Activity Report
|
|
- Jemima Hart
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE Dipartimento Energia e Trasporti Activity Report Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Via R. Cozzi Milano Italy
2 Edited by Augusta Airoldi 2 IFP Activity Report
3 Foreword / Prefazione Negli ultimi due anni l importanza su scala mondiale della ricerca in Fisica del Plasma ha ripreso a crescere significativamente, in larga misura come conseguenza della storica decisione di avviare il Progetto ITER per un prototipo di reattore a fusione termonucleare. La complessità dell impegno organizzativo di questa impresa, centrata sull esperimento da realizzarsi in Provenza nei prossimi decenni, pone nuove sfide e richiede precisi orientamenti programmatici degli istituti di ricerca nazionali. Solo questo infatti potrà permettere loro di avere un ruolo scientifico importante e fornire un sostegno di alte competenze al sistema produttivo nazionale. Allo stesso tempo va salvaguardata l indipendenza di giudizio e di scelta scientifica degli Istituti, essendo questa la sola garanzia di progresso e di capacità innovativa della ricerca, che non può essere ridotta ad un servizio finalizzato. In questo contesto l IFP ha sviluppato al suo interno risorse umane e scientifiche che lo mettono in grado di competere e collaborare con importanti Enti di ricerca nel settore della fisica del plasma e della fusione nucleare in Europa, mantenendo sia alte competenze disciplinari che la capacità di eseguire ricerca finalizzata sotto contratti attivi. Questa capacità di sostenere gli impegni richiede soprattutto un periodo di certezze organizzative all interno del CNR e nell ambito del contratto Euratom afferente al VII programma Quadro della Comunità europea. Il settore di elezione della ricerca svolta da IFP è da molti anni quello della fisica dell interazione di onde elettromagnetiche con i plasmi di laboratorio, con particolare riguardo alle sue applicazioni al confinamento magnetico. Attualmente IFP/CNR partecipa come Unità di Ricerca Euratom al programma di ricerca sulla Fusione Termonucleare previsto nel VII Programma Quadro della Unione Europea, nell ambito del Contratto FUAI-I di Associazione Euratom-ENEA e del 14.mo Atto Aggiuntivo del Contratto ENEA- CNR. Ancora per il 2007 questo contratto coprirà forfettariamente il costo pieno del personale dell Unità di Ricerca ed i costi di investimento e funzionamento al 20% relativi al programma approvato dal Comitato di Gestione Euratom. Il più rilevante impegno assunto dall IFP continua ad essere lo sviluppo e conduzione degli impianti e degli esperimenti di riscaldamento del plasma nel tokamak FTU del CRE-ENEA mediante assorbimento risonante di onde millimetriche (ECRH), per una potenza complessiva di 1,6 MW. Gli obiettivi del biennio ed i risultati raggiunti hanno permesso di acquisire visibilità internazionale sull importante tema del controllo automatico mediante ECRH delle instabilità magnetoidrodinamiche (MHD), che costituiscono uno dei più seri problemi dei tokamak, e sull altrettanto importante problema della realizzazione di avanzate diagnostiche elettromagnetiche per misure di temperatura elettronica e ionica. Sul tokamak FTU si sono ottenuti anche importanti risultati sulla tecnica di diagnosi della temperatura ionica basata sullo scattering collettivo. Nel biennio l IFP ha operato nell ambito di numerosi contratti finalizzati alla progettazione di componenti di ITER ed ha partecipato attivamente alla gestione scientifica dell esperimento comunitario JET inviando personale con ruolo chiave per la gestione sia di Task Forces che di esperimenti. Associati a questi temi di fisica sperimentale di alto livello, l IFP ha sviluppato ed approfondito ricerche teoriche sulla propagazione e l assorbimento risonante di fasci Gaussiani di onde ciclotroniche elettroniche, e sull associata generazione non induttiva di corrente, producendo anche un codice numerico che attualmente è riconosciuto internazionalmente come il più avanzato. Grazie al lavoro di pianificazione e di conduzione di esperimenti al JET da parte del personale IFP e all analisi ed interpretazione dei risultati relativi, si è costruito un quadro coerente dei fenomeni di trasporto di energia e di momento nei principali scenari di operazione del tokamak. Si sono sviluppati modelli fluidi generali di plasmi multispecie collisionali ed esplorati gli effetti della rotazione non uniforme del plasma sulle instabilità reattive non collisionali che sono considerate tra le cause più importanti del regime turbolento di trasporto di energia in un burning plasma. Un significativo lavoro teorico è stato svolto anche nell ambito dei modelli fisici nonlineari delle instabilità resistive neoclassiche e dei meccanismi di stabilizzazione. Nel biennio considerato IFP Activity Report
4 in questo rapporto l IFP ha anche realizzato, installato e provato un nuovo apparato di misura della radiazione ECE al JET, corredandolo dei codici numerici di interpretazione degli spettri misurati. E proseguito lo sviluppo di ricadute tecnologiche nel settore di apparecchiature ausiliarie per misure di propagazione e assorbimento di microonde e di processi al plasma per il trattamento superficiale di materiali, inorganici ed organici, con registrazione di alcuni brevetti e coinvolgimento di piccole industrie specializzate. In particolare recentemente si sono sviluppate applicazioni avanzate di tecnologie al plasma nella realizzazione di polimeri semiconduttori. Per esprimere tutte le sue positive potenzialità, sviluppando le competenze di fisica del plasma orientate al progetto fusione, e cooperare utilmente con gli altri Istituti ed Enti Italiani e stranieri, nel 2006 l IFP ha iniziato il rinnovamento ed adeguamento del proprio laboratorio nella sede di Milano, basandosi interamente su un impiego razionalizzato di risorse proprie e di una concessione in comodato di materiale del CRPP di Losanna. L esperimento basato su un plasma multispecie confinato in cuspide magnetica è in fase di conclusione. Esso sarà sostituito da un nuovo apparato strumentale (GyM) consistente in una macchina lineare, attualmente in corso di allestimento, progettata per studiare in scala ridotta, secondo rigorosi criteri di similarità fisica, diversi problemi di interesse fusionistico ed applicazioni tecnologiche. Un elemento qualificante dell impianto è la sorgente a radiofrequenza costituita da un Gyrotron GYCOM da 28 GHz a 15 kw, e la possibilità di avere plasmi completamente ionizzati in regime non collisionale (a bassa temperatura e densità) facilmente diagnosticabili con sistemi di acquisizione dati moderni e automatizzati. Interessanti collaborazioni internazionali, con scambi di strumenti e personale scientifico sosterranno la realizzazione e sperimentazione. Diverse attività su contratti EFDA sono prevedibili, a partire dal 2008, su problemi delle instabilità nel divertore di un tokamak e della turbolenza ITG. Con una strumentazione adeguata e moderna con la giusta flessibilità per condurre studi di fisica del plasma che sarebbe troppo oneroso fare in grandi laboratori, l IFP, pur rimanendo un centro di ricerca di piccole dimensioni, può presentarsi nel contesto internazionale in modo attraente per collaborazioni scientifiche di valore per parecchi anni. L IFP svolge una costante azione formativa al livello di lauree e dottorati di ricerca in Fisica ed Ingegneria, con studenti e candidati di università italiane e straniere e sarà presto sede di una Borsa di Addestramento Europea EFTS, contribuendo in modo rilevante allo sviluppo delle competenze italiane nel settore fusione. Stabili rapporti culturali e operativi sono definiti con le Università degli Studi di Milano, l Università di Milano-Bicocca, il Politecnico di Milano, le Università di Padova, Pisa, Torino, Napoli Federico II, IST-CFN di Lisbona, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Chalmers University of Technology di Goeteborg, Università di Uppsala, IAP dell Accademia delle Scienze Russa di Nizhny Novgorod, IPP Max-Planck, favorendo l integrazione dei gruppi universitari nei grossi progetti della fusione europea. La pluriennale esperienza e tradizione di competenze dell'ifp nella teoria della fisica del plasma e in particolare dell'interazione onde-plasma è uno dei punti di forza dell'istituto, riconosciuto internazionalmente. Queste competenze permettono di affrontare problemi di avanguardia e di acquisire numerosi contratti di ricerca e studio, mantenendo alto il livello di addestramento anche del personale più giovane e qualificando professionisti in grado di inserirsi con molto successo nei centri di ricerca internazionali. I piani di sviluppo scientifico e tecnico dell attività IFP proseguiranno, nell ambito delle iniziative europee e nazionali, in un quadro organizzativo per obiettivi, che portino a risultati verificabili, con uno sforzo naturalmente commisurato alla risorse umane e materiali disponibili. Il Direttore Enzo Lazzaro 4 IFP Activity Report
