school building Frankfurt Riedberg, 4a Architekten Innovative Buildings in Germany and all over the world... Basics of Passive House Technology New Buildings & Renovation, Residential & Non-residential Projects Worldwide Speaker: Authors: Berthold Kaufmann, Passivhaus Institut Rainer Pfluger, Berthold Kaufmann, Tanja Schulz, Jürgen Schnieders, Jessica Grove-Smith, Witta Ebel, Susanne Theumer, Jan Steiger, Maria del Carmen Rivero Arias
Contents: (non-) residential passive buildings in Germany and worldwide short hints about communication... telling the story from the beginning: basic passive house concept (first developed in Germany): what we learned from realized projcts (residential homes) >>> important question: do they work as intended?? (yes) present conceptional studies: how to adapt the passive building concept for use in other climatic regions what about active cooling and dehumidification: (non)residential passive buildings in summer (general hints) (non)residential passive buildings in hot&humid climate regions a 'NAMA' for Mexico: cost effective passive houses: a concept for social housing
where to find passive buildings: www.passivehouse-international.org Passive House international
where to get networked? communication ipha Website many local organisations are affiliate to ipha, so all members...... are ipha-members at the same time... have full acces to ipha and passipedia website visit us! and have look for the newest developments www.passivehouse-international.org
where to get more information? passipedia, the passive house resource Passipedia www.passipedia.org
what's that a Passive House? five basic elements (we need that!) comfortable building to be heated (cooled) easily no thermal bridges! Ventilation with 75 % heat recovery Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Heat protection: U 0.15 W/(m²K) U w 0.8 W/(m²K) Outdoor air Exhaust air Triple-glazing: U g 0.8 W/(m²K) g-value 50-55 % Extract air Supply air Airtightness: n 50 0.6 /h Heating energy demand 15 kwh/(m²a) or Building heating load 10 W/m² Useful cooling demand 15 kwh/(m²a) Primary energy demand 120 kwh/(m²a) Building airtightness 0.6 /h Excess temperature frequency 10 % 1 W/m² = 0,317074019 Btu/h/ft² 1 kwh/(m²a) = 317,0740194 Btu/(ft²a)
how to design buildings with respect to energy - setup detailed energy balance Going to small numbers you must be exact! new PHPP version 7.1 (2012) available... extended ventilation spreadsheet for office buildings... sheets 'summer', 'cooling', etc. revised... access to further climate data sets possible
the learning curve for passive buildings steps to understand 1 Germany residential detailed calculation (simulation then PHPP) is needed to be sure detailed monitoring was essential for evaluation and validation 2 Germany architects, engineers, building companies: each actor needs some initial information to assure quality on building site 3 Germany old houses need renovation similar energy savings possible like for new built 4 Germany non-residential /special use office buildings need (little) summer cooling 5 going abroad >> northern Europe, very cold & dry winter better windows, more insulation, adopted ventilation operation >> southern Europe with hot & dry summer: sun shading, passive cooling by night flushing low power active cooling needed, no more peak power problem >>>hot & humid summer regions, questions to be solved: passive cooling by night flushing not possible (too hot, too humid) active sensible cooling & dehumidification needed low cooling power: Air-Conditioning with small supply airflow cooling possible what extra energy effort for active Air-Conditioning is reasonable?
First Passive House in Darmstadt, Germany experimental building by Wolfgang Feist 1991 architekts: Bott, Ridder, Westermayer
more single family passive houses 2000 2011 architect: Markus Wochner Crimmitschau, Markus Wochner
Successful large-scale Passive House: Apartment building in Frankfurt 2005 Contractor: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architects: P. Grenz, F. Rasch, faktor10, Darmstadt Foto: Fotostudio Michels, Darmstadt.
