cost,therelativequalityofcontentandlackofpromotionandencouragementofuse(appleton,2004).ismail andawangngah(2005)describedthelackofknowledgeonhowtouseegbooksasthereasonoflowusage. Chongetal.(2008)proceedingspaperwhichdiscussestheMultimediaUniversityeGbookprovisionprogramin Malaysiahasidentifiedhardwareandonscreendesignfactorssuchastroublesininstallingspecificreader, difficulttoreadfromacomputerscreen,troublesindownloadingtheegbooksandslowloadingspeedare hinderingmanyusersfromusingegbooks.theauthorsalsomentionedonscreendesignproblemsuchas difficulttonavigatethroughtheegbook(vernon,2006),difficulttoscanfromtheegbookanddifficulttofind relevantinformationalsodiscouragingmanyfromusingegbook.otherfactorsaretimeconstraintandvariety ofstudystrategies(vernon,2006). InafollowupstudybyNoyesandGarland(2006),theparticipantsmentionedthattheyprefertoread fromprintedbooksbecausethepagesofabookareeasiertomovethrough,lesscomplicated,easierto annotate,highlight,bookmark,easiertodigest,followandunderstand.moreover,manyrespondentsalso statedthattheyprefertousebookbecauseofthetraditionwheretheynotedthattheyhavebeenbroughtup withbookandmorefamiliarwiththebook.meanwhile,manyoftherespondentsstatedthattheyprefernotto readfromcomputerbecauseofthevisualproblemandtheinformationprovidedisnotreliableascomparedto readingfromprintedbooks. Thisvisualproblemhasalsobeenmentionedbyotherauthors(Blummer,2006;Hernonet.al,2007; LevineGClark,2007).TheyarguedthatmosteGbookreadersonlyreadshortsectionsofeGbooksratherthan readingthewholecompletetextonline.thisfindingisintandemwithvernon(2006)whichrevealedthat onlinereadingwasphysicallymorestrenuousforstudentsasopposedtoreadingatraditionaltextbookand priorstudieswhichhaveshownthatlevelofcontentassimilationforonlinereadingislower(example:dillon& 24

7 Gabbard,1998;Bellaver&Gillette,2004;Landoni&Hanlon,2006;Kang,Wang&Ling,2009)andlevelof cognitiveloadishigher(wästlund,reinikka,norlander,&archer,2005).whileauthorsuchasclyde(2005)is concernedthatstudentsmightfacedifficultiesinunderstandingthecontentwhichbeingreadinadigitalform. Letchumanan&Tarmizi(2011)studyfoundthatparticipantsfoundthatreadingthroughscreenaffectstheir retentionofsubjectcontent,thatitishavingdifficultiestorecallthecontentwhenreadingthroughthescreen. Inarecentresearch,WoodyandBaker(2010)andSchreibmanandSiemens(2008)mentionedthat readingpatternandeyemovementalsoinfluenceuserpreferencestowardsegbooks.woodyandbaker(2010) statedthat,althoughegbookstendtomimicprintedbooks,butuserwillnotreadegbooksthesamewayas theyreadprintedbook.theauthorsstatedthatreadersoftenbrowsecomputerbasedtextandreadthetextin F patterntosearchforkeytermsratherthanreadinglinegbygline(nielson,2006).schreibmanandsiemens (2008)alsosuggestedthateGbookdevelopersshouldtakeintoconsiderationfactorssuchaslonglineoftext whendesigninganegbook. EGbookshavegeneratedinterestineducationalsettingswithpublishershaveincreasinglybeenproducingeG textbooksandotherelectroniccoursematerialsforvariousdisciplines,suchaschemistry,physics,computer science,historyandmathematics(crescenzi&innocenti,2003;dyllick,1997;simon,2001;wilson,landoni& Gibb,2002).ThecurrenteGbookusedhoweverhavebeencriticizedmainlybecauseoftheeGbookadhereto thetraditionalbookmetaphoranddonottakeadvantageoftheinteractivepossibilitiesaffordedbycomputer technology(alessi&trollip,2001;mařietal.,2002). 0 SUGGESTIONS0FOR0FUTURE0RESEARCH00 Apreliminaryreviewoftheavailableliteraturerevealsmanyrecenthypes,activitiesandcommentsbutstill littleinresearch,especiallyintheideaofegbookbeingusedasalearningtool.potentialresultsfromprevious research(suchasstelle&woodward,2009;letchumanan&tarmizi,2011)givecleardirectionsforsuchfuture research.furthermore,priorliteraturealsosuggeststheuseofcollegestudentsasanidealstartingpointfor studiesinvolvingtechnologysuchasegbook(wilson,ladoni&gibb,2000;wearden,1998)forseveral observablereasons.thisincludestheamountoftimetheyspentontextbooks,theirneedforrapidaccessto largeamountofinformation,andtheirlevelofcomputerliteracy. Intermoftheoverallreadingprocess,academicreadingismuchmoreinvolvedwhencomparedtothe leisurelyreaders.as"anacademicreader,studentsneedtocomprehendthereadingcontentbyconnecting withschemataormentalmodelsofpriorknowledgepreviouslystoredinthesemanticmemory(anderson& Pearson,2002;Ausubel,1968;Bartlett,1932).Hence,FosterandRemy(2009)suggestedthat, asegbooks supplantpaperones,highereducationleadersmusttakealeadinshapingthefutureofegbooks,becausethe practiceofreadingiscriticaltoourmission.therefore,itisveryimportanttodifferentiatebetweenthe readingneedsofacademicstudentsversuscasualreadersbecausethecognitiveloadtendstobemore concentratedforpurposefulacademicreadersthanforcasualreaders.areviewoftheliteratureindicatedthat fewempiricallybasedstudiesconducteddeterminetheeffectsofstudents cognitiveloadfactorsonlearning. FurtherresearchalsosuggestedtofocusonthedifferentcharacteristicsembeddedineGbookdesigntolessen thecognitiveloadandthereforeincreasetheuseofegbooksintheteachingandlearningprocess. PublishersandeducatorshaverealizedthepotentialofeGbookineducationalsettings.Interactive"abilitiesare tosearchandhighlighttext,makenotationsandtobookmarkpagesanddictionaries(hodasetal.,2001;rao, 2003),includingvideoandinteractiveelementswhichwillalloweGbookstobecomeactiveandstimulating learningtools.consequently,individualizedmaterialorpersonalizedinteractiveinformationcontentcould 25

