Chapter 4. Authentication Applications. COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 1
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1 Chapter 4 Authentication Applications COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 1
2 OUTLINE Kerberos X.509 Authentication Service COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 2
3 Authentication Applications authentication functions developed to support application-level authentication & digital signatures Kerberos a private-key authentication service X a public-key directory authentication service COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 3
4 Security Concerns key concerns are confidentiality and timeliness to provide confidentiality must encrypt identification and session key info which requires the use of previously shared private or public keys need timeliness to prevent replay attacks provided by using sequence numbers or timestamps or challenge/response COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 4
5 KERBEROS In Greek mythology, a many headed dog, the guardian of the entrance of Hades COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 5
6 KERBEROS Users wish to access services on servers. Three threats exist: User pretend to be another user. User alter the network address of a workstation. User eavesdrop on exchanges and use a replay attack. COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 6
7 Kerberos Requirements its first report identified requirements as: secure reliable transparent scalable COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 7
8 Kerberos trusted key server system from MIT provides centralized secret-key third-party authentication in a distributed network allows users access to services distributed through network without needing to trust all workstations rather all trust a central authentication server COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 8
9 KERBEROS Provides a centralized authentication server to authenticate users to servers and servers to users. Relies on conventional encryption, making no use of public-key encryption Two versions: version 4 and 5 Version 4 makes use of DES COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 9
10 A Simple Authentication Dialogue (1) C AS: IDc P c IDv (2) AS C: Ticket (3) C V: IDc Ticket Ticket = E Kv [IDc AD c IDv] C = Client AS = authentication server V = server IDc = identifier of user on C IDv = identifier of V Pc = password of user on C ADc = network address of C Kv = secret encryption key shared by AS an V COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 10
11 A Simple Authentication Dialogue Problems: Ticket nonusable different servers for different services Plaintext transmission of password Solution: Ticket-Granting Server (TGS) No plaintext transmission of password COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 11
12 A More Secure Authetication Dialogue Once per user logon session: (1) C AS: IDc IDtgs (2) AS C: E Kc [Tickettgs] Once per type of service: (3) C TGS: IDc IDv Ticket tgs (4) TGS C: Ticketv Once per service session: (5) C V: IDc Ticket v Ticket tgs =E Ktgs [IDc ADc IDtgs TS 1 lifetime 1 ] TS = timestamp Ticket v =EK v [IDc ADc IDv TS 2 lifetime 2 ] Kc = a key derived from user password and already stored in at AS Ktgs = a key shared only by AS and TGS COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 12
![tgs =E Ktgs [IDc ADc IDtgs TS 1 lifetime 1 ] TS = timestamp Ticket v =EK v [IDc ADc IDv TS 2 lifetime 2 ] Kc = a key](/docs-images/41/4866092/images/page_12.jpg "derived from user password and already stored in at AS Ktgs = a key shared only by AS and TGS COSC 490 Network Security")
13 A More Secure Authetication Dialogue Problems: Lifetime associated with the ticket-granting ticket If to short repeatedly asked for password If to long greater opportunity to replay, The threat is that an opponent will steal the ticket and use it before it expires No authentication from server to user Solution Provide a proof that the person using a ticket is the person to whom that ticket was issued (use authenticator) One more step: authentication from server to user (mutual authentication) COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 13
14 Kerberos v4 Overview a basic third-party authentication scheme have an Authentication Server (AS) users initially negotiate with AS to identify self AS provides a non-corruptible authentication credential (ticket granting ticket TGT) have a Ticket Granting server (TGS) users subsequently request access to other services from TGS on basis of users TGT COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 14
15 Kerberos v4 Dialogue 1. obtain ticket granting ticket from AS once per session 2. obtain service granting ticket from TGT for each distinct service required 3. client/server exchange to obtain service on every service request COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 15
16 Table 4.1 Summary of Kerberos Version 4 Message Exchanges
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22 Kerberos Realms a Kerberos environment consists of: a Kerberos server a number of clients, all registered with server application servers, sharing keys with server this is termed a realm typically a single administrative domain if have multiple realms, their Kerberos servers must share keys and trust COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 22
23 Kerberos Realms COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 23
24 Kerberos Version 5 developed in mid 1990 s specified as Internet standard RFC 1510 provides improvements over v4 addresses environmental shortcomings encryption alg, network protocol, byte order, ticket lifetime, authentication forwarding, interrealm auth and technical deficiencies double encryption, non-std mode of use, session keys, password attacks COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 24
25 Difference Between Version 4 and 5 Encryption system dependence (V.4 DES) Internet protocol dependence Message byte ordering Ticket lifetime Authentication forwarding Interrealm authentication COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 25
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27 Kerberos - in practice Currently have two Kerberos versions: 4 : restricted to a single realm 5 : allows inter-realm authentication, in beta test Kerberos v5 is an Internet standard specified in RFC1510, and used by many utilities To use Kerberos: need to have a KDC on your network need to have Kerberised applications running on all participating systems major problem - US export restrictions Kerberos cannot be directly distributed outside the US in source format (& binary versions must obscure crypto routine entry points and have no encryption) else crypto libraries must be reimplemented locally COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 27
