Field Studies and Data Collection in Support of a Baseline ERA
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1 Field Studies and Data Collection in Support of a Baseline ERA John P. Giesy, Ph.D. Matt Zwiernik, Ph.D. Paul Jones, Ph.D Patrick Bradley, B.S. Jeremy Moore, B.S. Mic Kramer, B.S. Karl Strause, M.S. Arianne Neigh, B.S. Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory
2 Site-specific data The MSU-ATL Approach Study design The bottom line Outline
3 Why do we need site-specific data now? Accurate estimate of risk to humans and wildlife populations Errors and Inadequacies of presently available biological data set precludes confident, correct decision making Scale risks relative to remedial options Establish appropriate and technically defensible cleanup goals Achieve a global settlement for remediation, restoration and future liability
4 Why do we need site-specific data? Follows USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of overly conservative assumptions Confines assumptions to the bounds of reality Focuses and maximizes effectiveness and eliminates unneeded remedial actions and monitoring (cost effective) Adds credibility and defensibility to PRP-proposed remedial actions Adds credibility to negotiation and litigation process Establishes current conditions
5 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines US EPA (1997): Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for designing and conducting ecological risk assessments. EPA 540-R US EPA (1998): Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Site-specific field studies are nearly always required for sound decision making. This is especially true for large complex systems.
6 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Ecological Risk Assessment Review December 19, 2003 A definitive ERA should be based on a wide variety of techniques for measuring and characterizing ecological risks at sites, such as described in guidelines for ERA from EPA (EPA 1997 and 1998) and as recommended by the National Academy of sciences (2001); which Dow intends to consider when performing its definitive ERA as required under its License. These include measurements, not estimates, of the following: The abundance, diversity, and characteristics of exposed invertertbrate, fish and wildlife communities, and The reproductive success in fish, birds, and mammals
7 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of overly conservative assumptions Great Assumptions Field Data Greatly Reduced Risks More Uncertainty More Certainty
8 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimize the impact of overly conservative assumptions (Example) PCB Concentrations in Plants In the absence of measured values, values must be predicted from the literature Literature based bioaccumulation factors vary greatly due to study design, congener profile, etc. Uncertainty multiplied by conservative assumptions results in elevated predicted tissue conc. Measured values provide a more accurate conc. in plant tissue (~ 900 fold lower)
9 Uncertainties of Predicted vs. Measured Values (Case Study) Plant PCB Concentration in mg/kg Plant PCB Concentration in mg/kg Predicted Measured 0 Measured
10 Site-Specific Data, Uncertainty and Estimates of Risk Concentration of PCBs (mg/kg, ww) Modeled versus site-specific measured plant data (Kalamazoo River) Final BERA (1999) Modeled 18.5 Final BERA (2000) Measured Final (Revised) BERA (2002) MSU studies (2000) Garden plot data (MDEQ data) Native plants (MSU data)
11 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of conservative bias Confines assumptions to the bounds of reality
12 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of conservative bias Confines assumptions to the bounds of reality Focuses and maximizes effectiveness and eliminates unneeded remedial actions and monitoring (cost effective)
13 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of conservative bias Confines assumptions to the bounds of reality Focuses and maximizes effectiveness and eliminates unneeded remedial actions and monitoring (cost effective) Adds credibility to PRP-proposed remedial actions
14 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of conservative bias Confines assumptions to the bounds of reality Focuses and maximizes effectiveness and eliminates unneeded remedial actions and monitoring (cost effective) Adds credibility and defensibility to PRP-proposed remedial actions Adds credibility to negotiation and litigation process
15 Why do we need site-specific data? USEPA guidelines Minimizes the impact of conservative bias Confines assumptions to the bounds of reality Focuses and maximizes effectiveness and eliminates unneeded remedial actions and monitoring (cost effective) Adds credibility and defensibility to PRP-proposed remedial actions Adds credibility to negotiation and litigation process Establishes current conditions
16 Ok the value of site-specific data is clear! Why should we have the MSU-ATL collect it?
17 Why the MSU-ATL World class capability Team of motivated professionals State of the art research facilities Experience in developing, executing and reporting results of high quality, site-specific ecological studies 6th most cited group worldwide in the fields of ecology and the environment over the period of InCites Highly Cited Author Recognition-2003 Identified by current contents as being in the top 0.5 % worldwide of active authors in ecology and environmental toxicology. ISI Highly Cited Author Recognition-2002, ISI Highly cited.com. Experience working with the trustees Respected by the trustees
18 Why the MSU-ATL World class capability Independent and credible Publicly funded institution for advancing and disseminating knowledge in the public service Involve the public and local activists Publish all findings in peer reviewed literature Conduct research in an open and transparent environment We are local members of the community Short chain of custody Provide the highest quality data to stakeholders simultaneously
19 Why the MSU-ATL World class capability Independent and credible Cost effective Government subsidized Motivated professionals willing to accept experience and professional association in lieu of monetary compensation The MSU-ATL is essentially on-site resulting in zero loss of effectivity due to housing, food and travel costs.