5 Contents I General information 7 II Collaborations 9 1. Experiments and modeling in toroidal fusion plasmas 1.1 ECH-LHCD synergy and disruption mitigation in FTU Collective Thomson Scattering on FTU Core transport studies in JET Transport studies in ASDEX Upgrade Control system of magnetic islands Development and operation of ECE oblique diagnostics on JET Neutron spectrometery instruments and measurements on JET Gamma spectroscopy diagnostics for JET Theoretical research in plasma physics 2.1 Gaussian beam propagation, absorption and current drive generation Interpretative ECE emission code Magnetohydrodynamic equations for multicomponent plasmas Critical island width for NTM modes Effects of sheared rotation on ITG modes stability Microislands and transport in tokamaks Electron holes in a non-uniform collisionless plasma Ultraintense electromagnetic radiation in plasmas ITER relevant studies 3.1 Capabilities of ECRH/ECCD system in ITER Studies for the ITER ECRH/ECCD system Development of innovative microwave Diplexer/Combiner Contribution to ITER reflectometry diagnostics Plasma microtorch for ITER wall diagnostic Microwave applications and instrumental facilities for wave plasma physics 4.1 Testing of the Flight Model-Flight Spares components for Planck-LFI instrument A cusp plasma device for plasma studies and technological applications Measurements of fluctuations spectra in a Carbon dusty plasma Methane cracking and hydrogen production in Ar plasma at atmospheric pressure Planning and objectives of a flexible plasma facility for scaled plasma experiments (GyM) Plasma-aided material processing 5.1 Plasma production of semiconducting and conducting polymers Plasma treatment of biodeteriorated ancient papers Plasma treatment of Polymeric Composite Materials for Industrial application (patent No.: MI2006A002482) Surface analysis of plasma exposed tokamak tiles (ERCAR task) Highly absorptive ceramic coatings for high power microwaves in the mm-waves range (patent No.: PCT/EP2006/050605) 49 IFP Activity Report
6 6. Patents European Contracts Industrial Contracts Publications Refereed Publications 55 Conference Proceedings 61 Conference Presentations 66 Scientific and technical reports 69 Books Acronym List 71 6 IFP Activity Report
7 General information In the frame of the organization of Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) the Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola (IFP) is part of the Dipartimento Energia e Trasporti of CNR, and has an internal matrix structure along three functional lines ( commesse ) coordinated within the department project: Participation to international thermonuclear Fusion research. The mission of the Institute, grown in thirty years of activity performed in close contact with international institutions and within the Euratom research framework, is scientific and technological research in the field of laboratory plasma physics, with particular focus on the interaction of electromagnetic waves with plasmas. The institute is also a member of the Euratom-ENEA CNR Association and the Director of IFP and Head of the EURATOM Research Group in Milano is Dr. Enzo Lazzaro. The IFP professional staff amounts to 19 Permanent CNR members, 9 temporary contractors and research fellows, 5 external collaborators. The support staff includes 9 technicians, 5 administrative and secretarial personnel. Detailed information on the Institute may be obtained via web at: IFP Activity Report
8 8 IFP Activity Report
9 II Collaborations International Institutions EFDA-ITER, Garching (D) EFDA-JET, Abingdon (UK) Max-Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching (D) Max-Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald (D) University of Technology Darmstadt, Darmstadt (D) DRFC CEA-Association EURATOM-CEA sur la Fusion, Cadarache (F) Conseil National de Recherche Scientifique, CNRS (F) CELIA-CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1 (F) FOM Instituut voor Plasmaphysica, Rijnhuizen (NL) CFN-Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisboa (P) CRPP-EPFL, Losanna (CH) Uppsala University (S) Chalmers University of Technology (S) INTAS Project, Brussels (B) Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague (CZ) Istituto di Fisica Generale, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mosca(CSI) Istituto di Fisica Applicata (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod (CSI) Istituto di Fisica Nucleare "Budker", Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk (CSI) Istituto di Fisica, Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi (Georgia) MIT, Cambridge (USA) LLNL, Livermore (USA) General Atomics, Livermore (USA) University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada National Institute for Fusion Science (J) JAEA, Advanced Photon Research Center, Kizu, Kyoto, (J) National Institutions ASI - Roma CINECA-Bologna CRE-ENEA, Frascati CRE-ENEA, Bologna CNR-IASF Bologna e Milano CNR-IENI, Milano Consorzio RFX, Padova Università di Napoli "Federico II" Dip. Scienze Fisiche, Monte Sant'Angelo Università di Milano Università di Milano-Bicocca Politecnico di Milano Università di Pisa IFP Activity Report
10 10 IFP Activity Report
11 1. Experiments and modeling in toroidal fusion plasmas 1.1 ECH-LHCD synergy and disruption mitigation in FTU ECH-LHCD synergy One of the motivations of the ECRH project on FTU was to study suprathermal absorption of EC waves by the fast electrons sustained by LHCD, this being a promising mechanism for a quantitative non-inductive current drive in tokamak. Suprathermal absorption is based on an up/down shift of the EC frequency due to a combination of a Doppler effect, in case of toroidal injection of the wave, and a relativistic effect shift due to the speed of the fast electron tail. The wave is absorbed directly by the fast electrons increasing their parallel momentum and creating a net term of current drive with an efficiency larger than in the usual bulk ECCD. On FTU the down-shift (B T >B res ) absorption regimes has been widely studied and exploited in synergy experiments with LHCD carried out with a central B T =7T, plasma current in the kA range and average electron density in the m -3 range. Up to 1.2MW of EC power in O-mode have been injected in a plasma where partial current drive was achieved injecting 1MW (or more) of LH power. The EC toroidal angle was varied from 30 to +20, while the LH power was injected at n // =1.58. The cold resonance was outside the plasma column. The overall absorbed power fraction varied in the range 50-80% depending on the LHCD power and the electron density. In order to compare the synergetic effects with the results obtained by LH alone, we used the CD efficiency: η cd = I R n cd e (P LH + P EC ) (Z eff + 5) 6 with R the major radius, n e the average line density, P LH and P EC the injected LH and EC power, respectively. The last term at the r.h.s of the formula above renormalizes the data at the ideal case with Z eff =1. The synergy efficiency, calculated considering the whole injected power, is comparable with that of LH alone and two order of magnitude higher than the one obtained with bulk ECCD, as shown in Fig η cd (10 20 A W -1 m -2 ) LHCD LHCD+EC ECCD measured ECCD calculated Fig Comparison of the CD efficiency for LHCD (squares), synergetic LHCD+EC (circles) and ECCD (diamonds from calculation and triangles from measurements). The abscissa is the volume averaged electron temperature <Te> Disruption mitigation A most important issue for ITER operation is the avoidance of disruptions. Besides a fast system acting on the currents of the coils controlling the plasma position, independent IFP Activity Report