28 Key distribution using asymmetric encryption One of the major roles of public-key encryption is to address the problem of key distribution There are two distinct aspects to the use of public-key encryption in this regard: The distribution of public keys The use of public-key encryption to distribute secret keys Public-key certificate Consists of a public key plus a user ID of the key owner, with the whole block signed by a trusted third party Typically, the third party is a certificate authority (CA) that is trusted by the user community, such as a government agency or a financial institution A user can present his or her public key to the authority in a secure manner and obtain a certificate The user can then publish the certificate Anyone needing this user s public key can obtain the certificate and verify that it is valid by way of the attached trusted signature
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32 X.509 Authentication Service part of CCITT X.500 directory service standards distributed servers maintaining user info database defines framework for authentication services directory may store public-key certificates with public key of user signed by certification authority also defines authentication protocols uses public-key crypto & digital signatures algorithms not standardized, but RSA recommended X.509 certificates are widely used COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 32
33 X.509 Authentication Service Distributed set of servers that maintains a database about users. Each certificate contains the public key of a user and is signed with the private key of a CA. Is used in S/MIME, IP Security, SSL/TLS and SET. RSA is recommended to use. COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 33
34 X.509 Certificates issued by a Certification Authority (CA), containing: version (1, 2, or 3) serial number (unique within CA) identifying certificate signature algorithm identifier issuer X.500 name (CA) period of validity (from - to dates) subject X.500 name (name of owner) subject public-key info (algorithm, parameters, key) issuer unique identifier (v2+) subject unique identifier (v2+) extension fields (v3) signature (of hash of all fields in certificate) notation CA<<A>> denotes certificate for A signed by CA COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 34
35 X.509 Certificates COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 35
36 Obtaining a Certificate any user with access to CA can get any certificate from it only the CA can modify a certificate because cannot be forged, certificates can be placed in a public directory COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 36
37 CA Hierarchy if both users share a common CA then they are assumed to know its public key otherwise CA's must form a hierarchy use certificates linking members of hierarchy to validate other CA's each CA has certificates for clients (forward) and parent (backward) each client trusts parents certificates enable verification of any certificate from one CA by users of all other CAs in hierarchy COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 37
38 CA Hierarchy Use COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 38 A acquires B certificate using chain: X<<W>>W<<V>>V<<Y>>Y<<Z>>Z<<B>> B acquires A certificate using chain: Z<<Y>>Y<<V>>V<<W>>W<<X>>X<<A>>
39 Certificate Revocation certificates have a period of validity may need to revoke before expiry, eg: 1. user's private key is compromised 2. user is no longer certified by this CA 3. CA's certificate is compromised CA s maintain list of revoked certificates the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) users should check certificates with CA s CRL COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 39
40 Authentication Procedures X.509 includes three alternative authentication procedures: One-Way Authentication Two-Way Authentication Three-Way Authentication all use public-key signatures COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 40
41 One-Way Authentication 1 message ( A->B) used to establish the identity of A and that message is from A message was intended for B integrity & originality of message message must include timestamp, nonce, B's identity and is signed by A may include additional info for B eg session key COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 41
42 Two-Way Authentication 2 messages (A->B, B->A) which also establishes in addition: the identity of B and that reply is from B that reply is intended for A integrity & originality of reply reply includes original nonce from A, also timestamp and nonce from B may include additional info for A COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 42
43 Three-Way Authentication 3 messages (A->B, B->A, A->B) which enables above authentication without synchronized clocks has reply from A back to B containing signed copy of nonce from B means that timestamps need not be checked or relied upon COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 43
44 Authentication Procedures COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 44
45 X.509 Version 3 has been recognized that additional information is needed in a certificate /url, policy details, usage constraints rather than explicitly naming new fields defined a general extension method extensions consist of: extension identifier criticality indicator extension value COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 45
46 Certificate Extensions key and policy information convey info about subject & issuer keys, plus indicators of certificate policy certificate subject and issuer attributes support alternative names, in alternative formats for certificate subject and/or issuer certificate path constraints allow constraints on use of certificates by other CA s COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 46
47 Public Key Infrastructure COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 47
48 Summary have considered: Kerberos trusted key server system X.509 authentication and certificates COSC 490 Network Security Annie Lu 48
Authentication Applications
Authentication Applications will consider authentication functions developed to support application-level authentication & digital signatures will consider Kerberos a private-key authentication service
Authentication Applications
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