further steps: Sophienhof in Frankfurt, Germany 5 buildings 160 dwellings architect & contractor: ABG Frankfurt Holding foto: Axel Stefan Fotodesign
pilot project: renovation with PH-components (EnerPHit) 1 W/m² = 0,317074019 Btu/h/ft² 1 kwh/(m²a) = 0,317074019 kbtu/(ft²a) before... heating energy demand: primary energy demand: for heating, hotwater, aux. electricity 290 kwh/m²a 250 kwh/m²a Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architekten: faktor10, Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden
pilot project: renovation with PH-components (EnerPHit)...after heating energy demand: primary energy demand: for heating, hotwater, aux. electricity 17 kwh/m²a 37 kwh/m²a Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architekten: faktor10, Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden
economics? Old houses need renovation The result is economically reasonable
what's left to be done? 1 Germany residential detailed calculation (simulation) needed to be sure detailed monitoring was essential for evaluation and validation 2 Germany architects, engineers, building companies: each actor needs some initial information to assure quality on building site (do not complain ask questions!) 3 Germany old houses need renovation similar energy savings possible like for new built 4 Germany non-residential /special use office buildings need (little) summer cooling So far for Germany (Central Europe) we have reached some high level we only need to proceed in plane... that is: further training of experts further develop components to get market penetration
windows and window frames for Passive Houses: examples the recommended trend: slim frames to get maximum input low U-values to further reduce thermal losses low costs... Winter ewitherm bf: 154/169 mm U W, : 0,77 W/(m²K) Ψ opak : 0,170 W/(mK) Efficiency class: ph C Pazen ENERsign bf: 100 mm U w, : 0,68 W/(m²K) Ψ opak : 0,106 W/(mK) Efficiency class : ph A ProPh-F. SmartWin bf: 87 mm U W, : 0,79 W/(m²K) Ψ opak : 0,098 W/(mK) Efficiency class : ph A FBS Over: VADBplus bf: 75/100 mm U W, : 0,74 W/(m²K) Ψ opak : 0,076 W/(mK) Efficiency class : ph A
what's left to be done? Many regions all over the world have much more challenging climate conditions: how can we help them? 5 going abroad >> northern Europe, very cold & dry winter better windows, more insulation, adopted ventilation operation >> southern Europe with hot & dry summer: sun shading, passive cooling by night flushing low power active cooling needed, no more peak power problem >>>hot & humid summer regions, questions to be solved: passive cooling by night flushing not possible (too hot, too humid) active sensible cooling & dehumidification needed low cooling power: Air-Conditioning with small supply airflow cooling is possible what extra energy effort for active Air-Conditioning is reasonable?
we know about passive cooling: in moderate warm & dry climate: Central Europe: no (or very small) active cooling is needed shading reuced internal loads night flushing Thermal protection passive cooling by night flushing activate thermal capacity reduce internal loads reduce solar load
how to achieve thermal comfort in summer / hot climates? allow for slightly higher temperatures: 26 C and 60% r.h. is quite good (if outside temp > 35 C) higher temperatures are acceptable with low humidity seperate dehumidification from cooling The main issues for thermal comfort are: temperatures (air/surfaces) local temperature differences (horizontal & vertical) relative humidity of air clothing&activities avoid draft air flows inner comfort range extended comfort range
Existing buildings in 'warm' climates: heating & cooling needed with no thermal insulation present, there is significant heating energy demand as well in 'warm' regions (e.g. mediterranean) Further reading: Passive Houses in South West Europe. A quantitative investigation of some passive and active space conditioning techniques for highly energy efficient dwellings in the South West European region by Jürgen Schnieders. for more information see www.passipedia.org
Example PH for some selected warm locations thermal insulation helps in anyway U-values might be lower, but not in the roof! insulated frame & double low-e glazing for thermal comfort Mannheim Torino roof always well insulated Madrid Seville floor slab not insulated Palermo Insulation wall [cm] 25 20 10 8 6 Insulation roof [cm] 35 25 25 20 20 Insulation basement [cm] 20 15 6 0 0 U window frames [W/(m²K)] 0.72 0.72 0.72 1.6 1.6 U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Humidity control for cooling no yes no no yes Heating demand [kwh/(m²a)] 15.6 14.8 12.7 4.6 3.1 Sensible cooling [kwh/(m²a)] 0 0.8 0.4 4.2 7.2 Latent cooling [kwh/(m²a)] 0 2.3 0 0 7.2 construction determined by winter conditions for more information see www.passipedia.org significant cooling required Less frame insulation
if active cooling needed in PH: no more cooling peak power problem Existing old standard building: needs very high cooling power 1 W/m² = 0,317074019 Btu/h/ft² 1 kwh/(m²a) = 317,0740194 Btu/(ft²a) Passive House: only low cooling power needed no electric peak power problem for more information see www.passipedia.org Office A.S.S.A. Santa Croce, Italy Arch: Silvia Mazzetti, Building Physics: Günther Gantioler
all questions answered? all problems solved? so far for cold climates: you only have to 'strengthen' your envelope more insulation, better windows, heating reduced to very low demand so far for warm & dry climates: you only have to cool (sensible cooling!) shading, reduce int. gains, night flushig, little cooling cooling load drastically reduced, or almost avoided questions left? (yes)
Passive Houses for different climatic zones five case studies show general planning issues Dubai and Shanghai are very hot&humid in summer Jekaterinburg Tokio Las Vegas Dubai Shanghai a project funded by for more information see www.passipedia.org
Tokyo and Shanghai: heating & dehumidification dominant Strategy: about 10 20 cm of insulation (roof!) energy recovery ventilation, humidity controlled separate cooling & dehumidification no night flushing (outside air too humid) double/triple low-e glazing exterior moveable shading recommended thermal mass is advantageous Tokyo, typical demand: heating: 15 kwh/(m²a) cooling: 1 kwh/(m²a) dehumidification: 6 kwh/(m²a) Similar but slightly warmer Shanghai, typical demand: heating: 10 kwh/(m²a) cooling: 10 kwh/(m²a) dehumidification: 10 kwh/(m²a) for more information see www.passipedia.org A studiy supported by Design and images by Rongen Architekten.
