DOUGLAS-FIR STOCK TYPE/ COLLUVIAL SITE TRIAL.

Transcription

1 DOUGLAS-FIR STOCK TYPE/ COLLUVIAL SITE TRIAL. Prepared for: BC Ministry of Forests Forest Practises Section Vancouver Forest Region Revised: May, 1999 Prepared by, Rob Scagel, Tania Perzoff, James Hickling Pacific Phytometric Consultants

2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY... 4 INTRODUCTION... 4 OBJECTIVES... 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS... 6 Study Locations... 6 Planting... 8 Stock... 9 Seedling Measurements Derived Variables Data Analysis Growth Normals, Standards, and SI RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Survival Growth CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS Further Measurements Uztlitus Creek Test Site ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OTHER REPORTS ON THIS PROJECT REFERENCES COLOPHON APPENDICES... 19

3 3 FIGURES Figure 1. Trial locations Figure 2. Mean stock type height and height increment. Stock types have been arranged in descending order in comparison to the PSB 313 on the far left of the diagrams. The overall site mean is given on the far right of the diagram Figure 3. Mean stock type diameter. Stock types have been arranged in descending order in comparison to the PSB 313 on the far left of the diagrams. The overall site mean is given on the far right of the diagram.15 TABLES Table 1. Site description. Biogeoclimatic and ecosystem classification from Green, et al. (1994)... 7 Table 2. General site descriptions Table 3. Surface expression characteristics... 7 Table 4. Stock type sizes and seedling space utilization. Data derived from Beaver Plastics Ltd. Idealized spacing is derived from the recommendations of Harris, et al Table 5. Stock type costs Table 6. Mean stock type adjudication results, size, and root growth capacity at planting Table 7. Survival of stock types at different planting locations Table 8. ANOVA results for second year height and diameter. Direct contrasts are given in shaded rows APPENDICES Appendix I. Samson Creek block location Appendix II. Mowhokam Creek block location Appendix III. Uztlitus Creek block location Appendix IV. Samson Creek block map Appendix V. Mowhokam Creek block map Appendix VI. Uztlitus Creek block map Appendix VII. Samson Creek plot layout Appendix VIII. Mowhokam Creek plot layout Appendix IX. Uztlitus Creek plot layout Appendix X. Survival and mean second-year measurements of different stock types at different locations

4 4 DOUGLAS-FIR STOCK TYPE/ COLLUVIAL SITE TRIAL. 1 SUMMARY 1200 Coastal Douglas-fir seedlings from a single seedlot were grown as 6 stock types and were planted at three locations in the CWHds1 of the Coast-Interior Transition of southwestern British Columbia. The stock types represent the complete range of smaller container sizes being used operationally. There were large, statistically significant differences in growth and survival between sites. Over all sites, the PSB 313B had the best survival of six stock types. After two years there were no statistically significant differences in stock type height but the PSB 410A continued to have the largest diameter by 1mm. Stock type differences appear to be slight and transient. These results make it difficult to justify ordering a particular stock type specifically for colluvial sites. Recommendations are made concerning further measurements of these trial locations. INTRODUCTION Talus and colluvial slopes present several obstacles to regeneration: Plantability typically steep and extremely rocky. Planting densities may be far less than target stocking. Good microsite selection may demand spot site preparation. Microclimate typically very dry due to slope and coarse fragment content. In some climates, talus slopes may be rich due to incorporation of organic matter. Soils typically shallow and poorly developed. Often without humus or organic matter. Biotic typically talus slopes are often the home to rodents such as pika, marmot, and voles that may browse seedlings. Although large stock, such as PSB 415D may seem justified because of the biotic factors, the severe microclimate and small planting spots do not allow such large shoot/ root ratios. Smaller 1 Legal Notice This report was prepared by Pacific Phytometric Consultants as an account of work sponsored by BC Ministry of Forests, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Forest Region. PPC does not: Make warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned right. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. Mention trade names as an endorsement to the exclusion of other or similar products. Mention of trade names is for the convenience and information of the reader.

