PANDA 2 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer for Compaction Control and Soil Investigation SOL SOLUTION : WHO WE ARE SOL SOLUTION is a geotechnical, geological and geophysical engineering and consultancy firm founded in 1992 in Riom, FRANCE in the very heart of the Auvergne region. SOL SOLUTION : _ Sales : development and distribution of compaction control devices. _ Geological, geophysics and geotechnics service + diagnosis. _ Geotechnique and sustainment walls : France & Export _ R&D department SOL SOLUTION is also an accredited training organization. Macben 1
SOL SOLUTION : WHO WE ARE _ 50 employees _ A presence in more than 65 countries _ Partnerships with universities in Europe, Asia, South-America _ A total turnover of 5.3 million in 2013 _ Several thousands Panda sold in 20 years WHAT IS THE? Macben 2
Variable energy dynamic cone penetrometer Compaction control NF P 94-105 Standard Soil investigation Characteristics : Easy to transport and use Only one operator- 20 kg waterproof case 20 years of experience Regular PPE (personal protective equipment) Goggles and gloves, safety helmet and safety footwear Macben 3
Panda 2 principle : The test consists in manually driving a cone down into the soil to the desired depth and check the cone resistance. Hammering head with gages (measures the energy) Dialog Terminal Central acquisition unit (registers depth) 1 E 1 q d = x x A e P 1+ M A user-friendly device. Macben 4
PANDA 2 automatic hammering machine: For numerous and deep soundings 20 kg anvil with 3 drop heights COMPACTION CONTROL Macben 5
Compaction Control : Relation between resistance and density : A database establishes a relation between the rate of compaction (% OPN or OPM) and the penetration resistance for various ground classes and hydrous state (GTR,AASHTO, USCS,DIN 18 196, ) Official documents : NF P 94-105 French standard : NM 13.1.129-2009 Moroccan standard United-Kingdom: TRL assessment Belgium : Qualiroutes Projects of having the Panda normalized in Switzerland and China. Macben 6
INSERER VIDEO PANDA 2 WHAT DO WE GET WITH A PANDA TEST? Macben 7
Compaction control: Raw penetrogram: Compaction control: Definition of the objectives of compaction : Objective Compaction objective Use in trenchs ρdm 97 % ρdopm ρdfc 95% ρdopm Pavement ρdm 98,5 % ρdopn ρdfc 96% ρdopn Upper part of backfill ρdm 95 % ρdopn ρdfc 92% ρdopn ρdm 90 % ρdopn ρdfc 87 % ρdopn Lower part of backfill Coating zone if height is < 1,30m Coating zone if height 1,30m Macben 8
Compaction control: Natural materials according to the GTR NF P 11-300 soil classification : Compaction control: Processed materials- DCi (according to the GTR French soil classification): DC1 DC2 DC3 Macben 9
Compaction control: The software allows to integrate the objectives of compaction per layer: Compaction control: You can also feed into the software the type of material used for each layer : Macben 10
Compaction control : After integration of the data, the software shows the following result : Compaction control: Interpretation of the results: Macben 11
PENETROMETRE DYNAMIQUE PANDA Compaction control : Normalized interpretation according to the NF P 94-063 and NF P 94-105 : Résultat - le pénétrogramme se trouve toujours en dépassement de ql. - les épaisseurs de couche sont conformes aux prescriptions. - le pénétrogramme se trouve toujours en dépassement de q L. - les épaisseurs de couche sont systématiquement supérieures de plus de 20% aux valeurs prescrites. - le pénétrogramme est inférieur à ql d un écart «a» inférieur à la distance «b» entre q L et q R et au total sur une hauteur de moins de 30% de la profondeur contrôlée. - le pénétrogramme est inférieur à q L d un écart «a» supérieur à la distance «b» entre q L et q R, ou au total sur une hauteur de plus de 30% à 50% de la profondeur contrôlée, quelle que soit l importance du dépassement. Type d anomalie Sans anomalie Anomalie de type 1 Anomalie de type 2 Anomalie de type 3 Zone de remblai Zone d enrobage Essai Essai acceptable acceptable Essai Essai acceptable acceptable Essai Essai non acceptable acceptable Essai non Essai non acceptable acceptable The norm defines the type of anomaly of the sounding. According to the level of the anomaly, the job will be accepted or not. - le pénétrogramme est inférieur à q L sur plus de 50% de la profondeur contrôlée. Anomalie de type 4 Essai non Essai non acceptable acceptable Compaction control : Automatic calculation of the anomalies by the software : Calculation is done automatically by the software according to the norm. Macben 12
Compaction control: Example : Layer by layer compaction 5 succesives layers of 30cms. Job has no anomaly Accepted Compaction control: Example : Layer by layer compaction with one layer being too thick. Type 2 anomaly Job is still acceptable Macben 13
Compaction control : Example : Only 2 layers compacted (75cms each) Type 3 anomaly Job cannot be accepted Compaction control : Example : Surface compaction only Type 4 anomaly Job cannot be accepted Macben 14
Comparison between the PANDA 2 and the Gammadensimeter Gammadensimeter (depth:30 cm) : Specifications : Fine coarse sand :SW (USCS) 95% of the OPM Results : 97% OPM (>95% OPM) Compaction is good Comparison between the PANDA 2 and the Gammadensimeter PANDA (depth : 30 cm) : Specifications : Fine coarse sand : SW(USCS) 95% of the OPM Results : > 95% OPM Compaction is good Macben 15
Comparison between the PANDA 2 and the Gammadensimeter PANDA (1,50 m) : Specifications : Fine coarse sand : SW(USCS) 95% of the OPM Results : < 95% OPM Compaction is refused Compaction control : Influence of the hydrous state on water-sensitive materials : The hydrous state of the material entered in the software is the one at the time of control. Material used is B4 (wet) Macben 16