20 Why the MSU-ATL World class capability Independent and credible Cost effective Intangibles Advancement of science The training of students in wildlife toxicology
21 The Goal Provide a scientifically defensible site-specific risk of harm evaluation for wildlife residing within the Tittabawassee River basin The Approach Strictly adhere to USEPA guidelines Collect site-specific data minimizing the impact of conservative bias Utilize a multiple lines of evidence approach Conduct all research in an open and transparent manner Utilize local assets Provide data to all interested parties simultaneously
22 Risk is a Function of Exposure and Hazard Multiple lines of evidence can be established for both exposure and hazard
23 Reduce Uncertainty Multiple Lines of Evidence Approach Line of Evidence #1 - Bottom up (daily dietary dose) Concentration of Stressors measured in the diet of wildlife. Stressor Concentrations in Diet Toxicity Reference Value = Hazard Quotient Toxicity Reference Value: Value determined by the literature to be indicative of adverse exposure for a specific receptor
24 Reduce Uncertainty Multiple Lines of Evidence Approach Line of Evidence #1 - Bottom up (daily dietary dose) Concentration of Stressors measured in the diet of wildlife. Line of Evidence #2 - Top Down (Tissue Conc.) Concentration of Stressors measured in selected tissue Stressor Concentrations in Tissue Toxicity Reference Value = Hazard Quotient Toxicity Reference Value: Value determined by the literature to be indicative of adverse exposure for a specific receptor
25 Lines of Evidence for Baseline Risk Assessment Line of Evidence #1 - Bottom up (daily dietary dose) Line of Evidence #2 - Top Down (Tissue-based exposure) Line of Evidence #3 - Population Health (Productivity) # Nestlings Fledged per Nest Weight, Length and Overall Appearance Receptor Abundance Population Demographics
26 Lines of Evidence for Baseline Risk Assessment Line of Evidence #1 - Bottom up (daily dietary dose) Line of Evidence #2 - Top Down (Tissue-based exposure) Line of Evidence #3 - Population Health (Productivity) Line of Evidence #4 - Targeted Health measurements Gross Abnormalities Nest attentiveness Nest neatness Nest Weight Plumage Biomarkers
27 Site-Specific Data Food Web Characterization/Dietary Items Sampling Primary Revised Passerine Study Bald Eagle Study Great Horned Owl Study Mink Study Shrew Study Walleye Study Great Blue Heron/Kingfisher Study
28 Conceptual Site Model =Aquatic Kingfisher Mink Bald Eagle forage fish carp/suckers predatory fish Benthic invertebrates Sediment
29 Aquatic Exposure Pathways Mink Kingfisher Great Blue Heron Bald Eagle + Osprey Small mammals Muskrats Fish + Forage Fish + Crayfish Terrestrial insects Soils Aquatic Vegetation Benthic insects Sediments
30 Samples Collected (to date) 12 Mink (2 locations) 20 muskrats (2 locations) 38 small mammals (3 locations) 8 sediment and soil samples (3 locations) 9 plant samples (aquatic and terrestrial 3 locations) 12 groups of aquatic emergent insect (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of benthic invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 52 fish of various species and size classes (6 locations) 14 groups of terrestrial invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of earthworms (3 locations) 5 crayfish samples (4 locations)
31 Conceptual Site Model =Terrestrial Owls/hawks/foxes American robin/shrews Soil Invertebrates
32 Preliminary Exposure Pathways Tree Swallows A. Robin + House Wren G.H.Owls and R.T Hawk Aquatic emergent insects Terrestrial insects Swallows Aquatic emergent insects Small mammals (shrew) and American Robin Terrestrial insects Sediments Soils Sediments Soils
33 Samples Collected (to date) 20 muskrats 38 small mammals (3 locations) 8 sediment and soil samples 9 plant samples (aquatic and terrestrial) 10 fox squirrels (two locations) 14 groups of terrestrial invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of earthworms (3 locations)
34 Caldwell Boat Launch Freeland Festival Park Imerman Park Center Road
35 Aquatic Emergent Insect Sampling
36 Benthic Invertebrate Sampling
37 Benthic Invertebrate Sampling
38 Invertebrate sorting
39 Small Mammal Sampling
40 Terrestrial Invertebrate Sampling
41 Samples Collected (to date) 12 mink 20 muskrats 10 squirrels 38 small mammals (3 locations) 8 sediment and soil samples (3 locations) 9 plant samples (aquatic and terrestrial) 12 groups of aquatic emergent insect (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of benthic invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 52 fish or groups of fish, of various species and size classes (6 locations) 14 groups of terrestrial invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of earthworms (3 locations) 4 crayfish samples
42 Site-Specific Data Food Web Characterization/Dietary Items Sampling Primary Revised Passerine Study Bald Eagle Study Great Horned Owl Study Mink Study Shrew Study Walleye Study Great Blue Heron/Kingfisher Study
43 Passerine Studies Methodologies Bottom up assessment Determine dietary composition Analyze identified dietary items for contaminants Predict exposures Top down assessment Contaminants in adult tissues Contaminants in eggs Contaminants chicks Passerine productivity Passerine population health
44 Passerine Studies
45 Assessment of Tittabawassee River basin Raptors Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