5 5 stock has a better shoot/ root ratio and increased plantability. Larger stock may be more prone to desiccation, particularly in spring planting (Scagel and Evans 1992). Where large stock is used for talus slopes, such as avalanche starting zones in the Swiss Alps (Schönenberger 1985), the slopes are pitted and one gallon containers are used. In many cases these spots are further protected with structures that prevent snow creep through the seedlings and ravelling of debris onto the seedlings. On these sites the planting production is very low 100 trees per manday. In Nepal, the entire planting site is pitted months ahead of the planting to allow easiest placement of seedlings. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relative performance of different small stock types of Fdc on talus slopes in the Coast Interior Transition.

6 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY LOCATIONS Complete site descriptions are given in Scagel and Hickling (1994). Site identification was accomplished according to the criteria of Green and Klinka (1994), however for steep colluvial sites the actual Site Association (SA) varies dramatically on a microsite basis because of the edaphic heterogeneity and disturbance history (Table 1). The sites represent the CWHds1 biogeoclimatic subzone and cover an elevation range of about 300m (Table 2). The sites used in this trial are close to those used in the Fdi/ Fdc seedlot comparison trial (Scagel and Hickling 1994). Detailed site maps are contained in Appendix I to Appendix IX. Figure 1. Trial locations.

7 7 Table 1. Site description. Biogeoclimatic and ecosystem classification from Green, et al. (1994). Samson Creek I Mowhokam Creek Uztlitus Creek Opening Br 1; 92J-055 M25 B31; U14; CP-54 Elevation 775m ASL 950m ASL 960m ASL Longitude Latitude Zone Longitude (UTM) Latitude (UTM) BGCSZ CWHds1 CWHds1 CWHds1 Soil Moisture Soil Nutrient B-C B C-D Ecosystem Association Soil Texture SaL SaL SaL Landform Colluvial fan Colluviated morrainal blanket Till Angle Aspect Logged Spring Site Preparation None None None Humus Form Orthi-MorModer Orthi-MorModer Orthi-MorModer Humus Depth 10cm 10cm 5cm Soil Depth 40cm 45cm 40cm Soil Type Orthic Dystric Brunisol Eluviated dystric brunisol Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Table 2. General site descriptions. Site Elevation (m ASL) BGCZ Moist Nutr SA Planted Samson Creek 775 CWHds1 3 B(C) 01 HwFd-Cat s Tail moss April 27, 1994 Mowhokam Creek 1050 CWHds1 3 B 01 HwFd-Cat s Tail moss April 29, 1994 Uztlitus Creek 960 CWHds1 2(3) C(D) 04 Fd Fairybells April 30, 1994 Surrey Nursery April 28, 1994 The surface expression for each site is given in Table 3. The plantability of the Mowhokam Creek and Uztlitus Creek test sites was more severe than at Samson Creek. All sites are characterized by an abundance of surficial rock and bedrock (Plate 1). The Samson Creek site has a higher coverage of humus and decayed wood because it is the most recently logged site. Table 3. Surface expression characteristics. Site Humus (%) Decayed Wood (%) Bedrock (%) Rocks (%) Mineral Soil (%) Water (%) Samson Creek < Mowhokam Creek Uztlitus Creek

8 8 Plate 1. Soil profile of colluvial slope at Mowhokam Creek site. Note the shallow and variable soil depth, poor soil colouration, and abundance of coarse fragments. This surface expression is characteristic of these sites. In addition to the outplantings at the three test sites, an outplanting of 25 trees of each stock type was established at MOF Surrey Nursery on April 28, The seedlings used in this outplanting were those measured in the adjudication (Scagel and Hickling 1994). All seedlings flushed within 10-days of planting and there was no apparent difference in time of flushing between the stock types. PLANTING Only the best microsites were selected for planting. If large coarse fragments were found they were removed from the planting hole. The planting slit often had to be back filled with mineral soil from outside of the planting slit to allow proper contact with the tree seedling root system. Unlike planting on other steep slopes, superior planting slits were achieved by orienting the slit across the contour rather than along the contour. All planting was completed by the end of April. These planting dates were the same or earlier than operational planting on adjacent blocks. All planting used 10 tiling spades. Planters did not plant the same stock types in all plots to avoid confounding stock type and planting factors. Conditions during planting were cool and cloudy. Rainfall occurred at all sites within four days of planting. The major impediment to plantability was the site condition, not the stock type. If planters could not get a 315 into a planting spot, they shouldn t being trying to stuff in a 410. The smaller stock