12 systems (e.g., fast gas injectors) are presently under investigation to reduce or mitigate disruptions. As ECRH power has been demonstrated to affect the evolution of the MHD activity, the driving mechanism of most disruptions, experiments have been carried out focused on controlling the evolution of disruptions by ECRH. Disruptions have been triggered in FTU by impurity injection using both the Laser Blow Off (LBO) technique and gas puffing to bring the plasma density above the Greenwald limit. The ECRH power has been triggered based on a threshold in the loop voltage, which always increases before a disruption. The experiments have been carried out using up to 3 gyrotrons (1.2 MW) and injecting the EC power, both on-axis or off-axis, in the O-mode and in perpendicular direction. Disruptions due to the density limit (n e = m -3, I p =360kA, B T =5.3T), were avoided injecting 0.8MW of ECRH power at r dep =0, after the start of MHD activity. In the case of disruptions triggered injecting metallic impurities (molybdenum on n e = m -3, I P =500kA, B T =5.3T plasma), instead, disruption avoidance, or retardation, was obtained with off-axis heating Δt D (s) Δt ECRH <100 ms Fig Disruption duration vs power deposition radius (from the ECWGB code) ρ dep Fig.1.1.2, where Δt D is plotted versus ρ dep, shows the difference between the time at which I p reaches a nearly zero level and the time at which the mode starts growing. The soft x-ray data and beam tracing calculations further show that disruption avoidance is obtained only when the power is absorbed near to the position of the m=2 island. 1.2 Collective Thomson Scattering on FTU Of special relevance among the several ITER-oriented experimental activities of FTU is the diagnostic experiment of mm-wave collective Thomson scattering (CTS) due to its being performed in the propagation window below the EC resonance, f gyr <f EC, presently proposed for ITER. A recent feasibility study clearly stated that the CTS diagnostic of the fast ions, including the fusion-born alphas, in ITER will require propagation in the X mode at f gyr =50-60GHz, to be compared with f EC0,ITER =151GHz (B T0,ITER =5.4T). Being related to the magnetic field, the possibility of performing CTS in these conditions is peculiar to a high field device as FTU. The probing radiation is provided by a gyrotron at f gyr =140GHz, shared with ECRH applications. The experiment has been run at 7T<B T0 <8T, corresponding to 196GHz<f EC <224GHz. Interesting results were obtained following the unambiguous interpretation of strongly anomalous non-thermal spectra systematically observed both in aligned and misaligned antenna conditions and finally explained at the conclusion of a dedicated experimental campaign carried out in The results being extensively reported in a dedicated paper, here we limit ourselves to summarize the main of them. 12 IFP Activity Report
13 Fig Schematic view of the geometry of one of the two multimirror quasi-optical antennas of CTS in FTU Fig schematically shows one of the two multi-mirror quasi-optical antennas we used in CTS on FTU. The gyrotron beam is injected from the top and the scattered beam is collected from the bottom of the same port. To avoid modulations at the fast magnetosonic frequency in the spectra, the scattering plane is tilted by about 10 with respect to the poloidal plane. The propagation conditions are such that the polarization of the two plasma modes is sensibly elliptical. In the experimentation the scattering volume was normally placed on the vessel axis. The several modifications implemented in the receiving system and in the operational procedures to profitably investigate the anomalous spectra, a typical example of which is shown in Fig , are described in a dedicated paper to be published S [kev] Δt=+85ms Fig Typical anomalous spectrum f [GHz] While significantly varying from shot to shot, the spectral power densities of the anomalous spectra are several orders-of-magnitude higher than those predicted for the ion-thermal feature (=0.5keV). Moreover, at its origin the spurious signal underlying these spectra is even stronger since it is collected after multiple reflections at the vessel wall and therefore subject to antenna decoupling, of the order of 50dB. Only a few spectral lines were present in a single spectrum. The line frequencies were verified to be recurrent statistically. Attempts of explaining the spectra in terms of plasmawave processes soon failed. Among the several tests performed to investigate the origin of these spectra, of special significance in definitely confirming their nature of perturbed gyrotron spectra were tests carried out with the signal picked-up directly from the high-power transmission line, hence before the probe beam entered the plasma. Indeed, these tests revealed that the spectra were produced even in the absence of plasma only, provided a toroidal magnetic field was applied. This evidence led us to investigate the possible effects of resonances and cut-offs in causing a back-reflection of the beam power. In the CTS configuration with f gyr <f EC an EC layer, an upper hybrid layer, and the right-handed cut-off for the extraordinary (X) mode are unavoidably crossed by the probe beam when propagating in the injection port. In these conditions, whenever a mode mixture is injected as it was our IFP Activity Report
14 case, the power fraction in the X mode is partially reflected at the cut-off layer, provided a breakdown plasma converting the critical layers from latent to active is excited by the beam itself. A reconstruction of the isolines of the magnetic field in the beam injection port further showed that the EC layer was located just near the port mouth (see Fig.1.2.3). Evidence was achieved that the critical layers crossed the last two mirror surfaces. While slightly displaced outwards, the other two critical layers fall close to the EC layer. A final confirmation of the interpretation given above was obtained at the end of the experimental campaign, where antenna inspection showed that wakes were present on the surfaces of the last two mirrors at a location and with an inclination exactly corresponding to the resonant (B=fgyr/28=5T) isolines for the axial magnetic fields most frequently used in the experimentation (BT0=7.2T and 8T). Fig Isolines of the magnetic field in the FTU port. The position of the final antenna mirror is also shown. Peculiarities of the layout, e.g., the high power density consequent to the necessity of containing the beam size in the port due to spatial limitations typical of a cryogenic devices, may have contributed to strengthen the gyrotron perturbation in our specific case. Nevertheless the risk for this perturbation to occur in CTS experiments with f gyr<fec can be considered quite general. Transmitting antennas such as to make the critical layers remain latent independently of the propagation conditions and of the power levels involved are therefore better adopted in these experiments. Also considering the MW power level at which the future CTS diagnostic will be operated, the constraints on the transmitting antenna indicated by our results, and the positive indications on how to overcome them they suggest, quite straightforwardly extend to the design of mm-wave CTS for ITER. 1.3 Core transport studies in JET IFP-CNR has played an active role in the coordination of transport studies in JET through the leadership of the JET Task Force Transport (TFT) by P.Mantica. In particular, the following topics have been addressed within TFT during with direct involvement of IFP-CNR: Core heat transport: electron and ion stiffness in L-mode, H-mode and hybrid plasmas has been investigated by means of electron temperature and, for the first time, ion temperature modulation. Experimental findings are consistent with the picture of anomalous transport driven by electrostatic instabilities (ITG-TEM) with a threshold in inverse temperature gradient length. Experimental values of thresholds are in the right ball-park of theory predictions, but detailed quantitative comparison of parametric dependences is on-going. JET plasmas are generally very stiff in both electron and ion channels, with stiffness level increasing with temperature, which extrapolates to very stiff behaviour and temperature profiles strongly determined by thresholds in ITER. 14 IFP Activity Report