suggestion for low power cooling & dehumidification centralized preconditioning of air (MVHR) combined with dehumification to 12 g/kg decentral heating or cooling to adjust comfortable air parmeters for more information see www.passipedia.org
low power cooling & dehumidification preconditions: reduce internal heat gains (yellow) shading is absolutely needed (rose) pure passive operation in spring and autumn, no heating, no cooling internal heat gains solar gains heating cooling (sensible) dehumification outside temperature for more information see www.passipedia.org
low power cooling & dehumidification preconditions: reduce internal heat gains shading is absolutely needed pure passive operation in spring and autumn, no heating, no cooling preconditioning of incoming air circulation air cooling with low air flow operative Temperature indoor for more information see www.passipedia.org
Economic Evaluation of Passive House concept for the NAMA in Mexico basic tasks for the NAMA in Mexico Setup of three baseline building types for Mexican social housing Generation of climate data: temperate cold hot&dry hot & humid Energy balance for all building types in all configurations: Baseline eco casa 1 eco casa 2 Passive House some Results, estimation of costs: Current costs (Mexican market + European prices) Future costs when Mexican market can deliver components for full project report see www.passipedia.org Witta Ebel, Susanne Theumer, Jan Steiger, Maria del Carmen Rivero Arias
first look for Climate Data of Mexico Climate data are crucial for successful energy efficient building design: Monthly data in PHPP format (four locations in Mexico) Data sources: Meteonorm Software, NASA satellite data and the Mexican National Meteorological Service (Servicio Meterológico Nacional). Hermosillo Extremely hot dry Guadalajara Temperate for project report see www.passipedia.org Puebla Temperate cold Cancun Extremely hot humid Image: Compare Infobase limited
Building types: Aislada baseline Floor plan of Aislada building type, no scale (Image source: Consorcio Hogar) Image source: Campos 2011 Aislada (isolated housing unit) Gross floor area of 44m² Treated floor area of 38.4 m². Project of the company Consorcio Hogar. for project report see www.passipedia.org External wall build-up Roof build-up Build-up of floor slab Glazing 10cm thick, concrete masonry units. Exterior: Crestuco plaster, interior: cement plaster (cal arena). Colour painting Reinforced concrete slab, 12cm thick, 2% slope, Plasticool layer colour white as water proofing. Reinforced concrete slab, 10cm thick Clear single glazing, 3mm thick and white aluminium 1 ½ frame
Building types: Adosada baseline Image source: Campos 2011 Adosada (row housing unit) Gross floor area 45m² Treated floor area: 40.7 m² Based on a project of the company Consorcio ARA. Floor plan and urban location of Adosada building type, no scale External wall build-up Roof build-up Build-up of floor slab (Image source: Consorcio ARA) Reinforced concrete, 8cm thick. Interior: cement plaster and plaster finish Exterior: cement plaster, colour paint Reinforced concrete slab, 12cm thick, 2% slope, Plasticool layer colour white Foundation slab, reinforced concrete 10 cm thick. Polished cement finish. for project report see www.passipedia.org Glazing Clear single glazing, 3mm thick and white aluminium 1 ½ frame
Building types: Vertical baseline Image source: Campos 2011 Vertical (vertical housing unit) Gross floor area per storey: 93m² (two apartments). Treated floor area per storey: 79.4 m². Based on a project of the company AISA Constructora. External wall build-up Floor plan and of Vertical building type, no scale Roof build-up Build-up of floor slab (Image source: AISA Constructora) Masonry concrete blocks with colour (light concrete) 12x20x38, 12cm, mortar. Colour paint Reinforced concrete slab, 12cm thick, 2% slope, Plasticool layer colour white Reinforced concrete floor slab 10cm thick. Polished cement finish. for project report see www.passipedia.org Glazing Clear single glazing, 3mm thick and white aluminium 1 ½ frame
From 'Baseline' to Passive House four configurations of each building type: four levels of investment costs for levels of energy efficiency two cost scenarios: current cost scenario (importation of components) future cost scenario (mexican production) EcoCasa 2 Passive House Depending on climate: insulation in four walls, roof, floor, improvement of windows. Depending on climate: high insulation of walls, roof, floor, highly insulated window frames and glazing, reflective paint. Fully solar hot water prodution, highly efficient appliances. EcoCasa 1 Solar water heater, reflective paint, highly efficient appliances. Baseline Hipoteca Verde measures: 25mm insulation in wall of higher radiation, beam & block system, solar water heater, reflective paint, efficient appliances for project report see www.passipedia.org
