LINGUA INGLESE 2010/2011 B1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEXIS MORPHOLOGY WELFARE SERVICES. Dott.ssa C. Cawthra

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1 LINGUA INGLESE 2010/2011 B1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEXIS MORPHOLOGY WELFARE SERVICES Dott.ssa C. Cawthra 1

2 Entrance Test Choose the correct answer. 1. (a) What time do you usually get up? (b) What time usually do you get up? (c) What time do usually you get up? 2. Does she work in an office? (a) Yes, she works. (b) Yes, she does. (c) Yes, she does work. 3. (a) Does he got a sister? (b) Does he has a sister? (c) Does he have a sister? 4. (a) Champagne doesn t come from Italy. (b) Champagne not comes from Italy. (c) Champagne doesn t comes from Italy. 5. (a) I am not understanding the problem. Can you explain? (b) I do not understand the problem. Can you explain? (c) I not understand the problem. Can you explain? 6. (a) Do you can speak Japanese? (b) Do you speak Japanese? (c) Do you to speak Japanese? 7. (a) I have a party on Friday. Do you want to come? (b) I am having a party on Friday. Do you want to come? (c) I going to have a party on Friday. Do you want to come? 8. (a) What film stars are you liking? (b) What film stars you like? (c) What film stars do you like? 9. (a) Where did you be yesterday? (b) Where were you yesterday? (c) Where did you were yesterday? 10. (a) Did you enjoyed your holiday? (b) Did you enjoy your holiday? (c) Did you enjoying your holiday? 11. (a) I was watching the news when the phone rang. (b) I watched the news when the phone rang. (c) I had watch the news when the phone rang. 12. (a) What would you like doing this evening? (b) What would you like to do this evening (c) What would you like do this evening? 2

3 13. (a) The teacher made the student to do his homework again. (b) The teacher made the student do his homework again. (c) The teacher made the student doing his homework again. 14. (a) He is very interested study philosophy. (b) He is very interested in studying philosophy. (c) He is very interested to study philosophy. 15. (a) The phone s ringing. I m going to answer it. (b) The phone s ringing. I ll answer it. (c) The phone s ringing. I answer it. 16. (a) The weather forecast says it snows today. (b) The weather forecast says it is snowing today. (c) The weather forecast says it is going to snow today. 17. (a) I first came to Venice in (b) I first have come to Venice in (c) I first had come to Venice in (a) My father never has ate caviar. He doesn t like it. (b) My father has never eaten caviar. He doesn t like it. (c) My father never ate caviar. He doesn t like it. 19. (a) If I have time tomorrow, I phone you. (b) If I have time tomorrow, I will phone you. (c) If I have time tomorrow, I am phoning you. 20. (a) The doctor said I should stop smoking. (b) The doctor said I might stop smoking. (c) The doctor said I have stop smoking. 21. (a) He will send me an as soon as he has time. (b) He will send me an as soon as he will have time. (c) He will send me an as soon as he is having time. 22. (a) When I was young I used playing the piano. (b) When I was young I used to play the piano. (c) When I was young I used to playing the piano. 23. (a) Mercedes cars are made in Germany. (b) Mercedes cars made in Germany. (c) Mercedes cars are making in Germany. 24. (a) If you won the lottery, what would you do? (b) If you won the lottery, what you do? (c) If you won the lottery, what will you do? 25. (a) The advice he gave me was very useful. (b) The advice he gave me were very useful. 3

4 (c) The advices he gave me were very useful. 26. (a) Nurses look for people who are ill. (b) Nurses look after people who are ill. (c) Nurses look up people who are ill. 27. (a) Excuse me. Could you tell me where the post-office is? (b) Excuse me. Could you tell me where is the post-office? (c) Excuse me. Could you tell me where the post-office? 28. (a) There isn t a lot milk in the fridge. Shall I go to the supermarket? (b) There isn t many milk in the fridge. Shall I go to the supermarket? (c) There isn t much milk in the fridge. Shall I go to the supermarket? 29. (a) What did you have for a dinner last night? (b) What did you have for the dinner last night? (c) What did you have for dinner last night? 30. (a) That s the woman which acted in Mary Poppins! (b) That s the woman who acted in Mary Poppins! (c) That s the woman acted in Mary Poppins! 4

5 UNIT ONE: Word order; present simple / present continuous; have/have got; plural and uncountable nouns; like; it/the; emphasis GRAMMAR REFERENCE: An Intermediate English Syntax (IES) Geraldine Ludbrook (Cafoscarina) IES p WORD ORDER IN QUESTIONS Question word Auxiliary Subject infinitive verb/present or past participle Qu A S I Where do you live? What does he do? Why are they laughing? How often do they go swimming? How long have you lived here? EXERCISE 1 Put the words in the correct order to form a question. 1. tennis often play you how do?? 2. get up time usually you what do?? 3. staying where they are?? 4. husband when your you meet did?? 5. rang phone doing you what were when the?? 6. the BBC how long you worked have - for?? 7. free time doing what do like you your in?? 8. father you your like do look?? 9. you - summer next going where are?? 10. you talking who to are?? 5

6 Present simple I speak English I don t speak Chinese Do you speak Italian? Yes, I do/no, I don t He speaks English He doesn t speak Chinese Does he speak Italian? Yes, he does/no, he doesn t general truths: Christmas is on 25th December habitual action: I go to the gym every evening describing art/literary works: The painting represents the artist s dream programmed future event: Term ends on Friday subordinate clause in future time: We ll phone you if we have an answer Present progressive [to be] + [verb + -ing] I am watching television I m not studying Are you working? Yes, I am/no, I m not He is sleeping He isn t reading emphasis of continuing character of action in or around present: He s studying at the moment future event: I m meeting my professor tomorrow Dynamic and state verbs Dynamic verbs (describing an action) can be used in the progressive form. State verbs (describing a state) are not usually used in this form. Some verbs can be both dynamic and state, depending on their meaning. There are five groups of state verbs: 1. verbs expressing feelings: like, love, hate, enjoy, detest, wish prefer 2. verbs referring to intellectual states. Forget, remember, understand, know, think, believe, doubt 3. verbs about wants: want, need 4. verbs of perception: feel, hear, see, smell, taste 5. verbs of being/having/owning: appear, seem, belong, possess, cost, own Some verbs that can be both: Think: He always thinks he s right (opinion) He is thinking about changing jobs (considering) Have: We have a new car (possession) She is having a bath (taking; action) See: I see what you mean (understand) I m seeing the doctor tomorrow (meeting; action) 6