8 improvetheroleofegbookintheeducationalprocessandleadtoimprovedmoreefficientlearning(dahn, 2001;Dahn&Schwabe,2002).Thisintegrationhasyettobeexplored,(isolatedstudycanbeapply)inorderto determinebestpractices. PriorresearchmentionedaboutpotentialcapabilitiesoftheeGbooksuchasremoteaccess,easyusagewithina virtuallearningenvironmentandallowingmultiplereadersanytimeanywhere(appleton,2004;long,2003; Rao,2003).Hence,thesecapabilitiesenablestudentstodemonstratetheirselfGefficacy(Simon,2002)when usingtheegbooksfortheirlearning.literaturereviewsalsoindicatethatreadingpreferencesandtheuseof printorelectronicresourcesvariedamongdifferentdisciplines(liu,2006;slater,2009).theyalsosuggested thatitmightbebeneficialtoexploreonhowselfgefficacymayinfluencestudents learningwhileusingegbooks. Additionally,thefactorsinfluencingstudents selfgefficacyandalsovariationamongdifferentdisciplineswhile usingegbookswouldalsobeavitalareatoexplore. ItisclearthattechnologysuchaseGbooksplaysanincreasingroleineducation.However,theuseofeGbookis stilllowwiththemainreasonidentifiedasstudentspreferencesofusingprintedbookscomparedtoegbook (Anuradha&Usha,2006*a/b?;Ismail&AwangNgah,2005;Roesnita&Zainab,2005;Noyes&Garland,2006). Amongthereasonsmentionedwereusers characteristicswhichmightaffecttheirperceptionsandbehaviors towardsnewtechnology(szajna,1996).therefore,futurestudiesmightexaminestudents perceivevalueof theegbooksandtheuseofegbooksinteachingandlearningprocessbasedonstudents characteristics.this couldprovideaveryrichlenstoexploreandunderstandthereasonsofwhystudentswouldorwouldnotvalue theegbooksasaformoflearningtoolasbothperceivedvalueandpriorknowledgefacilitatesthelearning process. 0 CONCLUSION00 Thechallengesfacedbycurrenteducatorsaretobridgetherapidtechnologicalworldforstudentstolivein andtheclassroomenvironmentweexpectthemtolearnin.technologysuchasegbookcanactasacatalyst thattransformstheclassroomintoaninteractivelearningenvironment,havingthepowertomakethe instructorabetterfacilitatororcoach,andbringinggreaterresourcestobearintheclassroomandadjusting theinstructiontofittheperson(christen,2009).however,egbookisstillentangledwithissuessuchasan acceptabledefinitionsandfunctions;limitedearlierresearchwithcontradictoryresults;inadditionthe majorityoftheresearchlimitinitsscope. ThearrivalofeGbookspresentsmanyopportunitiesforusersandtheteachingandlearningprocessinanew, convenientandcostgeffectiveway.undoubtedly,egbookcanofferlearningmaterialsthatfitstheneedof computergliterate,technologygsavvy,andnetggenerationstudents.thispaperhasidentifiedseveralgapsin currentliteratureandsuggesteddirectionforfutureresearchonegbooks.thegapsshowsthatthereisstilla chancetoimprovethecurrentusesofegbookswhilethedirectionwillfurtherencourageonggoing enhancementontheuseofegbooksintheteachingandlearningprocessespeciallyasalearningtool.0 REFERENCES Alessi,S.M.,&Trollip,S.R.(2001).Multimedia"for"learning:"Methods"and"development(3rded.).Needham Heights,MA:Allyn&Bacon. Almeida,R.,Cubaud,P.,Dupire,J.,Natkin,S.&Topol,A.(2006).Experimentstowards3Dimmersiveinteraction fordigitallibraries.lecture"notes"in"computer"science,3942,1348g1357.retrievedfrom 26

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