Baseline case specifications Type of lighting Electrical appliances Heat generator for water Cooking Number of m² per person Internal heat gains Compact fluorescent light 20W Refrigerator (2.68 kwh/d), TV (0.19 kwh/d), A/C (2.5 COP), ventilator (100 W), washing machine (0.32 kwh/d), microwave oven (0.17 kwh/d) Tank less LP Gas water heater (e.g. CINSA CDP 06) LP Gas stove 20 m² per person (considering 30 year life cycle) 5.3 W/m² Airtightness 5 h -1 Temperature limit summer Temperature limit winter10 Primary energy factors CO 2 factors 25 C (28 C low comfort baseline) 20 C (18 C low comfort baseline) Electricity mix: 2.7 kwhprim/kwhfinal LP Gas: 1.1 kwhprim/kwhfinal Electricity mix: 0.59 kg/kwhfinal / LP Gas: 0.27 kg/kwhfinal for project report see www.passipedia.org
Economic assumptions: Interest rate: 6% p.a.; inflation 4% p.a. high energy-price increase expected Electricity costs are supported by government Real interest rate 2% p.a. Life cycle 30 years Gas price 0.075 US$/kWh Gas price increase 2.1% p.a. Electricity price 0.083 US$/kWh Electricity price increase 4.0% p.a. Electricity price subsidy 0.14 US$/kWh Subsidy increase 6.0% p.a. for project report see www.passipedia.org
Results Vertical: Cancun Extremely hot & humid Strategy: ~10 cm of insulation (floor, roof) energy recovery ventilation, humidity controlled separate cooling & dehumidification no night flushing (outside air too humid) triple low-e glazing exterior moveable shading thermal mass: advantageous Cool Colours for project report see www.passipedia.org Low Comfort BaseLine Specific energy demands - Vertical - Cancun EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand: Specific Space Heating Demand Specific Space Heating Demand 500 400 300 200 100 Specific Primary Energy Demand Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand: Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand: Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand: Specific Primary Energy Demand Cancun, typical demand: heating: 0 kwh/(m²a) cooling: 41 kwh/(m²a) cooling load: 8 W/m² dehumidification: 31 kwh/(m²a) 0 600 kwh/(m²a)
Results Vertical Cancun (hot&humid): Current costs scenario Current European prices for Passive House components CANCUN Capital costs and energy costs 120 100 80 Subsidy electricity Energy costs US$/(m²a) Capital costs US$/(m²a) Total individual life cycle costs US$/(m²a) 60 40 20 0 Low Comfort BaseLine EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute for project report see www.passipedia.org
Results Vertical Cancun (hot&humid): Future costs scenario The Mexican market can deliver Passive House components CANCUN 120 Future capital costs and energy costs Subsidy electricity US$/(m²a) 100 80 60 Energy costs US$/(m²a) Capital costs US$/(m²a) Total individual costs 40 20 0 Low Comfort BaseLine EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute for project report see www.passipedia.org
Results: Vertical Building: Puebla and Guadalajara Temperate / Temperate cold Happy climates Strategy: ~5 cm of insulation (floor, roof) night ventilation double glazing thermal mass: advantageous Low Comfort BaseLine Specific energy demands - Vertical - Puebla EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Specific Space Heating Demand Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand: Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand: Specific Primary Energy Demand Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand: Specific Space Heating Demand 150 100 50 0 250 200 Specific Primary Energy Demand Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand: kwh/(m² a) Puebla, typical demand: heating: 10 kwh/(m²a) cooling: 2 kwh/(m²a) dehumidification: not required for project report see www.passipedia.org Source: Passive House Institute Similar but slightly warmer Guadalajara, typical demand: heating: 2 kwh/(m²a) cooling: 15 kwh/(m²a) dehumidification: not required
Results Vertical Puebla (temperate): Current costs scenario Current European prices for Passive House components PUEBLA Capital costs and energy costs Subsidy electricity 40 35 30 Energy costs US$/(m²a) Capital costs US$/(m²a) Total individual life cycle costs 25 US$/(m²a) 20 15 10 5 0 Low Comfort BaseLine EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute for project report see www.passipedia.org