7 IES p ; EXERCISE 2 PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Put the verbs in the correct form. Two friends are talking. 1. Hello Tom. I haven t seen you for ages. What (you/do) at the moment? 2. I (study) economics at university. 3. Do your parents (still/have) a dog? 4. Yes, they. What about you? (still / you / play) football? 5. Yes. I (play) three times a week. 6. What s the matter? You (look) very upset 7. I (not understand) this maths problem. Can you help me? 8. Of course. What (you /study) at the moment? Algebra. 9. Who s your teacher? Mr Brown. (you / know) him?. 10. No. I (think) of going to the cinema tonight. Would you like to come? EXERCISE 3 Which sentence is correct? 1. We re studying the history of art this year. We study the history of art this year. 2. Are you understanding the book? Do you understand the book? 3. I m loving chocolate ice cream. I love chocolate ice cream. 4. What a lovely party. Everyone enjoys it. What a lovely party. Everyone is enjoying it. 5. He works at the moment. He is working at the moment. 6. She speaks Russian and Chinese. She is speaking Russian and Chinese. 7. I usually walk to work. I am usually walking to work. 8. Salvatore comes from Sicily. Salvatore coming from Sicily. EXERCISE 4 Complete the following with the present simple or present continuous. 1. Tom (work) in a pizzeria. 2. We (meet) Anna for dinner this evening. 3. What he (do) at the moment? 4. Liz always (look) so glamorous! 5. you (come) down? Dinner is ready. EXERCISE 5 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences 1. She can t come to the phone now. She has a shower. 2. We are needing an answer from you before Wednesday. 3. Are you going out this evening? I don t know. It is depending on the weather. 4. Are you owning this motorbike? 7

8 5.I d like to buy this coat. How much is it costing? 6. I m usually getting up at This exercise is difficult. I m not understanding it. 8. Excuse me. Are you knowing the way to the museum? EXERCISE 6 Choose the correct answer. 1. It is my brother s birthday today and he (has / is having / having) a party. 2. We (go / going / are going) round to his house at seven o clock this evening. 3. He (not usually celebrates / doesn t usually celebrate / isn t usually celebrating ) his birthday but this one is special because he s forty. 4. After work I (go / am going / will going) to buy him a present. HAVE VS. HAVE GOT I have a dog I don t have a cat. Do you have a pet? Yes, I do. / No, I don t I have got a dog I haven t got a cat. Have you got a pet? Yes, I have. / No, I haven t EXERCISE 7 Choose the correct sentence. 1. (a) Do you got two sisters? (b) Have you got two sisters? (c) Have you two sisters? 2. (a) She can t answer the phone. She has a bath. (b) She can t answer the phone. She has got a bath. (c) She can t answer the phone. She is having a bath. 3. (a) He is having four children two boys and two girls. (b) He does has four children two boys and two girls. (c) He has got four children two boys and two girls. 4. (a) I haven t got any money. I must go to the bank. (b) I don t got any money. I must go to the bank. (c) I haven t any money. I must go to the bank. IES p PLURAL AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Some nouns are always plural in English: Thanks, clothes, savings, arms, scissors, glasses, trousers Collective nouns have a singular form but plural meaning and are used with a plural verb form: Police, people, clergy Singular nouns with plural reference: Advice, baggage, business, fruit, furniture, hair, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress 8

9 EXERCISE 8 Complete the following sentences with is or are 1. Your hair really long. You need a haircut. 2. My glasses dirty. 3. Where the money I gave you this morning? 4. The information the tourist office gave us very useful. 5. The police questioning the student about the murder. 6. Have you heard the news? It really terrible. 7. This homework really difficult. Can you help me? 8. His advice to study more. 9. Our furniture 10 years old. Let s look for something new. 10. The people furious because the Prime Minister wants to increase the taxes. EXERCISE 9 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. 1. The teacher gave me some good advices. 2. Can you give me any informations? 3. The furnitures in this shop are very expensive. 4. Today I ve many works to do. 5. The police is looking for the thief. 6. People is complaining about the latest rise in taxes. EXERCISE 10 LIKE Match the questions with the correct answers. 1. What is your new neighbour like? A. Blond with blue eyes. 2. How is your father? B. Very friendly. 3. What does your son look like? C. Playing football. 4. What does he like doing in his free time? D. Much better, thank you. IES p IT/THERE It: The time: It s nine o clock The weather: It s hot today. Manner: It was with great horror that we learned the truth Duration: It was two whole months that we waited. Time expression: It s years since I ve seen her. There: + be There is /are EXERCISE 11 Complete the sentences with it or there 1. wasn t a good idea to phone him. 2. Are any good Indian restaurants here? 3. Is any butter in the fridge? 4. Is that a Siamese cat? has very big ears! 9

10 5. was raining when we left. 6. was with great joy that we heard he was well. 7. Hurry up! is half past eight already. 8. Her house is enormous. are six bedrooms. 9. is a pity we can t go to that party tonight. 10. I m afraid is too late now. They ve sold it. NEGATIVE ADVERBIALS He has never been late She can rarely come He never listens I seldom went on holiday Never has he been late Rarely can she come Never does he listen Seldom did I go on holiday EXERCISE 12 Rewrite the following sentences 1. He had hardly finished when the computer switched itself off. 2. I have never seen such a terrible film. 3. Stephen not only went round the world, he went by boat. 4. The children rarely get such wonderful presents as these. 5. She became so angry that she nearly hit him. 10

