Lisa M. Frehill Executive Director

Transcription

1 Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology Lisa M. Frehill Executive Director

2 STEM Sciencecience Technology Engineering Mathematics Life sciences Physical sciences Engineering Social sciences Psychology Engineering technology Science technology

3 Data Sources National Science Foundation National Center for Education Statistics Council of Graduate Schools Discipline-based societies

4 The higher the degree, the higher the median salary. (NSF, National Survey of College Graduates, public (NSF, National Survey of College Graduates, public-use use data.) Salaries by Degree Field, NSCG 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 Bachelors Masters Doctorate 20,000 0 Engineers Scientists S & E Related Non-S & E Source: CPST analysis of NSF data

5 Earnings were higher for those with doctoral degrees regardless of field, but the value of the PhD in 2001/02 was often comparatively less than in /94. Ratio of Median Earnings for Doctorate vs. Masters, /4 and 2001/02 by Field $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 Engineers Comp & info sci Mathematics Physical Sci Social Sci /4 2001/02 Bio and ag sci Health-related S&E precollege teachers Source: CPST analysis of National Science Foundation Data from the National Survey of Recent College Graduates, 1995 and. Doctorate data are from the NSF Survey of Doctorate Recipients and reported in 1995 and 2005, respectively.

6 Women s representation among STEM degree recipients has increased at all three degree levels in the past 40 years Percentage of Degrees in STEM Fields Earned by Women by Level, 1966 to Percent Bachelor's Master's Doctorate Note: No data w ere available for 1999 at the bachelor's and master's levels. Source: CPST, data derived from National Science Foundation, WebCASPAR Database

7 The URM pipeline to doctoral degrees is far from full... Not at parity with representation in the population. (Degree awards, 2005) 35% 30% Parity line: 31% of U.S year olds are URM Bachelor's Master's Doctorate Percent URM 25% 20% 15% 10% 14.1% 12.4% 10.1% 9.7% 8.4% 8.1% 18.7% 13.3% 12.0% 11.0% 8.3% 5.9% 22.5% 20.5% 19.9% 20.6% 12.3% 12.5% 13.1% 8.0% 6.6% 5% 0% Life Sciences Mathematics Computer Science Engineering Physical Science Psychology Social Sciences Source: CPST analysis of IPEDS data using NSF's WebCASPAR system. Life Sciences includes biological and agricultural sciences; Physical sciences includes the earth, atmospheric and ocean sciences disciplines. URM = Under-represented minority and includes African American, American Indian and Hispanics.

8 Total number of applications to graduate school has increased most dramatically in engineering and is showing a recent upward trend in the social sciences and psychology. 225,000 Number of Applications to Graduate Schools, Fall, Selected Years 200,000 Number of Applications 175, , , ,000 75,000 50,000 25,000 Social sciences Engineering Physical sciences Health sciences Biological sciences Source: CPST Analysis of Council of Graduate Schools data in annual report series "Graduate Enrollment and Degrees".

9 Since 1991 graduate school acceptance rates have followed similar trends across STEM fields, except the Health Sciences. 60% Acceptance Rate of Graduate School Applications, Fall, Selected Years Percent of Applications Accepted 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Health sciences Engineering Physical sciences Social sciences Biological sciences 0% Source: CPST Analysis of Council of Graduate Schools data in annual report series "Graduate Enrollment and Degrees".

10 The numbers of accepted applications have remained stable in some fields but have increased in others. 200, , , ,000 Graduate School Applications, Selected Years (Fall) Not Accepted Accepted 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, Engineering Biological & Agricultural Sciences Physical Sciences Health Sciences Social Sciences & Psychology Note: Physical sciences includes mathematics and computer sciences. Source: CPST analysis of data from Council of Graduate Schools, report series "Graduate Enrollments and Degrees" (1995, 2001, and 2005).

11 100% Percent Female Among Doctorate Recipients, % 60% Parity Line: 49% 40% 20% 0% Life Sciences Mathematics Computer Science Engineering Physical Sciences Psychology Social Sciences Education Health Humanities Professional, etc. Source: NSF Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: "Professional, etc." includes professional, unknown, and other.

12 50% Percent URM Among Doctorate Recipients, U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents, % 30% Parity Line: 31% 20% 10% 0% Life Sciences Mathematics Computer Science Engineering Physical Sciences Psychology Social Sciences Education Health Humanities Professional, etc. Source: NSF Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: "Professional, etc." includes professional, unknown, and other. URM includes African American, Hispanic, and American Indian.

13 Postdocs Employed in 4-Year 4 Colleges and Universities, Selected STEM Fields by Citizenship Status 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, Engineering Temporary Residents U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents 1983 Mathematics & Computer Science 1983 Physical & Geosciences Source: CPST, data from National Science Board Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006, Table Life Sciences 1983 Social Sciences & Psychology

14 Postdocs Employed in 4-Year 4 Colleges and Universities, Selected STEM Fields by Citizenship Status 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Temporary Residents U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents 2,000 1,500 1, Engineering Mathematics & Computer Science Physical & Geosciences Social Sciences & Psychology Source: CPST, data from National Science Board Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006, Table 5-30.

15 Who s s Missing? Postdocs who: Hold doctorates from non-u.s. universities. Are employed outside of academic institutions.

16 What don t t we know about postdocs? Career outcomes for non-u.s. U.S.-trained postdocs. Career outcomes for U.S.-trained postdocs who earned doctoral degrees after 1995.

17 General Issues Definition of STEM / Aggregation of STEM fields Source of data: individuals vs. organizational representatives. Demographic data availability Gender Race/ethnicity Citizenship Timeliness Accessibility

18 National Science Foundation Data Survey of Earned Doctorates Annual >90% response rate all research doctorate recipients from U.S. institutions Intentions, plans, debt, etc. NCES IPEDS Completions Survey Completed by all institutions of higher education Annual Degree completions and enrollments by demographic characteristics SESTAT (Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data Analysis System) three constituent surveys: Survey of Doctorate Recipients National Survey of College Graduates National Survey of Recent College Graduates

19 Thanks! CPST acknowledges the generous support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for the project Minorities and Non- Minorities in Academia: A Natural Science and Engineering Career Path Comparison. We also acknowledge the support provided to the Effective Strategies to Diversify STEM Faculty project (NSF HRD # ) project at New Mexico State University. The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect those of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Science Foundation or its officers.