CONTENTS TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND SAFETY POLICIES INTRODUCTION 1. General Accident Statistics 3 2. Promotion of Traffic Safety Policy and Accident Trends 3 3. The Future Direction of Traffic Safety Measures 7 BOOK 1 TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Chapter 1. Road Traffic Accidents 13 Section 1. General Situation of Road Traffic Accidents and Trends in Motor Vehicle Traffic 13 1. Changes in Traffic Accidents 13 2. Driver's License Holders 18 3. Present Road Conditions and Changes in Traffic Safety Facility Conditions 18 4. Changes in the Number of Motor Vehicles 23 5. Motor Vehicle Traffic Trends 25 6. International Comparison of Road Traffic Accident Numbers 27 Section 2. 1985 Traffic Accident Analysis 32 1. General Situation 32 2. Traffic Accidents by Area 32 3. Monthly Occurrence of Traffic Accidents 32 4. Analysis of Fatal Accidents 32 5. Traffic Accidents Involving Pedestrians by Age Group 46 6. Traffic Accidents Involving Cyclists by Age Group 47 7. Traffic Accidents Involving Two Wheeled Vehicle by Age Group 48 8. Automobile Traffic Accidents by Age Group 49 9. Traffic Accidents on Expressways 49 Chapter 2. Railway Accidents 53 Chapter 3. Marine Accidents 54 Chapter 4. Air Accidents 55
BOOK 2 TRAFFIC SAFETY MEASURES INTRODUCTION Improvement of Comprehensive Traffic Safety Measures 1. Improvement of the Traffic Safety Promotion System 59 2. Establishment of Traffic Safety Programs 60 3. Promotion of Traffic Safety Policies by the Central Traffic Safety Countermeasurement Council and the Head Office for Traffic Policy 61 PART 1. MEASURES RELATING TO LAND TRAFFIC SAFETY 64 Chapter 1. Financial Measures Relating to Traffic Safety 64 1. National Budget for Traffic Safety Measures 64 2. Other Sources of Revenue for Traffic Safety Measures 69 Chapter 2. Road Traffic Safety Measures 70 Section 1. Improvement of the Road Traffic Environment 70 1. Improvement of Traffic Safety Facilities 70 2. Promotion of Rational Traffic Controls 75 3. Parking Regulations 84 4. Proper Road Use 86 5. Security of Children's Playgrounds 87 6. Measures for Safe Use of Bicycles 88 Section 2. Dissemination of Traffic Safety Principles 89 1. Promotion of Traffic Safety Education 89 2. Promotion of Traffic Safety Campaigns 93 3. Promotion of Seat Belt Use 97 4. Cultivations of Leadership and Activities of Private Organizations 99 Section 3. Toward Safer Driving 101 1. Driver's Education 101 2. Safe Driving on the Job 106 3. Promotion of Measures to Prevent Traffic Accidents Caused by Large-sized Trucks 114 4. Collecting and Organizing Road Traffic Information 119 Section 4. Maintenance of Vehicle Safety 121 1. Revisions of Technical Standards Related to Vehicle Safety 121 2. Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance 122 3. Assembly, Inspection, and Maintenance of Bicycles 124 4. Prevention of Tanker Truck Fires 125
Section 5. Establishment of Traffic Order 126 1. Revision of the Road Traffic Law 126 2. Enforcement of Effective Traffic Guidance and Control 127 3. Strengthening the Traffic Control System 128 4. Strengthening Investigations of Traffic Offenses and the System for Dealing with Traffic Accidents 130 5. Actual Status of Handling Road Traffic Law Offenders Under the Criminal Code 133 6. Promotion of Comprehensive Measures Against Hot-Rodders 135 Section 6. Improvement of Emergency Rescue Operations and Emergency Medical Services 138 1. Improvement of the Emergency Rescue System 138 2. Improvement of the Emergency Rescue Operation System 138 3. Improvement of Emergency Medical Services 141 4. Dissemination of First Aid Methods 144 Section 7. Rationalization of Automobile Accident Compensation 145 1. Securing of Accident Compensation 145 2. Assistance to Traffic Accident Victims Related to Compensation Problems 152 Section 8. Promotion of Science and Technology s Concerning Road Traffic 156 1. Research by the Science and Technology Agency 156 2. Research by the National Police Agency's National Research Institute of Police Science 156 3. Investigation and Research by the Management and Coordination Agency 157 4. Research Studies at the Civil Engineering Test Laboratory of the Hokkaido Development Agency's Development Bureau 157 5. Research by the Ministry of Transport 158 6.Research by the Ministry of Construction's Public Works Research Institute 159 Chapter 3. Railway Traffic Safety Measures 160 Section 1. Improvement of the Railway Traffic Environment 160 Section 2. Safe Railway Operation 160 1. Education and Training of Railway Employees 160 2. Improvement of the Train Operation Control System 160 3. Supervision and Guidance for Railway Enterprises 160 4. Improving Weather Reports 160 5. Dissemination of Information Concerning the Prevention of Railway Accidents 160