11 PROGRESS TEST 1 1. What kind of a car? [U6 p95] / does she has / she has / has she got / 2. I to work by car, but sometimes I walk. [U4 p81] / go usually / 'm usually going / usually go / 3. People against the rise in taxes. [U2 p27] / is protesting / are protesting / protests / 4. Why are you under the table? What? [U6 p104] / do you do / do you / are you doing / 5. I what you are talking about. [U6 p108] / don't know / 'm not knowing / not know / 6. They saved our. [U2 p2 7] / life / lives / the life / 7. was with great horror that I learnt the truth. [U3 p58] / That / It / What / 8. Never such a terrible accident! [U4 p84] / have I seen / I have seen / have I see / Mistakes 1. I'm not seeing what the problem is. [U6 p108] 2. The police is examining the case. [U2 p27] 3. What do you in your spare time? [U1 p17] 4. What strange day! [U1 p21] 5. She can't come now. She has a bath. [U6 p108] 6. There isn't nothing I could do. [U1 p15] 7. I need informations about accommodation in Venice. [U2 p25] 8. Look! There is snowing. [U3 p61] 9. How is your new neighbour like? [U1 p17] I'm visiting my sister-in-laws tomorrow. [U2 p30] 11

12 UNIT 2: past tenses; present perfect; for/since; used to; articles; some/any; much/many; possessives; present and past participles; comparatives and superlatives Past simple Regular verbs: add ed Do/does become did Yesterday I walked to work. Did you have a nice weekend? Yes, I did / No, I didn t Key words: any expression describing time in the past: ago/last year/last month/when I was a child/ in 1999 action occurring in past before time of speaking: Susan arrived an hour ago past subjunctive in hypothetical conditions: I wish he were here reported speech: She asked me if I played the piano Past progressive [was / were] + [verb + -ing] I was watching the television when the phone rang. What were you doing yesterday at nine o clock? Key word: while continuing action in the past: We were eating when you called earlier describing scenes: The sun was shining and the birds were singing Past perfect [had] + [past participle When I got home, they had finished eating. action taking place in the past preceding another action in the past: the train had left when I arrived at the station past unreal events in hypothetical statements: If I had studied English better, I wouldn t have failed the exam reported speech: He said he had gone to the shops the day before IES p. 98 EXERCISE 13 PAST SIMPLE / NEGATIVES AND IRREGULAR VERBS Complete the sentences with the past simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. He (stop) working at 7 pm. 2. Richard (work) in a restaurant last summer. 3. I (not/see) my friends last weekend. 4. they (go) on holiday last year? 5. Tom (leave) school in When you (come) to Italy? 7. Mark (fix) my stereo for me last night. 8. My grandmother (have) a cottage in the country. 12

13 9. When the film (finish)? 10. They (organize) a surprise party for me. EXERCISE 14 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets in the past simple. 1. When (you /move) to Italy? 2. Yesterday I (not / go) shopping because I was too tired. 3. When she was young she (use ) to go swimming every day. 4. There (be) a lot of people at the concert last week. 5. I m sorry. I (not /have) time to phone. I ll do it now. 6. I (eat) too much for lunch. I think I ll go for a walk. 7. He (write) to me but I haven t replied yet. 8. What (you /say)? I wasn t listening. 9. They (drive) for two hours and then stopped for a rest. 10. Who (drink) all the milk? There s none left. EXERCISE 15 What is the past simple of the following verbs? 1. fall 2. send 3. find 4. eat 5. buy 6. drink 7. keep 8. tell 9. write 10. break 11. bring 12. catch 13

14 EXERCISE 16 Re-write the following sentences in the past: 1. I go shopping every Saturday. Yesterday 2. He doesn t play tennis on Fridays. Last Friday 3. Do you like that book?. 4. I have got two cats. When I was young I 5. They don t like travelling by car.. EXERCISE 17 Make sentences with the following words using the past simple. 1. When / they / leave / school? 2. He / wait / for two hours but she / not phone. 3. You / see the film on TV last night? 4. Tom / stop smoking last week / and he start playing football yesterday. 5. They ask / the teacher a question / but she / not answer. EXERCISE 18 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences 1. Where did you went last night? 2. I didn t knew the answer. 3. Sue maked a lot of noise. 4. I didn t liked my new teacher. 5. Took you your medicine? 6. Helen comed home late last night. 7. I didn t got up early this morning. 8. What did you saw at the cinema. EXERCISE 19 Complete the sentences with the past continuous form of the verbs in brackets 1. The sun (shine) this morning but it isn t now. 2. Helen (tell) us a joke when you arrived. 3. I closed the door because the children (make) a noise. 4. I saw your father five minutes ago he (read) a newspaper. 5. The students (not do) anything when the teacher entered the classroom. 6. They (have) dinner when I rang. 7. He still (work) hard when I phoned at eleven. 8. Who you (talk) to on the phone this morning when I saw you? 14

15 EXERCISE 20 IES p. 98; p. 106 PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS Write questions for the following answers. 1. I was reading a book at 9 o clock. 2. Yes, the sun was shining. 3. No, I wasn t laughing about you. 4. No, the television wasn t working. 5. They were playing football when I left. EXERCISE 21 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1. (you / speak) to Sally? No. She (have) a bath when I phoned. 2. Who (you /speak) to when I saw you yesterday? A friend I (meet) at the tennis club. 3. Look! It (snow) last night. Everything is white. 4. What (you /think) about McEwan s latest book? 5. While I (walk) to work, I (phone) the dentist. 6. The station (be) full of people who (wait) for the train because it was late. 7. He (drive) to the airport when he (hear) the news. 8. When he (drive) to work, he (have) an accident. 9. What (you / do) at seven o clock yesterday? When I phoned nobody (answer) the phone. 10. When the doctor (arrive), the child (sleep). IES p EXERCISE 22 PAST SIMPLE /PAST PERFECT Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1. The students (arrive) late because the train (break down). 2. They were late and when they (come) home, everyone (finish) their meal. 3. My husband (be) furious when he (get) home because he (have) an argument with his boss. 4. When it (start) to rain, he (catch) the bus because he (forget) to take an umbrella. 5. I (go) home early because the children (forget) their keys. EXERCISE 23 15