15 Internal transport barriers (ITBs): although toroidal rotation driven by NBI is an important component in sustaining a fully formed ITB, the ITB triggering mechanisms are still not completely clear, with two main factors possibly playing a role, i.e. the negative magnetic shear and alpha stabilization effect, and the ExB shear due to an anomalous poloidal velocity. Experimentally ITB at JET are strongly triggered by proximity of the minimum q to a low order rational value. In addition, new measurements have indicated the presence of very large values of poloidal velocity during ITB phases, much larger than predicted by neoclassical theory. From Alfven cascades measurements it is clear that ITBs are formed slightly before q min reaches the rational value. The cause-effect relation between the onset of poloidal rotation and ITB triggering is under study. Electron and ion temperature modulation experiments in ITBs have also been performed, showing that ITBs are layers where the plasma is below the critical threshold for turbulence onset (see Fig.1.3.1). The heat wave behaviour when approaching and crossing the ITB has peculiar signatures fully consistent with the critical gradient picture. Fig.1.3.1: Left side) Experimental profiles at t=5.5 s of T e, T i, n e and q for shot (3.25T/2.6 MA, 3 He~20%, ICRH f=37 MHz). The ITB region is highlighted. Right side) profiles of Fourier component of amplitudes A (red squares) and phases ϕ (blue circles) at the modulation frequency (20 Hz) during the time interval s. Estimated RF power deposition profiles are also plotted (dashed black line). The strong damping of amplitudes and increase of phases in the ITB layer indicates that ITBs are narrow regions below threshold. Particle transport: further investigation of the increase in density peaking at low collisionality in H-mode plasmas has led to merging of JET and AUG database and to the prediction of a density peaking n e (ρ pol =0.2)/<n e > vol ~1.5 for ITER. Core particle sources are important, but not dominant, the main player for density peaking being an anomalous inward pinch. The peaking does not seem to depend on magnetic shear nor on temperature peaking, which is at variance with expectations from common models of turbulence-driven particle pinches such as the curvature pinch and thermodiffusion. Impurity transport: impurity transport in JET plasmas at low collisionality is dominated by anomalous turbulence-driven transport. Impurity pinches arise due to thermodiffusion, curvature and parallel velocity compressibility. Detailed studies using the linear gyrokinetic code GS2 indicate that the impurity peaking is a weak function of the impurity charge, unlike in neoclassical transport. This insensitivity of peaking to the impurity charge has been confirmed experimentally by injecting He, Ar, Ne and Ni and determining the diffusion and convection terms for each species. It has also been found that the use of RF as electron heating source is effective in eliminating impurity accumulation with respect to plasmas with no RF or RF in the ion heating scheme. The IFP Activity Report
16 effect takes place through a reversal of the convective velocity, and is attributed to the parallel compressibility pinch, which switches from inward to outward when the dominant instability changes from Ion Temperature Gradient Modes to Trapped Electron Modes. Momentum transport: a vigorous effort has been devoted to the investigation of both toroidal and poloidal momentum transport in JET. It was found that the ratio of the toroidal momentum to the ion heat diffusivity χ ϕ /χ i is well below 1, which is the standard assumption used for ITER predictions. Models like Weiland or GLF23 seem to reproduce the JET results reasonably well. An anomalously high value of the poloidal velocity with respect to its neoclassical values has been measured in JET in plasmas with ITBs. Theoretical investigation has led to suggest that such poloidal flow is generated by turbulence via terms like the Reynolds and Maxwell stresses. Comparison with the experimental data is presently under way and seems quite promising. A crucial issue that remains to be clarified is that whether the anomalous poloidal velocity is either the cause or a consequence of ITB formation. 1.4 Transport studies in ASDEX Upgrade Experiments in H-mode plasmas have shown that both heat and particle transport are sensitive to the ratio of the electron and the ion temperatures, T e /T i. While decreasing T e /T i is beneficial for confinement, increasing the electron heating in these plasmas deteriorates the confinement. H-mode plasmas with low T e /T i are often accompanied by a high toroidal rotation velocity v φ. Its gradient can destabilize the ion temperature gradient mode (ITG) through its parallel component in the parallel-velocity shear. It also has stabilizing effects since it produces an ExB shearing rate (ω ExB ). The correlation on T e /T i and v φ has been studied and compared with calculations made with the gyro-landau-fluid model GLF23 and the gyrokinetc code GS2. Experimentally it is shown that the normalized-gradient length of the ions (R/L Ti ) is correlated with both T e /T i and v φ. Peaked ion temperature profiles are obtained only with low T e /T i and high v φ, and vice-versa. The changes in T e /T i act directly on the ITG threshold, while the ones in v φ modify the ω ExB shearing rate, leading to changes in the effective threshold. 1.5 Control system of magnetic islands A crucial problem of present research in thermonuclear plasma physics in tokamaks is the control of rotating helical magnetic perturbations, associated with local distortions of the current density profile. These unstable perturbations can seriously degrade plasma and energy confinement and hamper the reliability of operation of the device. Control or total suppression is possible by restoring the current profile by means of localized injection of RF power. However the control problem requires a real-time experimental identification of the radial location of the rotating magnetic islands growing on tokamak isobaric magnetic surfaces where the field line pitch is a rational number q=m/n. Magnetic islands in a tokamak cause localized partial flattening of the plasma temperature (and pressure) profile that can be detected by radiative signals in the microwave band as Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) using a multichannel polychromator or radiometer tuned to frequencies corresponding to different radii R in the tokamak meridian cross-section. The typical signal can be considered as the superposition of an average component related to the equilibrium electron temperature, that to leading order is a flux function T 0 = T e (Ψ 0,t), and a sum of noise and coherent fluctuations due for instance to the magnetic perturbations that produce rotating 16 IFP Activity Report
Sistemi di potenza a radiofrequenza in plasmi per la fusione termonucleare controllata
Sistemi di potenza a radiofrequenza in plasmi per la fusione termonucleare controllata Daniela Farina Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR
More informationGA A25827 EFFECTS OF ELECTRON CYCLOTRON CURRENT DRIVE, COUNTER-NBI, AND ROTATIONAL ENTRAINMENT ON NEOCLASSICAL TEARING MODE CONTROL IN DIII-D
GA A25827 EFFECTS OF ELECTRON CYCLOTRON CURRENT DRIVE, COUNTER-NBI, AND ROTATIONAL ENTRAINMENT ON NEOCLASSICAL TEARING MODE CONTROL IN DIII-D by R. PRATER, R.J. LA HAYE, C.C. PETTY, E.J. STRAIT, J.R. FERRON,
More informationCapabilities of the ITER Electron Cyclotron Equatorial Launcher for Heating and Current Drive
.$,1&'+-($1&-+!"#$%&'%"()*+%"#*',(-,'',(.%/,/1, Capabilities of the ITER Electron Cyclotron Equatorial Launcher for Heating and Current Drive Daniela Farina L Figini, M Henderson, G. Ramponi, and G Saibene
More informationINFRARED MONITORING OF 110 GHz GYROTRON WINDOWS AT DIII D
GA A23981 INFRARED MONITORING OF 110 GHz GYROTRON WINDOWS AT DIII D by Y. GORELOV, J. LOHR, R.W. CALLIS, and D. PONCE MAY 2002 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
More informationDiagnostics. Electric probes. Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear Instituto Superior Técnico Lisbon, Portugal http://www.ipfn.ist.utl.