Results VERTICAL Puebla (temperate): Future costs scenario Mexican market can deliver Passive House components PUEBLA 40 35 30 Future capital costs and energy costs Subsidy electricity Energy costs US$/(m²a) Capital costs US$/(m²a) Total individual costs Real interest rate 2.00% p.a. Life cycle 30 years Gas price 0.075 US$/kWh Gas price increase 2.1% p.a. Electricity price 0.083 US$/kWh Electricity price increase 4.0% p.a. US$/(m²a) 25 20 15 10 5 Electricity price subsidy 0.14 US$/kWh Subsidy increase 6.0% p.a. 0 Low Comfort BaseLine EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute for project report see www.passipedia.org
Results Vertical: Hermosillo Extremely hot & dry Strategy: ~7.5 cm of floor insulation, roof: 5 cm energy recovery ventilation separate cooling night ventilation triple low-e glazing exterior moveable shading thermal mass: advantageous Cool Colours for project report see www.passipedia.org Low Comfort BaseLine Specific energy demands - Vertical - Hermosillo EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Specific Space Heating Demand Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand: Specific Space Heating Demand Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand: Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand: Specific Primary Energy Demand Source: Passive House Institute 250 200 150 100 Specific Primary Energy Demand Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand: Hermosillo, typical demand: heating: 1 kwh/(m²a) cooling: 15 kwh/(m²a) dehumidification: not required 50 0 400 350 300 kwh/(m² a)
Results Vertical Hermosillo (hot&dry): Current costs scenario Current European prices for Passive House components HERMOSILLO US$MXP/(m²a) 70 60 50 40 30 Capital costs and energy costs Subsidy electricity Energy costs US$MXP/(m²a) Capital costs US$MXP/(m²a) Total individual life cycle costs 20 10 0 Low Comfort BaseLine EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute for project report see www.passipedia.org
Results Vertical Hermosillo (hot&dry): Future costs scenario The Mexican market can deliver Passive House components HERMOSILLO Future capital costs and energy costs 70 Subsidy electricity 60 50 Energy costs US$/(m²a) Capital costs US$/(m²a) Total individual costs US$/(m²a) 40 30 20 10 0 Low Comfort BaseLine EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House Source: Passive House Institute for project report see www.passipedia.org
Summary / Conclusion: Passive Houses are economically reasonable general analysis and thesis: Energy prices and interest rates will probably not be 'high' at the same time this chance we have to take: if energy prices are high, you should avoid high energy consumption(!) low interest rates and high energy prices favour the higher investment for better building quality (energy efficiency) instead of burning (expensive) fossil fuels. hence Passive House (special) or energy efficiency (in general) is a profitable investment third party advantages (win win win win): micro economy: local manufacturer (payed work for many people) macro economy: government (more taxes, welfare,...) environment (less CO 2...) user (higher comfort, less cost that is like an old age provision!) Conclusions: it's economcally reasonable to change...
Overview worldwide: economically optimal U-values (opaque envelope) not only technically but economically a good idea. U-values for opaque parts of envelope economic optimized U-values are mostly < 0.2 W/m²K Jürgen Schnieders: PH-conference 2011, full report available see www.passipedia.org and www.passiv.de
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thank you... further information www.passiv.de www.passipedia.org www.passivehouse-international.org Please note the following copyright notice: The present collection of slides was assembled for the participants of the seminar denoted below. This file or any printed copy of this file is for information purposes only and intended only for the personal use of the participants of this event. The transferral of this file to a third party or the right to publish it in any form is excluded. The contents are the intellectual property of the Passive House Institute. In particular, further use of individual contents (slides) is not permitted without the express permission of the Passive House Institute.