16 PAST SIMPLE /PAST PERFECT / PAST CONTINUOUS Complete the passage with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Fred Lorz, from New York, 1. (win) the marathon at the St Louis Olympic Games in He 2. (finish) the race in three hours 13 minutes. After the race Fred 3. (wait) to get his medal and the spectators 4. (cheer) him. Alice Roosevelt, the daughter of the US President, 5. (be) in the crowd and some journalists 6. (take) a photograph of Fred with her. But then suddenly somebody 7. (start) shouting cheat and soon everybody 8. (shout) the same thing. It was true. Fred 9. (travel) 18 of the 42 kilometres in a friend s car! Fred 10. (not / win) the gold medal and he was banned from athletics. IES p PRESENT PERFECT [has / have] + [past participle] I haven t finished my homework yet Have you ever been to New York? Yes, I have / No, I haven t 1. Events related to the present: I have lost my keys Jane has just had a baby Key words: just, already, yet, still 2. Experience Have you ever been to New York? Grisham has written over thirty detective stories Key words: ever, never 3. Events/States that began in the past and continue in the present She has lived in Italy for thirty years He has been a teacher since 1985 Key words: for, since EXERCISE 24 Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning. 1. I met Carol 10 years ago and we are still good friends. I have known Carol for ten years. 2. I bought my bag in 2001 and I still have it. I 3. I moved to Venice in 1990 and still live there. I 4. She began teaching in 1980 and still teaches. She 5. They came to university at nine o clock this morning and are still there. They 16

17 EXERCISE 25 Read the sentences in the past simple. Write new sentences using the Present Perfect without the time expression. 1. I bought some books on Sunday. 2. We put up some new pictures last week. 3. My husband fixed the shelves at the weekend. 4. We painted the house three years ago. 5. We replaced all the windows last year. EXERCISE 26 PRESENT PERFECT / PAST SIMPLE Choose the correct sentence 1. Can I have another book? I read this one. I have read this one. 2. Can you wait for me? I haven t finished yet. I didn t finish yet. 3. What did you have for dinner last night? What have you had for dinner last night? 4. Have you ever been to New York? Did you ever go to New York? 5. When you were a student did you go to lots of parties? When you were a student have you gone to lots of parties? 6. The film started at seven o clock not at eight. The film has started at seven o clock not at eight. 7. She lived there for ten years now. She has lived there for ten years now. 8. Where did you go on holiday last year? Where have you gone on holiday last year? 9. Colombus has discovered America in Colombus discovered America in IES p. 101 FOR / SINCE 17

18 For is used for the duration of time (for weeks/days/hours/a month Since is used for a specific point in time (since Tuesday/1999/two o clock EXERCISE 27 Complete the following sentences with for or since 1. They have been watching television two o clock. 2. She has known her husband thirty-five years. 3. I haven t seen my best-friend Christmas. 4. They ve been playing with the computer ages. It s time they stopped. 5. My father has had his car fifteen years and he has no intention of buying a new one. 6. She has had that car My mother hasn t visited us last Easter. EXERCISE 28 Choose the correct answer: 1. I live here / I have lived here for seventeen years. 2. Someone has just stolen / just stole my car. 3. I m afraid the boat has left / left an hour ago. 4. Yesterday I have lost / lost my wallet 5. When did England win / has England won the World Cup? EXERCISE 29 Complete the following sentences with one of the following: yet already just never ever still 1. Has he finished his homework? 2. Have you been to the United States? 3. Wait I minute. I have come home. Let me take off my coat. 4. She hasn t sent me the bill. That s strange. 5. I have seen such a terrible film in all my life. EXERCISE 30 Find and correct a mistake in each sentence 1. I am here since last week. 2. Kevin had his new job for nine months. He loves it. 3. I lived here for ten years but I m going to move soon. 4. Margaret knows Mike for a year and a half. 5. We have been to New York in How long do you have your cat? 7. They have known each other since three days. 8. Jane was a doctor for thirty years and she still enjoys it. 9. How long do you live in this town? 10. She s had a headache for this morning. 18

19 Used to do (verb + infinitive) expresses an action done regularly in the past, but not now (or vice versa): I used to swim a lot when I was young. I didn t use to drive a car to work, but now I do. Did you use to have a cat? To be used to doing (adjective + preposition + gerund) expresses being accustomed to doing something in the present: I am used to getting up at 6.00 am. I was not used to going to bed late. IES p EXERCISE 31 USED TO Make sentences (affirmative/negative/interrogative) with used to 1. Sally / have / a cat?? 2. People / not use / a computer. 3. She / go / skiing?? 4. They / not like / classical music. 5. Martin s family / live / in Tokyo. 6. I / not drink / coffee 7. Your children / watch TV?? 8. Tom / not work / in a bank.. IES p THE / AN / A / - The indefinite article is used with: singular, countable nouns to refer to something for the first time: We have a cat and a dog. Professions He s a doctor Exclamations of what + countable noun 19

20 What a beautiful day! The definite article is used: Before seas, rivers, hotels, theatres, museums and newspapers The Atlantic, the British Museum If there is only one of something The sun, the Queen, the Government With superlative adjectives He s the oldest man alive. There is no article: Before plural and uncountable nouns when talking in general Potatoes are good for you. Before countries, towns, streets, languages, magazines, meals, Before some places and with some forms of transport at home / to school/university/by car/to bed/by bus/on foot In exclamations with what + uncountable noun What beautiful weather! EXERCISE 32 Insert the correct answer. 1. Where is telephone? I can t find it. 2. What happened at end of film? 3. Have you met my father? He s lawyer. 4. River Thames starts near Oxford in a village called Lechlade. 5. That was best film I have seen for a long time. 6. old people often feel lonely. 7. rich are getting richer and richer and poor are getting poorer and poorer. 8. Don t forget you have appointment with dentist at three o clock. 9. They took x-ray of his leg because it hurt. 10. What time do you usually have dinner? EXERCISE 33 Correct the following sentences using a, an, or the 1. The life is wonderful when the sun is shining. 2. I m reading interesting book at the moment. 3. My brother s accountant in a big company in London. 4. I really love walking on beach near my house. 5. Excuse me, is there post-office near here? 6. I bought pair of jeans on Oxford Street yesterday. 7. Paris is capital city of France. 8. He lives in small village in mountains in Austria. IES p. 71 SOME / ANY Some is used: in positive sentences in questions that are requests or offers Any is used: 20