C. Silva Lisboa, Jan. 2014 IST Diagnostics Electric probes Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear Instituto Superior Técnico Lisbon, Portugal http://www.ipfn.ist.utl.pt Langmuir probes Simplest diagnostic
More informationFirst Measurements with U-probe on the COMPASS Tokamak
WDS'13 Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part II, 109 114, 2013. ISBN 978-80-7378-251-1 MATFYZPRESS First Measurements with U-probe on the COMPASS Tokamak K. Kovařík, 1,2 I. Ďuran, 1 J. Stöckel, 1 J.Seidl,
More informationLocal Electron Thermal Transport in the MST Reversed-Field Pinch
Local Electron Thermal Transport in the MST Reversed-Field Pinch T.M. Biewer,, J.K., B.E. Chapman, N.E. Lanier,, S.R. Castillo, D.J. Den Hartog,, and C.B. Forest University of Wisconsin-Madison Recent
More information1 EX/P5-11. Control of the Sawtooth Instability by Electron Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive In the TCV and ASDEX Upgrade Tokamaks.
1 EX/P5-11 Control of the Sawtooth Instability by Electron Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive In the TCV and ASDEX Upgrade Tokamaks. T.P. Goodman 1), A. Mück 2), C. Angioni 1), M.A. Henderson 1), O. Sauter
More informationThe accurate calibration of all detectors is crucial for the subsequent data
Chapter 4 Calibration The accurate calibration of all detectors is crucial for the subsequent data analysis. The stability of the gain and offset for energy and time calibration of all detectors involved
More informationNeutral Beam Injection Experiments in the MST Reversed Field Pinch
Neutral Beam Injection Experiments in the MST Reversed Field Pinch D. Liu 1, A. F. Almagri 1, J.K. Anderson 1, V. V. Belykh 2, B.E. Chapman 1, V.I. Davydenko 2, P. Deichuli 2, D.J. Den Hartog 1, S. Eilerman
More informationNon-Inductive Startup and Flux Compression in the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment
Non-Inductive Startup and Flux Compression in the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment John B. O Bryan University of Wisconsin Madison NIMROD Team Meeting July 31, 2009 Outline 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Modeling
More informationCurriculum Vitae. Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Munich (Germany)
Curriculum Vitae Personal information Surname / First name Spagnolo Silvia Place / date of birth Vicenza (Italy), 22nd May 1982 Nationality Italian Address Via Lago di Fimon 4B, 36057 Arcugnano, Vicenza
More informationMeasurement and Simulation of Electron Thermal Transport in the MST Reversed-Field Pinch
1 EX/P3-17 Measurement and Simulation of Electron Thermal Transport in the MST Reversed-Field Pinch D. J. Den Hartog 1,2, J. A. Reusch 1, J. K. Anderson 1, F. Ebrahimi 1,2,*, C. B. Forest 1,2 D. D. Schnack
More informationFacilities Perspectives
Facilities Perspectives of the Association Euratom-FZK - Overview and Mission Orientation - Important Facility Enhancements Facility Review Meeting May 27-28, 2008 M. Thumm, Deputy Head, Topic Fusion Technology,
More informationMajor Conclusions of the MFE Study
Major Conclusions of the MFE Study 1. Why a burning plasma Navratil 2. Burning plasma options Baker 3. Assessment of contributions of the options Van Dam 4. Assessment of the feasibility of the options
More informationTutorial 4.6 Gamma Spectrum Analysis
Tutorial 4.6 Gamma Spectrum Analysis Slide 1. Gamma Spectrum Analysis In this module, we will apply the concepts that were discussed in Tutorial 4.1, Interactions of Radiation with Matter. Slide 2. Learning
More informationWave-particle and wave-wave interactions in the Solar Wind: simulations and observations
Wave-particle and wave-wave interactions in the Solar Wind: simulations and observations Lorenzo Matteini University of Florence, Italy In collaboration with Petr Hellinger, Simone Landi, and Marco Velli
More informationFusion Engineering and Design
Fusion Engineering and Design 87 (2012) 325 331 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Fusion Engineering and Design journa l h o me page: www.elsevier.com/locate/fusengdes Simulation of EAST
More informationDeveloping Predictive Capability for High Performance Steady State Plasmas
Developing Predictive Capability for High Performance Steady State Plasmas P. Snyder, A. Kritz, R. Budny, C.S. Chang, M. Greenwald, T. Carter, J. Wright, G.R. Tynan Primary Goal Reduce Time to and Cost
More information13C NMR Spectroscopy
13 C NMR Spectroscopy Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the most powerful tool available for structural determination. A nucleus with an odd number of protons, an odd number
More informationDevelopment of Optical Wave Microphone Measuring Sound Waves with No Diaphragm
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Taipei, March 5 8, 3 359 Development of Optical Wave Microphone Measuring Sound Waves with No Diaphragm Yoshito Sonoda, Takashi Samatsu, and
More informationIn search of an on-line backup density measurement for ITER
In search of an on-line backup density measurement for ITER a, Tsuyoshi Akiyama b, Chris K. Orimoto c, George Vayakis and Christopher Watts ITER Organization Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067
More informationPUMPED Nd:YAG LASER. Last Revision: August 21, 2007
PUMPED Nd:YAG LASER Last Revision: August 21, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How can an efficient atomic transition laser be constructed and characterized? INTRODUCTION: This lab exercise will allow
More informationE190Q Lecture 5 Autonomous Robot Navigation
E190Q Lecture 5 Autonomous Robot Navigation Instructor: Chris Clark Semester: Spring 2014 1 Figures courtesy of Siegwart & Nourbakhsh Control Structures Planning Based Control Prior Knowledge Operator
More informationManual for simulation of EB processing. Software ModeRTL
1 Manual for simulation of EB processing Software ModeRTL How to get results. Software ModeRTL. Software ModeRTL consists of five thematic modules and service blocks. (See Fig.1). Analytic module is intended
More informationE. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
E. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE References for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance, Harper and Row, 1963. chapter