Section 3. Assuring the Safety of Rolling Stock 161 1. Ensuring the Safety of Rolling Stock Structure and Equipment 161 2. Establishing the Japan Industrial Standards for Rolling Stock 161 Section 4. Reinforcement of Emergency Rescue System 161 Section 5. Promotion of Science and Technology Related to Railway Traffic Safety 161 1. Research at the Ministry of Transport 161 2. Research by the JNR 161 Chapter 4. Measures Related to Traffic Safety at Railroad Crossings 162 1. Present Conditions 162 2. Progress in Measures for Preventing Accidents at Crossings 162 3. Traffic Control at Railroad Crossings 162 PART 2. MEASURES RELATED TO MARINE TRAFFIC SAFETY Section 1. Improvement of the Marine Traffic Environment 163 1. Improvement of Harbors, Fishing Ports, and Shipping Lanes 163 2. Traffic Control and Improvement of Maritime Traffic Information Service 163 Section 2. Dissemination of Knowledge Concerning Marine Traffic Safety 164 1. Dissemination of Maritime Casualty Prevention Concepts 164 2. Guidance for Non-governmental Marine Organizations 164 Section 3. Ensuring Safety of Ship Operations 164 1. Upgrading the Quality and Skills of Ship Crews 164 2. Control of Proper Ship Operation 164 3. Improvement of Ship Crew's Labor Management and Prevention of Seamen's Disasters 165 4. Improvement of the Pilot System 165 5. Investigations of the Causes of Maritime Accidents and Administrative Disposition of Nautical Specialists 165 Section 4. Improving the Safety of Ships 165 1. Improvement of the Ship Inspection System 165 2. Improving Safety Standards Related to Ship Structures and Equipment 165 Section 5. Strengthening of Safety Measures for Fishing and Pleasure Boats 166 1. Improvement of Fishing Ports, Fishing Boat Cambers, and Marinas 166 2. Securing Safe Operation of Fishing Boats, Pleasure Boats 166
Section 6. Maintenance of Law and Order in Sea Traffic 166 Section 7. Improvement of the Emergency Rescue System 166 1. Improvement of the Maritime Casualty Information Gathering and Processing System 166 2. Improvement of the Search and Rescue System 166 3. Improvement of the Maritime Disaster Prevention System 167 Section 8. Appropriate Damage Reparations 167 1. Liability for Injury to Ship Passengers 167 2. Oil Pollution Damage Liability 167 Section 9. Promotion of Science and Technology Related to Maritime Traffic Safety 168 1. Expenses for Research and Development at the Science and Technology Agency 168 2. Research at the Ministry of Transport 168 PART 3. POLICIES ON AVIATION TRAFFIC SAFETY Section 1. Safety Measures Taken after a Japan Air Lines Accident 169 1. Securing the Safety of Aircraft 169 2. Improvement of the Emergency Search and Rescue System 169 Section 2. Improving the Air Traffic Environment 169 1. Improving Aviation Safety Facilities 169 2. Improving Aviation Traffic Control Facilities 169 3. Establishing Better Air Communication Facilities 170 4. Implementation of Flight Inspection 170 5. Airport Improvement 170 Section 3. Toward Safer Aircraft Operation 170 1. Training and Development of Qualified Personnel and Testing for Their Flight Suitability 170 2. Improvement of the Education System for Flight Safety Personnel 170 3. Reform of Aircraft Flight Operations 171 4. Improvement of Air Traffic Information 171 5. Investigations into Causes of Aircraft Accidents 171 Section 4. Securing Aircraft Safety 171 1. Improving the Aircraft Maintenance System 171 2. Improving Technical Standards for Securing the Safety of Aircraft and Fittings 171 3. Improving the Aircraft Inspection System 171 Section 5. Aviation Traffic Safety Policies at the Defense Agency 172 1. Operation of Aircraft 172 2. Aviation Personnel 172 3. Maintenance of Aircraft 172 4. Airport and Aviation Safety Facilities 172 5. Emergency Assistance and Rescue System 172
Section 6. Improving the Rescue and Emergency System 172 Section 7. Appropriate Damage Compensation 173 1. Present Conditions 173 2. History of International Treaties 173 Section 8. Promotion of Science and Technology for Air Traffic Safety 173 1. Research at the Science and Technology Agency 173 2. Research Conducted at the Ministry of Transport 173 Note: Parts of the Introduction,Chapter 2, 3 and 4 of BOOK 1, Chapter 3 and 4 of PART2 and the entire PART3 of BOOK2 are abridged in translation from the original.