Electronic Road Pricing The Singapore way

Electronic Road Pricing The Singapore way Eddie Lim Sing Loong Land Transport Authority Singapore

Early 70s...

Singapore 23 km 42 km CBD Land Area : 680 km 2 Population : 4.2 million Road : 3,100 km E way : 150 km

Facts and Figures Total Daily Trips By Bus By MRT By Taxi By Private Car : 7.7 million : 3.0 million : 1.0 million : 0.9 million : 2.8 million 100% 63% 37% Target: 75% by public transport

LTA s White Paper (1996) Multi-pronged strategy Integrate transport & land use planning Manage Supply - Expand road network & Enhance capacity Manage Demand - Ownership & Usage of vehicles Provide alternatives - Improve public transport

Road Pricing in Singapore

Area License Scheme Manual road pricing introduced in Central Business District (CBD) since 1975 High manpower needs, inconvenient, limited in varying road pricing charges

Road Pricing - ALS

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) Automated with ERP system Implemented in September 1998

Number of ERP Gantries As of 1 September 1998: Before 1 August 2005: As of 1 August 2005: From 3 October 2005: 33 (27 in CBD; 6 along ORR) 45 (28 in CBD; 17 along ORR) 46 (the first evening charging gantry at northbound CTE) 48 (an Orchard cordon with operating hours from noon to 8pm, Mondays to Saturdays)

ERP Operating hours CBD Expressways & ORR* Orchard Cordon Gantries 19 18 11 Operational 7:30 am 7:30 am 12:00 pm hours to 7:00 pm to 9:30 am to 8:00 pm & 6pm to 8pm (Including Saturdays) for northbound * Outer Ring Roads

Road Pricing Charges Varies by vehicle type Varies by location of gantry Varies by time of day $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 Road Pricing (Cars) $0.00 ALS ERP 7:30am - 8:00am 8:00am- 8:30am 8:30am - 9:00am 9:00am - 9:30am 9:30am - 10:00am 10:00am -12:00pm 12:00pm -1230pm 12:30pm -5:30pm 5:30pm - 6:00pm 6:00pm - 6:30pm 6:30pm - 7:00pm

Adjustment of ERP Rates To ensure optimal use of road space Reviewed every 3 months Expressways Increase 45 kph 65 kph Decrease Increase 20 kph 30 kph Decrease Other Roads

Impact - Traffic Volume (CBD) 200000-7.6 % 150000 100000 50000-7.2 % +28 % ALS ERP 0 Morning (2 hours) Off-Peak (7.5 hours) Evening (2 hours)

Operations Statistics Transactions (about 280,000 per day) Violations No In-vehicle Unit (IU) - Fine of S$70 No CashCards or Insufficient value in card - Manual payment: Administrative Charge of $10 - epayment: Administrative Charge of $8 - Payment via SMS: Administrative Charge of $4

Our Technologies...

Components of ERP System In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard Equipment on ERP gantry Central Computer System

Types of IUs Different types for different categories of vehicles - allow different road pricing charges for different categories

Types of IUs Vehicle Type Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Cars 1.0 Motorcycles 0.5 Lorries/Buses 1.5 Big Lorries/Buses 2.0

CashCards A smart card marketed by consortium of local banks for multiple uses. Top-up at Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), petrol stations and other outlets.

Simple for Motorists At start of journey, insert CashCard into IU. This initiates checking process to ascertain that IU and CashCard are working. On going through ERP gantries, deduction is made and balance displayed. At end of journey, remove CashCard.

ERP Gantry

Antennae Gantry Equipment

Antennae Vehicle Detectors Gantry Equipment

Antennae Vehicle Detectors Enforcement Cameras Gantry Equipment

How does it work? Central Computer System Comms. Controller AVID Controller Local Controller Housing Antenna Controller ECS Site Controller Detector Controller Antenna Controller

Night Charging

Central Computer System

Central Computer System 24-hour operations to ensure ERP gantries are working properly. Monitoring of equipment. Processing of financial transactions. Processing of violation images.

Our Preparations...

Preparing for ERP Policy Changes Vehicle tax changes - lower rates Vehicle tax rebates Reducing impact for commercial vehicles Fitting of In-vehicle Units (IU) Publicity Testing for Motorists

IU Fitting Programme All vehicle owners given opportunity to fit IUs over 10-month period from Sep 97. IU fitting free-of-charge if fitted within allocated time period. Overall, more than 97% of 680,000 vehicles fitted with IUs.

Publicity Special ERP hot-lines. Brochures sent to vehicle owners.

Testing for Motorists ERP system switched on 4 weeks ahead of start-date for motorists to try out system. Road Pricing charges zero-rated.

Checking of IUs Motorists able to check and rectify IU problems at specially set-up locations.

Electronic Parking Systems

Electronic Parking System (EPS) Using ERP technology for car park applications

Electronic Parking System (EPS) EPS Antenna ERP IU

Speed-Flow Curve (Example) 65 kph 45 kph

WHY ROAD PRICING? Road space is a scarce resource. Pricing is an effective mechanism to optimise the usage of road space. Pricing allows externalities to be factored into the decisions of motorists.

ERP CONTRACT Tender specifications drawn up in early 90s with much consultations. Contract awarded in Oct 95 to international consortium comprising Philips Singapore Pte Ltd Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd Miyoshi Electronics Corporation CSE Systems & Engineering Pte Ltd Contract cost : S$197m.

SYSTEM RELIABILITY Tested over more than 5 million transactions at test site before implementation on roads. High Reliability of RF communication > 99.999%.

COMPONENTS OF ERP SYSTEM Central Computer System EAS EMS ESS Leased Lines SC Acceptor Unit Digital RF In-vehicle Unit µ-wave AVID RF System Enforcement VPD System ERP Outstation ECS System