9 9 types invariably pushed planters to try more marginal placements. Although accepting marginal placements with smaller stock types would probably result in increased planting density the success may not be high enough to justify the extra effort. STOCK All seedlings used in the trial were from a single seedlot and stock type age, Fdc 6758, 1+0. This is a seed orchard derived seedlot and was also used in the Fdc/ Fdi seedlot comparison (Scagel and Hickling 1994). The stock types used are described in Table 4. Optimum densities for container grown seedlings have not been published. Optimum densities for field-grown 2+0 seedlings have been described as seedlings /ft 2 (Cleary, et al. 1978) or / m 2. None of these container configurations fall within these low densities. For horticultural crops a recommendation of optimum density equals twice the container area (Harris, et al. 1972). Using this idealized seedling space (Table 4) none of the containers exceed this space requirement. The seedling density achieved in the PSB 415B came the closest to matching the idealized spacing. Table 4. Stock type sizes and seedling space utilization. Data derived from Beaver Plastics Ltd. Idealized spacing is derived from the recommendations of Harris, et al Stock type Volume (ml) Diameter (cm) Top Area (cm 2 ) Nursery Density (#/m 2 ) Seedling Space (cm 2 / tree) Idealized Space (cm 2 / tree) 310B B D B A complete breakdown of costs for each stock type/ planting date combination is given in. Table 5. These costs are taken from the 1995 BC Ministry of Forests stock trading procedures and assume a progress-payment schedule to nurseries that includes packaging. Transportation costs are estimated on a flat mileage basis and do not consider speciality transport to remote sites or the necessity of snow clearing or road repair. Storage costs do not consider speciality on-site storage or handling. The stock type costs differ by 8. Table 5. Stock type costs. Stock type Seedling Storage Transport Planting Total 310B B D B Adjudication results (Table 6), seedling weights and sizes, as well as foliar mineral and carbohydrate status and root growth capacity are described in Scagel and Hickling (1994). The PSB 410 stock types had the most acceptable number of seedlings. The larger stock types had a much larger number of cull seedlings, an unusual condition for large stock types. An unusual feature of these different stock types was the low frequency of reflushing in the PSB 313B. All other stock types had an unusually high amount of reflushing. The PSB 313B stock type had the

10 10 largest mean shoot and needle weights of all the other stock types. The different stock types were particularly variable in the root weight, but the PSB 410 had the largest root weights and the PSB 313D had the smallest root weights. The PSB 313D had the largest shoot/ ratio suggesting that it might be the most sensitive to the expected drought for these sites. The low root mass of the PSB 313D suggests that root health may have been compromised by nursery culture. Table 6. Mean stock type adjudication results, size, and root growth capacity at planting. Stock type Cull Reflush Root Weight Stem Weight Leaf Weight Height Diameter IRGC 310B B D B Examining the components of seedling weight indicated that all stock types produced, proportionately, the same amount of needles. Differences between stock types were evident in the proportion of stem and root weights PSB 410 had the largest root weight and PSB 313B had the largest stem weights. All other stock types apportioned biomass almost equally between roots, stems, and leaves. The tallest stock type was the PSB 315 and the smallest stock type was the PSB 312 (Table 6). The PSB 410 had the largest root collar diameter. The range of variation among stock types was very similar for both height and root collar diameter. The mean Index of Root Growth Capacity (IRGC) for all stock types is above 3.0 and most stock flushed during the test indicating that the stock was vigorous (Table 6). The 315 and 313D stock types had the largest variability of test results and also had seedlings that exhibited no root growth after one week. These low and variable test results suggests that, relative to the other stock types, the 315 and 313D stock types may not perform as well as the other stock types possibly as a result of incipient root disease. The 313B stock type had the largest overall IRGC test results. Mineral element concentrations were evaluated using the sufficiency analysis of Ballard and Carter (1985). There were no nutrient deficiencies noted for any stock type. Although the PSB 313D exhibited low root weights, there was no evidence from the mineral nutrition that this stock was exposed to conditions which may have uniquely predisposed it to root diseases. Although no nutrients were identified as being limiting, Ca and Mg consistently appeared to rank the lowest in the sufficiency analysis (Scagel and Hickling 1994) suggesting that the stock was more succulent than expected. There did not appear to be any differences among the different stock types an unexpected result considering the range of stock type sizes and densities involved (Richards, et al. 1973). SEEDLING MEASUREMENTS Total height, height increment, and root collar diameter were determined for a minimum of 50 trees for each stock type at each location. Condition and survival were recorded for every seedling planted in the trial. In addition to the quantitative measurements, the frequency of lammas growth was also noted.