More informationIMPROVED CCD DETECTORS FOR HIGH SPEED, CHARGE EXCHANGE SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES ON THE DIII D TOKAMAK
IMPROVED CCD DETECTORS FOR HIGH SPEED, CHARGE EXCHANGE SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES ON THE TOKAMAK by K.H. Burrell P. Gohil, R.J. Groebner, D.H. Kaplan, D.G. Nilson,* J.I. Robinson, and D.M. Thomas General Atomics,
More informationPart IV. Conclusions
Part IV Conclusions 189 Chapter 9 Conclusions and Future Work CFD studies of premixed laminar and turbulent combustion dynamics have been conducted. These studies were aimed at explaining physical phenomena
More information16th International Toki Conference on Advanced Imaging and Plasma Diagnostics
16th International Toki Conference on Advanced Imaging and Plasma Diagnostics Temperature Diagnostics for Field-Reversed Configuration Plasmas on the Pulsed High Density (PHD) Experiment Hiroshi Gota,
More informationA remote diagnostics system for the MERLIN array. D. Kettle, N.Roddis Jodrell Bank Observatory University of Manchester Macclesfield SK11 9DL
A remote diagnostics system for the MERLIN array D. Kettle, N.Roddis Jodrell Bank Observatory University of Manchester Macclesfield SK11 9DL 1. Introduction Jodrell Bank Observatory operates an array of
More informationActivitity (of a radioisotope): The number of nuclei in a sample undergoing radioactive decay in each second. It is commonly expressed in curies
Activitity (of a radioisotope): The number of nuclei in a sample undergoing radioactive decay in each second. It is commonly expressed in curies (Ci), where 1 Ci = 3.7x10 10 disintegrations per second.
More informationShort overview of TEUFEL-project
Short overview of TEUFEL-project ELAN-meeting may 2004 Frascati (I) Contents Overview of TEUFEL project at Twente Photo cathode research Recent experience Outlook Overview FEL Drive laser Photo cathode
More informationRF-thermal-structural-RF coupled analysis on the travelling wave disk-loaded accelerating structure
RF-thermal-structural-RF coupled analysis on the travelling wave disk-loaded accelerating structure PEI Shi-Lun( 裴 士 伦 ) 1) CHI Yun-Long( 池 云 龙 ) ZHANG Jing-Ru( 张 敬 如 ) HOU Mi( 侯 汨 ) LI Xiao-Ping( 李 小
More informationIntroduction to Geiger Counters
Introduction to Geiger Counters A Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube) is a device used for the detection and measurement of all types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Basically it consists
More informationA Digital Spectrometer Approach to Obtaining Multiple Time-Resolved Gamma-Ray. Spectra for Pulsed Spectroscopy. W. K. Warburton a
1 IRRMA6 #21 A Digital Spectrometer Approach to Obtaining Multiple Time-Resolved Gamma-Ray Spectra for Pulsed Spectroscopy H. Tan a,, S. Mitra b, A. Fallu-Labruyere a, W. Hennig a, Y. X. Chu a, L. Wielopolski
More information102 26-m Antenna Subnet Telecommunications Interfaces
DSMS Telecommunications Link Design Handbook 26-m Antenna Subnet Telecommunications Interfaces Effective November 30, 2000 Document Owner: Approved by: Released by: [Signature on file in TMOD Library]
More informationMicrowaves used for the first time in the position control of a fusion machine
Microwaves used for the first time in the position control of a fusion machine Jorge Santos, L. Guimarãis, M. Zilker, W. Treutterer, M. Manso and the IPFN Microwave and ASDEX Upgrade Teams OUTLINE Motivation
More informationHarmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies
Soonwook Hong, Ph. D. Michael Zuercher Martinson Harmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies 1. Introduction PV inverters use semiconductor devices to transform the
More informationPhysics 9e/Cutnell. correlated to the. College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives
Physics 9e/Cutnell correlated to the College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives Big Idea 1: Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure. Enduring
More informationInternational Year of Light 2015 Tech-Talks BREGENZ: Mehmet Arik Well-Being in Office Applications Light Measurement & Quality Parameters
www.led-professional.com ISSN 1993-890X Trends & Technologies for Future Lighting Solutions ReviewJan/Feb 2015 Issue LpR 47 International Year of Light 2015 Tech-Talks BREGENZ: Mehmet Arik Well-Being in
More informationPower meter. Caratterizzazione di amplificatori a RF. Amplificatori a RF. Incertezza 8-03-2012. Corso di Laboratorio di misure ad alta frequenza
Corso di Laboratorio di misure ad alta frequenza Caratterizzazione di amplificatori a RF Docenti: Andrea Mostacci; Alessandra Paffi andrea.mostacci@uniroma1.it; paffi@die.uniroma1.it A.A. 2011-2012 Sensori:
More informationMars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mission
Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mission MAVEN Science Community Workshop December 2, 2012 Particles and Fields Package Solar Energetic Particle Instrument (SEP) Davin Larson and the SEP
More informationLecture 14. Introduction to the Sun
Lecture 14 Introduction to the Sun ALMA discovers planets forming in a protoplanetary disc. Open Q: what physics do we learn about the Sun? 1. Energy - nuclear energy - magnetic energy 2. Radiation - continuum
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAR PRODUCTION ON THE PIERCED FLAT SHEET METAL USING LASER FORMING PROCESS
JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE (ISSN 2322-5009) CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp:277-284 Available at www.jcrs010.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAR
More informationTHE COMPOSITE DISC - A NEW JOINT FOR HIGH POWER DRIVESHAFTS
THE COMPOSITE DISC - A NEW JOINT FOR HIGH POWER DRIVESHAFTS Dr Andrew Pollard Principal Engineer GKN Technology UK INTRODUCTION There is a wide choice of flexible couplings for power transmission applications,
More information5. The Nature of Light. Does Light Travel Infinitely Fast? EMR Travels At Finite Speed. EMR: Electric & Magnetic Waves
5. The Nature of Light Light travels in vacuum at 3.0. 10 8 m/s Light is one form of electromagnetic radiation Continuous radiation: Based on temperature Wien s Law & the Stefan-Boltzmann Law Light has
More informationPulsed Fourier Transform NMR The rotating frame of reference. The NMR Experiment. The Rotating Frame of Reference.