21 in questions and negatives EXERCISE 34 Complete the sentences below with some or any 1. There aren t good Italian restaurants in this city. 2. Could you buy milk when you go to the supermarket please? 3. Do you have good books you can lend me? 4. There are keys on the table. Are they yours? 5. Could you give me information please? MUCH/MANY/HOW MUCH / HOW MANY Much is used with uncountable nouns in questions and negatives Many is used with countable nouns in questions and negatives EXERCISE 35 Complete the following sentences with: how much / how many / much / many 1. children has Liz got? 2. There isn t milk. 3. There weren t people at the party. 4. hours do you work a week? 5. time have we got left? EXERCISE 36 SOME / ANY 1. Tom s got books for you. 2. The shop didn t have fresh fruit. 3. Please can I have more water? 4. They say they can t give us more information. 5. No, sorry. I can t lend you money. EXERCISE 37 SOME- / ANY- / NOTHING / SOME- / ANY- / NOBODY A: I think I can hear walking on the stairs. B: Hello, is there? A: I can t see B. OK. There s obviously there. A: What s the matter? B: Oh, I m going to a party on Friday and I can t find to wear. A: Don t worry. I ve got you can borrow. Few is used with countable nouns Little is used with uncountable nouns A lot / Lots of is used with both countable and uncountable nouns EXERCISE 38 IES p MUCH / MANY / FEW / LITTLE 21

22 Complete the sentences below with one of the words/expressions in the box below. much (3x) many (2x) little (3) few (2x) 1. There isn t time. You d better hurry up or we will miss the train. 2. Have you seen films in English? 3. How is that jacket? It s beautiful. 4. How people live in Venice? 5. Not everyone could sit down at the concert. There were too chairs. 6. I m sorry I have so time. I would have loved to talk to you for a while. 7. There were a problems with the contract but they soon sorted it out. 8. There was information on the notice board. I had to ask them for more. 9. How flour do we need to make that cake? Half a kilo? 10. We can t go on holiday. We ve got too money. IES p. 55 EXERCISE 39 POSSESSIVES Complete the following conversation by choosing the correct answer. Mary: Ann: Mary: Ann: Mary: rings? Is that (my / mine / the my ) mobile phone, Ann? No, this is ( mine / my / the mine). Yes, you re right. It s silver not black. Who s got (my / mine / the mine) then? Perhaps Sandra. ( Her / Hers / The Sandra s ) is black, too. Why don t we phone (the my / my / mine ) number and see (who / whose / who s) phone IES p. 71 EXERCISE 40 NOBODY / NOTHING / SOMEBODY / SOMETHING / ANYBODY / ANYTHING Complete the following sentences with one of the words in the box below. somebody something nothing nobody anything anybody 1. The lights are on. must be home. 2. There isn t to eat. Shall we go out for a pizza? 3.There was I could do to help. I felt terrible. 4. is answering the phone. I ll try again later. 5. Would you like to drink? IES p. 69 PRESENT PARTICIPLES (-ing) / PAST PARTICPLES (-ed ) Present participles (-ing adjectives) describe a situation, person or thing: This exercise is very confusing Past participles (-ed adjectives) describe how people feel We are confused by this exercise EXERCISE 41 Complete each pair of sentences with the correct form of the adjective. 1. I was so (bored / boring) with the book I couldn t finish it. 22

23 The book was so (bored / boring) that I couldn t finish it. 2. The children were really (frightened / frightening) by the storm last night. The storm last night was really (frightened / frightening), 3. The lecture the visiting professor gave yesterday was extremely (interested / interesting). I was very (interested / interesting) in the lecture the visiting professor gave yesterday. 4. She was (embarrassed / embarrassing) by her mistake. She found her mistake very (embarrassed / embarrassing). 5. The children are really (exciting / excited) about Christmas. Children think Christmas is really (exciting / excited). EXERCISE 42 Find and correct any sentences that are wrong. 1. It s nearly Christmas. The children are so exciting. 2. The instructions were very confusing. 3. There s nothing to do here. It s a very bored village. 4. The film was so frightened that the children went upstairs. 5. They re very worried about the future. 6. I was absolutely amazing that Tom lost his job! 7. I can see you aren t very interesting in my problems. 8. The news is very depressed. COMPARATIVES / SUPERLATIVES comparative superlative Short adjectives cheap cheaper the cheapest big bigger the biggest Adjectives ending in - funny funnier the funniest y heavy heavier the heaviest Adjectives with two careful more careful the most careful or more syllables boring more boring the most boring Irregular adjectives good better the best bad worse the worst far further the furthest EXERCISE 43 Write the comparative and superlative of each adjective 1. easy 2. expensive 3. far 4. sad 5. interesting 6. big 7. good 8. funny I m younger than my brother. She is the most intelligent student in the class. Jim is as tall as Tom. 23