11 11 DERIVED VARIABLES It is with some concern that we present derived variables. We are skeptical of the analytic value of many commonly used derived variables, however it is because of their common usage that we have included these variables for the sake of completeness. DATA ANALYSIS Due to the high mortality, the statistical analyses of height and diameter were examined using an ANOVA model of the form: Y = Site + Stock type + Site x Stock type + error In constructing an F-test, the interaction term was used as appropriate denominator for the stock type and site terms. Differences were noted as statistically significant if the associated probability (p) was less than 5%. Practical significance was examined by considering the ε 2 (eta-sqr or interclass correlation; Huitema 1980). Contrast analysis (Rosenthal and Rosnow 1985) was used to examine two specific differences Between the Surrey Nursery outplanting plot and all other locations Between the PSB 313B and all other stock types The specific comparison of the Surrey Nursery outplanting to the other sites allows for the examination of the growth potential of each stock type under mild field conditions. The comparison of the PSB 313B stock type to all others reflects the performance of what is considered the operational normal to alternative stock types. Significance testing of contrasts is determined the same as for other terms in an ANOVA however ε 2 of a contrast is calculated as a percentage of the effect source rather than the entire ANOVA. Survival was summed over all rows for each stock type/ planting date combination at each test site. Results are presented graphically as means. GROWTH NORMALS, STANDARDS, AND SI An additional method of comparing treatments is to reference the observed growth to known growth normals and standards rather than appealing to assumed statistical distributions. Scagel, et al. (1999) have provided height growth normals for Fdc in the CWHds1. The Forest Practices Code (BC MOF 1995) proposes a Legislated Minimum height growth Standard for Fdc in this subzone/ site series combination of 2.25m at five years. The expected SI using the SIBEC (BC MOF 1997) technique for Fdc on these sites is 24m at 50 years. The richer site at Samson Creek may have an SI of 36m at 50-years. Seedlings were assessed for compliance with the minimum height growth as set out in the Forest Practices Code (BC MOF, 1995). For Fdc the minimum height acceptable height growth is 2.25m.

12 12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Site specific survivals and lammas growth incidence by stock type and mean height, height increment, and diameter are given in Appendix X. SURVIVAL There were large differences in survival between the various sites (Table 7). Although there has been additional mortality in the second year, most of the losses occurred in the first year and are attributed to desiccation. The test plot at Surrey Nursery indicated that all of the stock was healthy. The Uztlitus Creek test site had extreme mortality of over 70%. Of the seedlings that had died at Uztlitus Creek, over 50% had flushed and died before they were able to set a bud. On the basis of the length of the dead flush at Uztlitus Creek, mortality must have occurred between 3 and 8-weeks after planting. Unlike the Uztlitus Creek test site, the Samson Creek and Mowhokam Creek test sites had excellent survival. Similar relative site-specific survivals were also observed in the adjacent Fdi/ Fdc trials (Scagel and Hickling 1985). The stock types with the best survival after two years over all sites were the PSB 313s (both B and D with 72%). The stock type with the poorest survival overall was the PSB 310A (64%). This poor survival could be due to the low root weights demonstrated by this stock compared to other stock. At Uztlitus Creek, the site with the worst survival, the PSB 313B survived nearly twice as well as the other stock types. Table 7. Survival of stock types at different planting locations. Survival Year 1 (%) Year 2 (%) Site Samson Creek Mowhokam Creek Uztlitus Creek Surrey Nursery Stock type 310A A B D A A 79 67