Compaction control : Influence of the hydrous state on water-sensitive materials : The hydrous state of the material entered in the software is the one at the time of control. Material used is B4 (medium) Compaction control : Influence of the hydrous state on water-sensitive materials : The hydrous state of the material entered in the software is the one at the time of control. Material is B4 (dry) Macben 17
Compaction control: Calibration of compaction machines Optimization of compaction Determination of the maximum thickness of each layer of compaction Optimization of the number of passes Compaction control: Pavement Trench control Coating control During backfill Macben 18
Compaction control : NF P 94-105 Standard Control of the whole height of the excavation in one single operation Control of the thickness of the layers Control of the homogeneity of compaction Use in trenches, backfill, bottom of the trench, Control during work and at reception Compaction control : Device used for external control or self-test procedure : Normalized in 2000 (NF P 94-105) Accepted by COFRAC in its technical accredition guide as an official external controlling device Accepted in Fascicule 70 as an official external controlling device. PANDA 2 complies with sanitation regulations (Fascicule 70, COFRAC, Water Agencies) Macben 19
Compaction control: Limits of use : Maximum grains size of controlled materials : 0/50 mm for crushed materials 0/80 mm for round materials Investigation depth Depends on the type of soil and the level of compaction PANDA comes with 10 rods of 50cm Compaction control : Creation of your own reference values (test beds) in the software : Macben 20
Compaction control: Creation of the acceptance and refusal curves at the Université de Clermont-Ferrand : Résistance de pointe (Mpa) Profondeur (m) q d0 q d1 zc 20,00 γ d (kn/m 3 ) 18,00 16,00 14,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 q d1 (Mpa) Compaction control : Establishment relation between density and resistance qd : Macben 21
Compaction control: The different soil classifications available with the software : GTR (NF P 11-300) : France AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) : USA USCS (Unified Soil Classification System) : Australia, DIN 18 196 : Germany SERIES 800 UK : United-Kingdom PG3 : Spain Compaction control : Objectives of densification available : Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5 for France From 85 à 105 % of the OPN (1% increase) for export customers From 85 à 105 % of the OPM (1% increase) for export customers Macben 22
SOIL INVESTIGATION Soil investigation : Necessity to avoid lateral friction : By using 4 and 10 cm² lost cone Macben 23
Soil investigation : Result : Macben 24
Soil investigation : Calculation of the bearing capacity of the soil q u ( bar) = q d ( MPa).10 12 No lateral friction along the rods Compulsory use of lost cones. Soil investigation : The influence of lateral friction on rods depends on the size of the cone : 0 0 10 Pointe 2 cm² 0 10 Pointe 4 cm² 0 0 10 Pointe 10 cm² 0 Panda CPT 2 2 2 4 4 4 Comparatif between CPT & Panda with 2, 4 10 cm² - Tsukuba - Japan Macben 25
Reproducibility of the Panda tests : 3 tests in 1m² : Soil investigation : Choice between various scales and measurement units according to your location : Macben 26
Soil investigation : Correlation with the CBR index : CBR in % and qd in MPa : - Clay Low soils with a CBR < 10 : CBR = 0,3 qd 2 - Clay High soils : CBR = 3,27 qd - other types of soils (no CL orch) : CBR = 2,14 qd Soil investigation : Correlation with the other dynamic cone penetrometers : Light and heavy DCP qd Panda (MPa) qd DCP (MPa) Macben 27
Soil investigation : Correlation with the SPT (Standard Penetration Test) : SPT : M 63,5 kg H 760 mm N (SPT values) 30 cm driving into the soil qd (MPa) = 0,3 to 0,6 N First approach of the correlation : qd (MPa) 0,4 N Soil investigation : Correlation with the CPT test: CPT : Cone Penetration Test CPT : 10 cm² cone / 60 - driving speed of 15 to 20 mm/s qd (MPa) qc (MPa) Macben 28
Soil investigation : Reproducibility with the CPT test:. Panda 4cm² CPT Soil investigation : Correlation with the Cu undrained cohesion : Cu : undrained cohesion Cu = qd / (15 à 20) Macben 29
De afbeelding kan momenteel niet worden weergegeven. 19/11/2013 Soil Investigation applications : Preliminary investigations Roads, pipes, Soil Studies Buildings, individual houses, pylons, stands,... Diagnosis and assessments Dryness, voids, disorders... Investigations on sites with remote or restricted access Slopes, moutains, caves,confined spaces... Specific soil Investigation applications : Confined spaces Slopes Mountains Macben 30
REFERENCES Customer service: Maintenance Calibrations Spare parts Technical assistance to our customers Training sessions Macben 31
End-users Construction companies (trench, drainage work, earthwork, road, ) Utilities (electricity, gas, communication network ) Cities, Urban communities, councils Universities, engineers schools, vocational Institutions Geotechnical consultancy firms Engineering companies Control offices (sewage, ) House builders VIDEO INSTITUTIONNELLE SOL SOLUTION Macben 32
References : Several thousand PANDA are used everyday in more than 65 countries Distributors : Argentina Australia Belgium & The Netherlands China (x4) Chile Colombia Japan Mexico Peru Poland United-Kingdom France - Europe - Worlwide Macben 33
Principales évolutions du produit : 1992 1996 2000 2002 2004 2007 2010 PANDA 1 Logiciel PANDA DOS Batteuse automatique et extracteur de tige Logiciel PANDA WIN 1 Norme Française NF XP P 94-105 PANDA 2 Logiciel PANDA WIN 2 Qualité q5 et saisi automatique coordonnées GPS Classifications et objectifs de compactage internationaux CBR Nouveaux matériaux, nouvelles classification des sols, nouvel extracteur, Macben 34