46 Raptors Studies (Bald Eagle) Methodology Bottom up exposure assessment locate natural nests determine dietary composition Analyze dietary items for contaminants Top down exposure assessment collect chick blood serum (analyze for contaminants, biomarkers) Collect addled eggs Eggshell electron micrograph Productivity assessment
47 Bald Eagle Egg PCB Concentrations
48 Methods: Productivity Bald Eagle Study For Each of Three Regions Identify occupied nest in two breeding territories per/region Vissualy identify # hatchlings/nest Visualy identify # fledglings/nest
49 Non-destructive Tissue Sampling
50 Great Horned Owl Study Overview Methodology Bottom up exposure assessment Collect prey remains and regurgitated pellets to identify site specific dietary composition Collect and analyze identified dietary items for contaminants Top down exposure assessment Place nesting platforms on site Analyze nestling blood plasma for contaminants Analyze fresh and addled eggs for contaminants Quantify site abundance Survey resident owl populations in downstream area vs background site Quantify site productivity Confirm successful fledglings at each active nest
51 Great Horned Owl Study Overview Nesting Platforms
52 Non-destructive Tissue Sampling
53 Great Horned Owl Study Methodology: Dietary Composition Regurgitated pellets Base of nest tree Associated feeding perch Prey remains Within nest Base of nest tree
54 Great Horned Owl Dietary Composition Reference area Dietary Composition Pellet and Prey Remains Analysis n=35 Muskrat 6% Shrew 3% Passerine 5% Waterfowl 6% Target area Dietary Composition Pellet and Prey Remains Analysis n=102 Muskrat 12% Shrew 3% Passerine 33% Small Mammal 80% Small Mammal 48% Waterfowl 4%
55 Evaluation of Mink Abundance, Exposure & Habitat Suitability Mink (Mustela vison)
56 Mink Study Mink often represent worst-case scenario for aquatic ecosystem exposure to dioxins and furans: Feed at the top of the food chain Are sensitive to the effects of D s and F s Small home range Presently no data on exposure, habitat quality, mink abundance and population health
57 Mink Study Methods Bottom up assessment Determine dietary composition Analyze identified dietary items for contaminants Predict exposures Top down assessment Quantify contaminants in mink liver Quantify contaminants in mink whole body Mink population health Population demographics Reproductive history abundance Mink habitat suitability
58 Methods (Mink Trapping) Mink Study
59 Strategy: Mink Presence/Abundance Mink are generally nocturnal and secretive, therefore variety of methods are being utilized Track surveys Mink scat Winter trapping
60 Strategy: Habitat Suitability Quality of habitat is related to: adult survival rate reproduction vitality of offspring length of time site remains suitable for occupancy
61 Strategy: Habitat Suitability Use Mink Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) to quantify habitat suitability developed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service field verified for Great Lakes regions Compare predicted mink distribution and abundance to measured values
62 Assessment of Tittabawassee River basin Shrews Northern Short-tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
63 Short-tail Shrew Study Methods Top down assessment Quantify contaminants in whole body (6 from 3 locations) Shrew population health abundance (trapping effort)
64 Assessment of Tittabawassee River basin Kingfishers/Great blue Herons QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon ) Great blue Heron (Ardea herodias )
65 Belted Kingfisher/ Great blue Heron Methods Bottom up assessment Analyze dietary items for contaminants (forage fish) Predict exposures Determine site-specific diet if necessary Top down assessment Quantify contaminants in nestling plasma Quantify contaminants in eggs Population health Productivity abundance Habitat suitability
66 Cost-benefit analysis The Bottom Line Costs and Relative Risks Compared to Remediation & Restoration Costs Over Time Costs ($$) Remediation &/or Restoration Costs Transaction Costs Relative Risk Time
67 The Bottom line Cost Benefit Government subsidized (low overhead) Motivated professionals willing to accept experience and professional association in lieu of monetary compensation The MSU-ATL is essentially on-site resulting in zero loss of effectivity due to housing, food and travel costs
68 The Bottom line Present Project Have meet or exceeded sample sizes for all matrix Increased level of effort by one third On time On budget
69 Targeted Collected Bottom line Samples (Targeted vs. Collected) 12 mink 20 muskrats 10 squirrels 38 small mammals (3 locations) 8 sediment and soil samples (3 locations) 9 plant samples (aquatic and terrestrial) 12 groups of aquatic emergent insect (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of benthic invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 52 fish or groups of fish, of various species and size classes (6 locations) 14 groups of terrestrial invertebrates (by order, 3 locations) 6 groups of earthworms (3 locations) 4 crayfish samples
70 The Bottom line On Time All sampling complete Sample processing nearing compleation Analysis will begin mid-january Will meet projected date of release
71 On budget The Bottom line MSU-ATL personnel have spent an estimated 890 hours in the field Field labor costs average ~16 dollars per hour
72 The Bottom line Site-specific data will be required for a technically defensible ERA No one can do it better than the MSU-ATL We need to begin ASAP so as not to miss this springs reproductive cycle
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