13 13 GROWTH The overall fit of the ANOVA model has declined slightly for height but increased by 20% for diameter. The ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences between sites for all measured variables (Table 8). For height and height increment, the majority of the site effects were attributed to the seedlings growing significantly better at Surrey Nursery compared to any of the other plantations. The seedlings at Surrey Nursery are, after 2-years, 35cm taller than seedlings at the worst site, Utzilus Creek, and at Mowhokam Creek. Of the field plantations, Samson Creek was nearly 10cm taller than the other sites, and had an average diameter that was 5mm greater than any other site, including Surrey Nursery. Although the site x stock type interaction was statistically significant for diameter, it accounts for a very small proportion of the total variation in the data and is not considered statistically significant for either height or height increment. Table 8. ANOVA results for second year height, height increment, and diameter. Direct contrasts are given in shaded rows. Height df SS MS F p ε 2 sign Site 3 22,733 7, % ** Surrey vs others 1 18,132 18, % ** Stock type 5 1, % NS 313 vs others % ** Site x Stock type 15 4, % NS Error , % ** Total , % ** Height Increment df SS MS F p ε 2 sign Site 3 11,344 3, % ** Surrey vs others 1 7,370 7, % ** Stock type % NS 313 vs others % ** Site x Stock type % NS Error , % ** Total , % ** Diameter df SS MS F p ε 2 sign Site 3 5,853 1, % ** Surrey vs others % ** Stock type % NS 313 vs others % ** Site x Stock type % ** Error 524 4, % ** Total , % ** The stock type differences in lammas growth noted at the end of the first growing season have not persisted. Only seedlings at the Samson Creek continued to experience lammas growth in the second year possibly due to its being a richer site and receiving more precipitation.

14 14 Stock type differences in height were larger than site differences in height (Figure 2). Site differences in diameter were larger than stock type differences (Figure 3). Although these differences are regarded as statistically significant (Table 8), the average difference in height growth of 6cm and 1mm in diameter are slight. Further, that stock type differences in height increment are not considered statistically significant suggest that stock type differences may be only a transient growth effect. There was a consistent ranking among stock types at the four test sites. The PSB 313D and PSB 315 were the only two stock types that were larger than the PSB 313B. The PSB 312 was the overall smallest stock type at all sites a ranking that is consistent with the size of the seedlings at planting (Scagel and Hickling 1994). Figure 2. Mean stock type height and height increment. Stock types have been arranged in descending order in comparison to the PSB 313 on the far left of the diagrams. The overall site mean is given on the far right of the diagram. Surrey Nursery Mowhokam Creek Year 1-Year Planting Year 1-Year Planting P313B P315A P313D P310A P410A P312A Surrey 0 P313B P315A P313D P310A P410A P312A Mowhokum Samson Creek Uztlitus Creek Year 1-Year Planting Year 1-Year Planting P313B P313D P315A P310A P410A P312A Samson 0 P313B P315A P313D P310A P312A P410A Utzlius

15 15 Figure 3. Mean stock type diameter. Stock types have been arranged in descending order in comparison to the PSB 313 on the far left of the diagrams. The overall site mean is given on the far right of the diagram. Surrey Nursery Mowhokam Creek Year 1-Year N/A 0 P313B P315A P313D P410A P310A P312A Surrey Samson Creek Uztlitus Creek Year 1-Year 5 2-Year 1-Year 0 P313B P313D P410A P315A P310A P312A Samson 0 P313B P315A P410A P310A P313D P312A Utzlius

16 16 CONCLUSIONS The generally good growth and survival of the PSB 313B stock type indicates that the stock type is suitable for a range of colluvial planting conditions. The differences between stock types appears to be so slight that it seems difficult to justify ordering a special stock type specifically for these sites, provided that they are planted as early in the spring as possible. Rather than focusing on stock type selection as a means of successfully regenerating colluvial sites, other silvicultural actions should be considered. RECOMMENDATIONS FURTHER MEASUREMENTS As stock type specific mortality and growth has stabilized, continued measurement of the trial does not seem appropriate to satisfy the original research objectives. Further measurements of these trials are justified only as an additional source of information to contribute to the development of Fdc growth normals for the CWHds1. UZTLITUS CREEK TEST SITE. The Uztlitus Creek test site should be abandoned because of the high mortality. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dan Fagan, Chris DeWreede, Jason Charles, and James Hickling helped to establish the trial. James and Chris helped to select the sites. We would like to thank to Jason Charles and Jana Olsen for helping to measure these trials. Special thanks is extended to the snow clearing crew of 1996 for trying to get the Samson Creek plot measured in the Autumn of 1996 when winter came 4 weeks early