24 EXERCISE 44 Choose the correct sentence in each pair. 1. a) My essay is better than yours b) My essay is more good than yours 2. a) This is the heavyest bag I have. b) This is the heaviest bag I have. 3. a) It s the worse place in the world. b) It s the worst place in the world 4. a) Florida is hotter than France b) Florida is hoter than France. 5. a) Revising is boringer than shopping. b) Revising is more boring than shopping. EXERCISE 45 Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets. 1. I ve never been (happy). This is the (happy) day of my life. 2. This restaurant is (cheap) than the other one in the street. The food is really good, too. I think it s the (delicious) food in town. 3. Who is the (popular) actor in your country? 4. Ann is generous but Laura is even (generous) than her. 5. Could you tell me the (quick) way to get to Oxford from here? 6. Tom is a good player, but John is a (good) player than him. But Mark is the (talented) player in the team. EXERCISE 46 Complete the sentences using as.. as and a word from the box. long difficult exciting tall much fast cold quiet high 1. I don t think a hippopotamus can run a lion. 2. This winter is cold but it s not last winter. 3. I m a bit early. The journey didn t take I thought. 4. The Eiffel Tower isn t the Empire State Building. 5. The children are asleep so I ll be I can. 6. I got an A in my exam! It wasn t I thought it would be. 7. I don t like apples oranges. 8. The Alps aren t the Himalayas. EXERCISE 47 Complete the sentences below. Use than or as. as and the adjective in bold. 1. Tom isn t as tall as Mark. Mark is Tom. 2. Florence isn t as expensive as London. London is Florence. 3. I m not a very good singer. Carol is. Carol is a me. 4. Shanghai is bigger than Moscow. Moscow isn t Shanghai. 5. Her house isn t very far away. 24

25 My house is much than hers. 25

26 PROGRESS TEST 2 1. We went to the cinema last night but we the film. [U6 p98] / didn't enjoy / didn't enjoyed / haven't enjoyed / 2. They are not at home. answered the phone. [U1 p15] / Anybody / Somebody / Nobody / 3. My mother by air. [U6 p100] / never has travelled / is never travelled / has never travelled / 4. I a long time. [U6 p100] / have known Jane for / have known Jane since / know Jane for / 5. There was interesting programme on the radio last night. [U3 p47] / the / a / an / 6. There was food in the fridge. It was nearly empty. [U3 p48] / few / little / much / 7. I went out to meet a friend of. [U3 p55] / me / my / mine / 8. Jack to Paris three times this month. [U6 p100] / is gone / has gone / has been / 9. I on the left because I've lived in Britain for a long time. [U8 p139] / used to drive / am used to driving / used to driving / 10. I was exhausted yesterday evening. I a hard day at work. [U6 p102] / have had / had had / had been having / Mistakes 1. I have been writing three letters this morning. [U6 p107] 2. Why did he went to the police station? [U1 p17] 3. The story is not as frightened as I expected. [U4 p69] 4. He is gone to Madrid. He'll be back tomorrow. [U6 p100] 5. What were you thinking about his last play? [U6 p109] 6. What's his job? He is the doctor. [U3 p41] 7. I'll have to restore the my house. [U3 p55] 8. Policemen wear the uniforms. [U3 p47] 9. It is too much cold to go out at the moment. [U7 p119] 10. We haven't seen her since a long time. [U6 p100] 26

27 UNIT 3: Modals; Modal auxiliary verbs have the following characteristics: There is no infinitive form of these verbs; they are followed by the bare infinitive of the verb (apart from ought to); there is no s in the third person singular present; they do not need the auxiliary do to form the interrogative and negative forms; they have no ed and ing forms. The modal auxiliaries are: can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, may, might, must ABILITY / POSSIBILITY / PERMISSION / REQUEST: CAN / BE ABLE TO / BE ALLOWED TO / COULD ABILITY: Present: I can swim. Past: I could ride a bicycle when I was 5. I have been able to speak English since I was at school. Future: I will be able to come to the meeting tomorrow. PERMISSION: Can/Could/May/Might I use your phone? We were allowed to leave the lesson early. REQUESTS: Can / Could / Will / Would you buy me a newspaper, please? POSSIBILITY. It might/could/may rain later today. IES p EXERCISE 48 Which category to the following sentences belong to? Ability 1 Possibility 2 Permission 3 Request 4 1. My brother can speak three languages. 2. Can I leave early, please? 3. You can leave your car there. 4. Can you help me with my homework? 5. You can buy stamps at the local tobacconist. IES p. 132 EXERCISE 49 Choose the correct verb form in the following sentences. 27

28 1. My brother s daughter (is not allowed to / not allowed to /cannot allowed) come home after ten at night. 2. When I was young, I (could to play / could playing / could play) the clarinet. 3. Can you (able speak / able to speak / speak) Japanese? 4. Mr Smith (doesn t can come / can t come / can t able come) to the meeting. 5. Unfortunately we (were unable to / unable to / couldn t able to ) go to the party because our son was ill. 6. She (is able to / can / has been able to) drive since she was It was too expensive so I (wasn t able buy / couldn t buy / couldn t to buy) it. 8. I (won t be able to / can t to / can t be able to) come to the meeting tomorrow. I m sorry. 9. He (wasn t able to / wasn t able / couldn t able) take the exam because he was ill. 10. It was snowing so heavily we (couldn t go / couldn t to go / not able to go ) out. OBLIGATION: Present. You must study more. You have to drive on the left in Britain. Past. They had to go to hospital. Did you have to tidy your room when you were young? Future. I will have to climb the stairs. The lift is out of order. PROHIBITION: You mustn t touch that dog. It s dangerous. He wasn t allowed to go out. NO NECESSITY: You don t have to / don t need to / needn t come with me if you don t want to. IES p EXERCISE 50 OBLIGATION: MUST / HAVE TO Rewrite the sentences using a form of have to (negative and affirmative) 1. It s necessary for children to wear a uniform. Children a uniform. 2. I can stay in bed until late tomorrow. I get up early tomorrow. 3. Why was it necessary for you to go to the office? Why the office? 4. Must you leave so soon? so soon? 5. I needed to make a phone call. I a phone call. 6. It wasn t necessary for us to buy anything. We anything. 28