Pulsed Fourier Transform NR The rotating frame of reference The NR Eperiment. The Rotating Frame of Reference. When we perform a NR eperiment we disturb the equilibrium state of the sstem and then monitor
More information- thus, the total number of atoms per second that absorb a photon is
Stimulated Emission of Radiation - stimulated emission is referring to the emission of radiation (a photon) from one quantum system at its transition frequency induced by the presence of other photons
More informationModelling of plasma response to resonant magnetic perturbations and its influence on divertor strike points
1 TH/P4-27 Modelling of plasma response to resonant magnetic perturbations and its influence on divertor strike points P. Cahyna 1, Y.Q. Liu 2, E. Nardon 3, A. Kirk 2, M. Peterka 1, J.R. Harrison 2, A.
More informationAn octave bandwidth dipole antenna
An octave bandwidth dipole antenna Abstract: Achieving wideband performance from resonant structures is challenging because their radiation properties and impedance characteristics are usually sensitive
More informationEvaluation of fuelling requirements and transient density behaviour in ITER reference operational scenarios
IDM UID AG36ER VERSION CREATED ON / VERSION / STATUS 06 Jul 2012 / 1.2/ Approved EXTERNAL REFERENCE Report Evaluation of fuelling requirements and transient density behaviour in ITER reference operational
More informationAS COMPETITION PAPER 2008
AS COMPETITION PAPER 28 Name School Town & County Total Mark/5 Time Allowed: One hour Attempt as many questions as you can. Write your answers on this question paper. Marks allocated for each question
More informationCathode Ray Tube. Introduction. Functional principle
Introduction The Cathode Ray Tube or Braun s Tube was invented by the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 897 and is today used in computer monitors, TV sets and oscilloscope tubes. The path of the
More informationEmail: tjohn@mail.nplindia.ernet.in
USE OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTS IN RADIO AND ATMOSPHERIC EXPERIMENTS P.N. VIJAYAKUMAR, THOMAS JOHN AND S.C. GARG RADIO AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE DIVISION, NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY, NEW DELHI 110012, INDIA
More informationApplication Note Noise Frequently Asked Questions
: What is? is a random signal inherent in all physical components. It directly limits the detection and processing of all information. The common form of noise is white Gaussian due to the many random
More informationRobot Perception Continued
Robot Perception Continued 1 Visual Perception Visual Odometry Reconstruction Recognition CS 685 11 Range Sensing strategies Active range sensors Ultrasound Laser range sensor Slides adopted from Siegwart
More informationFiber Optics: Fiber Basics
Photonics Technical Note # 21 Fiber Optics Fiber Optics: Fiber Basics Optical fibers are circular dielectric wave-guides that can transport optical energy and information. They have a central core surrounded
More information07 - Cherenkov and transition radiation detectors
07 - Cherenkov and transition radiation detectors Jaroslav Adam Czech Technical University in Prague Version 1.0 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_07, Cherenkov and transition radiation Version 1.0 1 / 30
More informationGamma Ray Detection at RIA
Gamma Ray Detection at RIA Summary Report: Physics & Functional Requirements Cyrus Baktash Physics goals Experimental tools: Techniques & Reactions Functional Requirements Physics Questions (Discussed
More informationSynthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors
Synthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors MediaRobotics Lab, February 2010 Proximity detection is dependent on the object of interest. One size does not fit all For non-contact distance measurement,
More informationModule 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems
Module 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Lecture : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Attenuation (Loss)
More informationSelf-adjusting Importances for the Acceleration of MCBEND
Self-adjusting Importances for the Acceleration of MCBEND Edmund Shuttleworth Abstract The principal method of variance reduction in MCBEND is the use of splitting and Russian roulette under the control
More informationIntegration of a dog-leg beam routing for the remote steering upper port launcher for ITER
Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience Integration of a dog-leg beam routing for the remote steering upper port launcher for ITER This content has been downloaded from IOPscience.
More informationAn Innovative Method for Dead Time Correction in Nuclear Spectroscopy
An Innovative Method for Dead Time Correction in Nuclear Spectroscopy Upp, Daniel L.; Keyser, Ronald M.; Gedcke, Dale A.; Twomey, Timothy R.; and Bingham, Russell D. PerkinElmer Instruments, Inc. ORTEC,
More informationBlackbody Radiation References INTRODUCTION
Blackbody Radiation References 1) R.A. Serway, R.J. Beichner: Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 5 th Edition, Vol. 2, Ch.40, Saunders College Publishing (A Division of Harcourt
More informationISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE Sezione di Trieste INFN/TC-2/7 1 aprile 22 A novel scheme for the integrated voltage divider of Silicon Drift Detectors P. Burger 1, C. Piemonte 2, A. Rashevsky 3,
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS AND COLD TEST OF A DISTRIBUTED WINDOW FOR A HIGH POWER GYROTRON
ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS AND COLD TEST OF A DISTRIBUTED WINDOW FOR A HIGH POWER GYROTRON M.A.Shapiro, C.P.Moeller, and R.J.Temkin Plasma Science and Fusion Ceer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
More informationVarious Technics of Liquids and Solids Level Measurements. (Part 3)
(Part 3) In part one of this series of articles, level measurement using a floating system was discusses and the instruments were recommended for each application. In the second part of these articles,
More informationA More Efficient Way to De-shelve 137 Ba +
A More Efficient Way to De-shelve 137 Ba + Abstract: Andrea Katz Trinity University UW REU 2010 In order to increase the efficiency and reliability of de-shelving barium ions, an infrared laser beam was
More informationGAMMA-RAY SPECTRA REFERENCES
GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA REFERENCES 1. K. Siegbahn, Alpha, Beta and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, Vol. I, particularly Chapts. 5, 8A. 2. Nucleonics Data Sheets, Nos. 1-45 (available from the Resource Centre) 3. H.E.