17 17 OTHER REPORTS ON THIS PROJECT Scagel RK, Hickling JS Douglas-fir stock types/ colluvial sites trial. Establishment report. Report prepared for BC MOF, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Forest Region. Scagel RK, Hickling JS Douglas-fir stock types/ colluvial site trial. First-year results. Report prepared for BC MOF, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Forest Region. REFERENCES Ballard TM, Carter RE Evaluating forest stand nutrient status. BC MOF Land Mmg Report 20. BC Ministry of Forests Site index estimates by site series for coniferous tree species in BC. BC MOF/ Forest Renewal BC. Cleary BD, Greaves RD, Hermann RK Regeneration Oregon s Forests. OSU Extension Service, Manual 17. Green RN, Klinka K A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver Forest Region. BC MOF Land Mmg Handbk 28. Harris RW, Leiser AT, Neel PL, Long D, Stice NW, Maire RG Spacing of containergrown trees in the nursery. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 97: Huitema B Analysis of covariance and alternatives. Wiley. Richards NA, Leaf AL, Bickelhaupt DH Growth and nutrient uptake of coniferous seedlings: comparison among 10 species at various seedbed densities. Plant & Soil 38: Rosenthal R, Rosnow RL Contrast analysis. Cambridge U Press. Scagel RK, Evans RC Consumer s guide to tree seedlings. A workbook on production, testing, and handling. BC MOF/ FORCAN FRDA Workbook. Scagel RK, Evans RC Comparison of various PSB 313 Fdc stock types in the Coast-Interior Transition Vancouver Forest Region. First year growth and survival. Report prepared for BC MOF, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Region. Scagel RK, Hickling J A comparison of Fdi and Fdc seedlots in the Coast-Interior Transition. Establishment report. Report prepared for BC MOF, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Region. Scagel RK, Hickling JS Douglas-fir stock types/ colluvial sites trial. Establishment report. Report prepared for BC MOF, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Region. Scagel RK, Hickling JS A comparison of Fdi and Fdc seedlots in the Coast-Interior Transition. First-year results. Report prepared for BC MOF, Silviculture Section, Vancouver Region. Schönenberger W Performance of high altitude afforestation under various site conditions. IUFRO Proceedings on Reforestation of suablpine environments. IUFRO 3.85.

18 18 COLOPHON This document was produced on an IBM-PC platform operating under Microsoft Windows 98. The document s native format is Microsoft Word - Office 97. Data used in the construction of this report has been stored as Microsoft ExcelOffice 97 and Systat for Windows,Version 8. The font family used throughout the text is the Adobe PostScript Palatino set at 10 point. The tables and headers use Adobe PostScript Helevetica Narrow set at 10 point. Headings use Adobe PostScript Helevetica set at various sizes depending upon the order. All output was produced on a QMS-PS410 printer. This document is archived with Pacific Phytometric Consultants as: D:\Network\Talus99.Doc. The document was last modified 17/05/99 1:12 PM.and is based on the PPC template: NORMAL.DOT. All graphs and figures have been inserted into this report without links to original datafiles and programmes to ensure portability. To view enlarged versions of these graphs and figures it is best to copy them from this document into a blank document where they may be sized appropriately. If you have received this document as a PDF file it was distilled from Microsoft Word with Adobe Acrobat Version 4.0 and saved in an Acrobat Reader Version 3.0 compatibility.

19 19 APPENDICES Appendix I. Samson Creek block location.

20 20 Appendix II. Mowhokam Creek block location.

21 21 Appendix III. Uztlitus Creek block location.

22 22 Appendix IV. Samson Creek block map.

23 23 Appendix V. Mowhokam Creek block map.

24 24 Appendix VI. Uztlitus Creek block map.

25 25 Appendix VII. Samson Creek plot layout.