29 EXERCISE 51 Write questions with have to 1. I have to learn a lot of words for homework. How many? 2. They have to wear a school uniform. What? 3. I had to wait a long time for my bus this morning. How long? 4. They have to leave early tomorrow. What time? 5. I m working all day on Saturday. Sunday too? 6. I had to pay a parking fine yesterday. How much? EXERCISE 52 Put the correct form of must or have to in the following sentences. 1. I leave work early yesterday because I felt so ill. 2. I m very sorry. You use your mobile phone in the library. It s forbidden. 3. The students are happy because they do any homework today. 4. My father has been very ill. He stay in bed since the beginning of the month. 5. That film was excellent. You go and see it! 6. My train leaves at so I get up early. 7. You take money from my purse ever again! 8. I can hear you perfectly well. You shout. 9. The doctor said I drink alcohol. 10. Mark knows we ll be late. You phone him. IES p , 141 EXERCISE 53 MUST / HAVE TO / NEED TO / MUSTN T / DON T HAVE TO / NEEDN T Choose the correct option. 1. Her family is very rich. She (mustn t / mustn t to / needn t) work. 2. In this hotel you (mustn t / don t have to / don t need) pay for the water. It s free. 3. We (need / have to / must to) finish this assignment by Friday. 4. You (mustn t / don t have to / must) eat all your food. Leave some if you want. 5. In England children (have to / need / have) wear school uniforms. 6. You (mustn t smoke / don t have to smoke / mustn t to smoke) in here. It s forbidden. 7. Our English teacher isn t coming to school tomorrow so we (mustn t / don t have to / haven t to) do our homework. 8. The doctor said I (mustn t / don t have to / needn t ) smoke so much. 9. You (mustn t / don t have to / needn t) use your mobile phone in the library. 10. Tomorrow I have an important meeting. I (have to / need / don t have) get up early. EXERCISE 54 Find and correct any sentences that are wrong. 1. I think you should smoke less. 2. Do you can drive a car? 3. Tom thinks it must rain later. 4. You must tidy your bedroom 5. Cindy musts go to the doctor soon. 29

30 6. I m afraid we must to leave now. 7. The dog doesn t should bury bones in the garden. 8. Could you to lend me your phone? 9. She cans sing very well. 10. I don t wouldn t like to be a politician. MODALS TO EXPRESS ADVICE: SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER: You should go to bed - you look tired. You ought to go to bed you look tired He had better go to bed you look tired. IES p EXERCISE 55 Match a sentence on the left with one on the right. 1. I feel really tired. A. You should look for a new one. 2. I ve never been to the USA. B. You should start studying now. 3. I ve got a terrible headache. C. You should go to bed early. 4. I ve got an exam tomorrow and I haven t done much work. D. You should take an aspirin. 5. I ve just lost my job. E. You should plan a trip. EXERCISE 56 Complete the following sentences with ONE word. 1. You ought go to bed earlier. 2. You better not speak to me like that again!! 3. I m putting on weight. I do more exercise. 4. Have you heard from Mark? He to be here by now. 5. we go and visit your parents this weekend? MODALS TO EXPRESS DEDUCTION Probability: Stephen may/might be here, but I m not sure. The bus should be here by now. Dogs can be difficult to educate. Deduction: This painting can t be a Picasso-there s no signature. You must be tired after such a hard day. She must have been tired. He can t have known. Modals expressing deduction and possibility The modals must, will, may, might, can t and could also express deduction and possibility. 30

31 Present The man must be extremely rich to own a Rolls Royce. She must be working a lot at the moment. She s never at home. You ve just had lunch. You can t be hungry. Ask Susan, she may/might know the answer. The phone is ringing. It could be my mother. IES p EXERCISE 57 Choose the correct answer. 1. Congratulations! You (can be / might be / must be) really pleased! 2. That (can t be / might not be / mustn t be) Tom at the door. He s still in the United States. 3. I m not sure. This (doesn t have to be / might be / mustn t be) the quickest way to the station. 4. If the traffic is bad, I (must be / should be / might be) late. 5. I ve no idea where the cat is. It (must be / could be / should be) anywhere. IES p EXERCISE 58 MODALS TO EXPRESS VARIOUS DEGREES OF POSSIBILITY / CERTAINTY / IMPOSSIBILITY Choose the correct option. 1. Look at the sky. There (can / must / might) be a storm soon. 2. That (can t be / mustn t be / shouldn t be) John at the door. He s in China. 3. I ve got no idea where your keys are. They (must be / could be / can be) anywhere. 4. I m afraid I (might / must / should) be late tonight. It depends on the traffic. 5.. That (mustn t be / can t be / shouldn t be) the time. It isn t dark yet. 6. I m not sure but I (must / might / could) be able to come to the meeting. I ll know tomorrow. 7. It (can be / might be / must be) terribly hot there in the summer. 8. You (mustn t be / shouldn t be / can t be) serious! That coat didn t really cost 1,000! EXERCISE 59 Choose the correct option 1. We mustn t / don t have to forget to buy some milk. 2. She doesn t have to / mustn t work so hard, but she does. 3. Must / Should we pay for this by credit card? 4. We should / must remember to thank Tom and Ann for the present they gave us. 5. Footballers has to / have to train very hard to keep fit. 6. You mustn t / don t have to smoke in the office. 7. I don t think you should / mustn t read that book. It s boring. 8. You should / have to show your passport at the airport. 9. Does he has to / have to finish the report by Thursday? 10. I think we should / must take something to the party. 31

32 MODALS IN THE PAST (I should study more) I should have studied more (He might be on holiday) He might have been on holiday The phone rang but I didn t hear it. I must have been asleep. Jo is very tired. She must have been studying all night. Tom drove straight into the wall. He can t/couldn t have seen it. Where s my dictionary? You may/might have left it on the bus. I think he will have finished his exam by now. IES p EXERCISE 60 Put the following into the past tense. 1. I shouldn t go to bed so late. 2. They might be on holiday. 3. She couldn t know that was why I didn t come. 4. He can t leave. 5. Shouldn t he be at school? 32