More informationHigh Power Tests of Beryllium Oxide Windows to the Lower Hybrid Current Drive Launcher in JET
JET R(98)11 A Ekedahl et al High Power Tests of Beryllium Oxide Windows to the Lower Hybrid Current Drive Launcher in JET This document is intended for publication in the open literature. It is made available
More informationA Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators
A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators D. J. McCarron December 7, 2007 1 Introduction Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are useful devices which allow the frequency, intensity and direction of a laser beam
More informationExtended spectral coverage of BWO combined with frequency multipliers
Extended spectral coverage of BWO combined with frequency multipliers Walter C. Hurlbut, Vladimir G. Kozlov, Microtech Instruments, Inc. (United States) Abstract: Solid state frequency multipliers extend
More informationELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE Last Revised: July 2007
QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE Last Revised: July 2007 How can we measure the Landé g factor for the free electron in DPPH as predicted by quantum mechanics? INTRODUCTION Electron
More informationEnhanced Stripline Scanning Array B.M. Cahill and J.C. Batchelor
Enhanced Stripline Scanning Array B.M. Cahill and J.C. Batchelor This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation and is subject
More informationProton tracking for medical imaging and dosimetry
Proton tracking for medical imaging and dosimetry J.Taylor, P.Allport, G.Casse For the PRaVDA Consortium 1 Background and motivation - What is the PRaVDA experiment? - Why are we using Monte Carlo? GEANT4
More informationMeasurement of Resistive Wall Mode Stability in Rotating High Beta Plasmas
Measurement of Resistive Wall Mode Stability in Rotating High Beta Plasmas H.Reimerdes, 1 J.Bialek, 1 M.S.Chance, 2 M.S.Chu, 3 A.M.Garofalo, 1 P.Gohil, 3 G.L.Jackson, 3 R.J.Jayakumar, 4 T.H.Jensen, 3#
More informationCHAPTER 3: DIGITAL IMAGING IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY. 3.1 Basic Concepts of Digital Imaging
Physics of Medical X-Ray Imaging (1) Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3: DIGITAL IMAGING IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 3.1 Basic Concepts of Digital Imaging Unlike conventional radiography that generates images on film through
More informationEE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission. Prof. Murat Torlak
Path Loss Radio Wave Propagation The wireless radio channel puts fundamental limitations to the performance of wireless communications systems Radio channels are extremely random, and are not easily analyzed
More informationDOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND
DOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIANT FLUX DENSITY AT THE FOCUS OF A CONVERGENCE BEAM
More informationIntroduction to the Monte Carlo method
Some history Simple applications Radiation transport modelling Flux and Dose calculations Variance reduction Easy Monte Carlo Pioneers of the Monte Carlo Simulation Method: Stanisław Ulam (1909 1984) Stanislaw
More informationAmptek Application Note XRF-1: XRF Spectra and Spectra Analysis Software By R.Redus, Chief Scientist, Amptek Inc, 2008.
Amptek Application Note XRF-1: XRF Spectra and Spectra Analysis Software By R.Redus, Chief Scientist, Amptek Inc, 2008. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a very simple analytical technique: X-rays excite atoms
More informationPHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS 1. Photons 2. Photoelectric Effect 3. Experimental Set-up to study Photoelectric Effect 4. Effect of Intensity, Frequency, Potential on P.E.
More informationA wave lab inside a coaxial cable
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Eur. J. Phys. 25 (2004) 581 591 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS PII: S0143-0807(04)76273-X A wave lab inside a coaxial cable JoãoMSerra,MiguelCBrito,JMaiaAlves and A M Vallera
More informationState Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used.
5 Question 1. [Marks 28] An unmarked police car P is, travelling at the legal speed limit, v P, on a straight section of highway. At time t = 0, the police car is overtaken by a car C, which is speeding
More informationModification of Pd-H 2 and Pd-D 2 thin films processed by He-Ne laser
Modification of Pd-H 2 and Pd-D 2 thin films processed by He-Ne laser V.Nassisi #, G.Caretto #, A. Lorusso #, D.Manno %, L.Famà %, G.Buccolieri %, A.Buccolieri %, U.Mastromatteo* # Laboratory of Applied
More informationUsing angular speed measurement with Hall effect sensors to observe grinding operation with flexible robot.
Using angular speed measurement with Hall effect sensors to observe grinding operation with flexible robot. François Girardin 1, Farzad Rafieian 1, Zhaoheng Liu 1, Marc Thomas 1 and Bruce Hazel 2 1 Laboratoire
More informationHigh Power Neutral Beam Injection in LHD
JP0655016 High Power Neutral Beam Injection in LHD K. Tsumori, Y. Takeiri, K. Nagaoka, K. Ikeda, M. Osakabe, Y. Oka, O. Kaneko, M. Shibuya, T. Kondo, M. Sato and E. Asano. National Institute for Fusion
More informationRX-AM4SF Receiver. Pin-out. Connections
RX-AM4SF Receiver The super-heterodyne receiver RX-AM4SF can provide a RSSI output indicating the amplitude of the received signal: this output can be used to create a field-strength meter capable to indicate
More informationIndiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.
.1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations
More informationSelected Radio Frequency Exposure Limits
ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY & HEALTH DIVISION Chapter 50: Non-ionizing Radiation Selected Radio Frequency Exposure Limits Product ID: 94 Revision ID: 1736 Date published: 30 June 2015 Date effective: 30 June 2015
More informationExperiment #5: Qualitative Absorption Spectroscopy
Experiment #5: Qualitative Absorption Spectroscopy One of the most important areas in the field of analytical chemistry is that of spectroscopy. In general terms, spectroscopy deals with the interactions
More informationON-LINE MONITORING OF AN HADRON BEAM FOR RADIOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS
ON-LINE MONITORING OF AN HADRON BEAM FOR RADIOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Via S. Sofia 44, Catania, Italy Patient positioned for treatment System under consideration (experimental
More informationChapter 9 Summary and outlook
Chapter 9 Summary and outlook This thesis aimed to address two problems of plasma astrophysics: how are cosmic plasmas isotropized (A 1), and why does the equipartition of the magnetic field energy density
More informationChapter 8. Low energy ion scattering study of Fe 4 N on Cu(100)
Low energy ion scattering study of 4 on Cu(1) Chapter 8. Low energy ion scattering study of 4 on Cu(1) 8.1. Introduction For a better understanding of the reconstructed 4 surfaces one would like to know
More informationMultiple Delay Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy
Multiple Delay Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy Peter Urlings 9 th of October, 2015 A report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Applied Physics
More informationAutomatic 3D Mapping for Infrared Image Analysis
Automatic 3D Mapping for Infrared Image Analysis i r f m c a d a r a c h e V. Martin, V. Gervaise, V. Moncada, M.H. Aumeunier, M. irdaouss, J.M. Travere (CEA) S. Devaux (IPP), G. Arnoux (CCE) and JET-EDA
More informationExperiment 5. Lasers and laser mode structure
Northeastern University, PHYS5318 Spring 2014, 1 1. Introduction Experiment 5. Lasers and laser mode structure The laser is a very important optical tool that has found widespread use in science and industry,
More informationPhysics Aspects of the Dynamic Ergodic Divertor (DED)
Physics Aspects of the Dynamic Ergodic Divertor (DED) FINKEN K. Heinz 1, KOBAYASHI Masahiro 1,2, ABDULLAEV S. Sadrilla 1, JAKUBOWSKI Marcin 1,3 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, D-52425
More information1. Units of a magnetic field might be: A. C m/s B. C s/m C. C/kg D. kg/c s E. N/C m ans: D
Chapter 28: MAGNETIC FIELDS 1 Units of a magnetic field might be: A C m/s B C s/m C C/kg D kg/c s E N/C m 2 In the formula F = q v B: A F must be perpendicular to v but not necessarily to B B F must be
More information