33 NECESSITY: The child needs to have his own room. Her hair needs cutting. IES p. 141 EXERCISE 61 NEED + gerund Rewrite the following sentences using need + gerund 1. I think it s time for the windows to be cleaned. The windows. 2. I think it s time for the car to be washed. The car. 3. Look at the plants. You didn t water them. The plants. 4. Your hair is too long. You should go to the hairdresser and have it cut. Your hair. 5. I think it s time for the house to be painted. The house. IES p. 141 EXERCISE 62 NEED + INFINITIVE Complete the following sentences with the correct form of need and the verb in brackets 1. If you want to pass the exam, you (study) more. 2. I (come) to the meeting this afternoon? 3. We (not leave) yet. We have lots of time. 4. If I go to the United States, I (have) a visa? 5. We have lots of time. You (not rush). 33

34 PROGRESS TEST 3 1. When I was young, I very fast. [U8 p132] / can run / could run / might run / 2. I don't like hot weather but Anne. [U8 p125] / likes / does / doesn't / 3. They didn't want to come at first but we to persuade them. [U8 p132] / were able / could / succeeded / 4. You come with me if you don't want to. [U8 p135] / mustn't / haven't to / needn't / 5. They live on a busy main road. very noisy. U8 p142] / It must be / There must be / It must have been / 6. The car needs. [U8 p141] / cleaning / to clean / clean / 7. I'm feeling sick. I so much chocolate last night. [U8 p134] / didn't have to eat / shouldn't eat / shouldn't have eaten / 8. David says I got the job. I'll find out tomorrow. [U8 p134] / must have / had to / might have / 9. Children be very tiring sometimes. U8 p137] / can / have to / should / 10. It's very hot in here. I open the window? [U8 p137] / Will / Shall / Would / Mistakes 1. You mustn't to take photographs in the theatre. [U8 p135] 2. Bob's a policeman. He have to wear a uniform. [U8 p135] 3. We didn't allow to wear make-up at school. [U8 p133] 4. I don't think you must hitch hike. It could be dangerous. [U8 p140] 5. He will arrive tomorrow morning, but he's not sure at all. [U8 p136] 6. I can drive since I was eighteen. [U8 p132] 7. I think it can rain this afternoon. [U8 p136] 8. The room needs to decorate. [U8 p141] 9. I think I should have left my dictionary on the bus. [U8 p135] 10. When I was young, I should play with my dolls for hours. [U8 p139] 34

35 UNIT 4: Time clauses, conditionals, futures Time adverbials in a secondary clause + present simple Present simple after: when, after, as soon as, before, until When I get home this evening, I m going to have a bath I ll phone you as soon as I have any news. EXERCISE 63 TIME CLAUSES AND THE CONDITIONALS Choose the correct sentence in each pair. 1. a) She s going to wait until he ll come b) She s going to wait until he comes. 2. a) I ll get a newspaper when I go to the shops. b) I get a newspaper when I will go to the shops. 3. a) As soon as you turn left, you ll see the church. b) As soon as you ll turn left, you ll see the church. 4. a) Peter s going to meet us before he sees Sam. b) Peter s going to meet us before he ll see Sam. EXERCISE 64 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets 1. While you are away, I (look after) your cat for you. 2. I ll let you know as soon as Richard (decide) what to do. 3. Just stay here until we (get) back. 4. He won t do anything before he (receive) your letter. 5. I promise I ll send you an when my computer (be) fixed. EXERCISE 65 Choose the correct answer. Sometimes two answers are possible. 1. We were really surprised (if / when / as soon as) he arrived unexpectedly. 2. I m really hungry! Let s go for dinner (before / as soon as / when) the film ends. 3. Don t eat that chocolate now. Wait until (after /when) lunch. 4. I m very busy but I ll go shopping (until / when / if) I have time. 5. Could you phone your parents (after / until / as soon as) dinner? You won t have time later. 6. Oh no! I forgot to feed the dog. I ll do it (after / as soon as / when) we get home. 7. We ll go skiing this weekend (when / after / if) it snows enough. 8. We re staying in a guesthouse (until / when / before) our new house is built. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional 0 (situation always true if something happens): If I m late for school, my father gives me a lift. Conditional 1 (possible result): If I have time, I ll phone you. Conditional 2 (imaginary result): If I had time, I d phone you 35

36 If I were you I would go to the doctor. Conditional 3 (past situation with hypothetical result): If I had had time, I would have phoned you. I wish/if only Reference to present time: Wish /If only + noun/pronoun + simple past: I don t have much time now = I wish / If only I had more time. Wish / If only + noun/pronoun + past subjunctive of verb to be : You are not here but I would like you to be here = I wish / If only you were here. Wish / If only + same noun/pronoun as subject + could: I can t fly = I wish / If only I could fly. Wish / If only + different noun/pronoun from subject + would: You don t tidy your room, but I want you to tidy it = I wish you would tidy your room. Reference to past time: Wish / If only + noun/pronoun + past perfect: I didn t go to university. Now I have a badly-paid job = I wish / If only I had gone to university. EXERCISE 66 Underline the correct alternative. 1. I m sunburnt. I wish I hadn t sunbathed / didn t sunbathe so long. 2. I don t feel well. I wish I could stay / stayed at home tomorrow. 3. I m not a good swimmer. If only I could swim / would swim. 4. I wish I had / have a dog. 5. I wish I could see / saw you tomorrow, but I have no time. 6. I wish Jim didn t sit / wouldn t sit next to me. He talks so much. 7. If only we had / would have some money. We could go on holiday. 8. I wish I can / could speak Japanese. EXERCISE 67 FIRST CONDITIONAL Complete the First Conditional questions. 1. Perhaps it will rain. What (we/do) if it rains? 2. It s possible Richard will lose his job. What if he loses his job? 3. It s possible there won t be any time. What will I do if any time? 4. Perhaps Sam will miss his train. What if he misses his train? 5. It s possible you will get lost in the woods. What will you do if in the woods? EXERCISE 68 SECOND CONDITIONAL 36