ANCHOR INSTITUTE FOR INFRASTRUCTURE, CEPT UNIVERSITY OFFERS TRAINING OF TRAINERS On SITE & PROJECT MANAGEMENT 8 TH TO 12 TH AUGUST Promoted by Industries Commissionerate, Goverment of Gujarat Centre for Entrepreneurship Development, Gandhinagar
Training of Trainers on Site & Project Management iii CONTENTS MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION 1 6 1.1 The Engineer And Construction 1.2 The Construction Industry 1.3 Evolution Of Project Management History 1.4 Project Management In Construction 1.5 Construction Economy And The Engineer 1.6 Construction Economy And The Contractor MODULE 2: PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 7 29 2.1 What Is A Project? 2.2 Project Management: The Need 2.3 Response To A Changing Environment 2.4 Systems Approach To Management 2.5 Three Goals 2.6 Project Management: The Person, The Team, The System 2.6.1 The Project Manager 2.6.2 The Project Team 2.6.3 The Project Management System 2.7 Functions And Viewpoints Of Management 2.7.1 Management Functions 2.7.2 Viewpoints of Management 2.8 Project Viewpoint Versus Traditional Management 2.8.1 Characteristics of Projects 2.8.2 Characteristics of Project Management 2.9 Types Of Project Managers 2.10 Where Is Project Management Appropriate? 2.10.1 Magnitude of the Effort 2.10.2 Unfamiliarity 2.10.3 Changing Environment 2.10.4 Interrelatedness 2.10.5 Reputation of the Organization 2.11 The Different Forms Of Project Management 2.11.1 Basic Project Management 2.11.2 Program Management 2.11.3 New Venture Management 2.11.4 Product Management 2.11.5 Ad Hoc Committees and Task Forces 2.12 Project Environments 2.12.1 Commercial/For Profit Project Management 2.12.2 Government and Nonprofit Project Management 2.12.3 Military Project Management Preface
iv Training of Trainers on Urban Waste Management MODULE 3: PHASES, STAGES OF A PROJECT AND THEIR APPROVAL STATUS 30 34 3.1 Project Phases 3.2 Stages of a Project 3.2.1 Basic Project Stages 3.2.2 Approval Status during Idea and Feasibility 3.2.3 Execution and Completion Stage 3.2.4 Approval Process in Execution and Completion Stages MODULE 4: WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE 35 40 4.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 4.2 Rules Facilitating The Preparation Of WBS 4.3 Desirable Characteristics Of Work Packages 4.4 Determinants Having Critical Influence On The Work Packages 4.5 Major Classification Of WBS 4.5.1 Product oriented WBS 4.5.2 Functionally oriented WBS 4.6 For Description Of A Work Package 4.7 Integrating The WBS And The Organization Structure MODULE 5: PROJECT ORGANIZATION 41 50 5.1 Factors Responsible For Organizational Revolution 5.2 Formal And Informal Organization Structures 5.2.1 Formal structure 5.2.2 Informal structure 5.3 Forms of Formal Organization structure 5.3.1 Traditional/Functional Organization Structures 5.3.2 Product Organization Structure 5.3.3 Customer Oriented Organization Structure 5.3.4 Process based Organization Structure 5.4 Requirements Of A Project Organization 5.5 Matrix Organization Structure 5.5.1 Compliance for successful operation of a matrix 5.5.2 Project Manager's responsibilities 5.5.3 Functional Manager's responsibilities 5.5.4 Unique capabilities for properly executed matrix organization structure 5.6 Pure Project Organization Structure 5.7 Fundamental Parameters For Selection Of Project Organization Structure 50 5.7.1 Integrating devices 5.7.2 Authority Structure 5.7.3 Information system 5.7.4 Influence Distribution 5.8 Complexity Of The Integrating Devices
Training of Trainers on Site & Project Management v MODULE 6: PLANNING, SCHEDULING AND THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM MODEL) 51 83 6.1 Bar Charts And Milestone Charts 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Gantt Charts 6.1.3 Weaknesses in Bar Charts 6.1.4 Milestone Charts 6.1.5 Work Breakdown Structure 6.1.6 CPM and PERT Networks 6.2 Planning And Scheduling Networks 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 A Complication in Constructing the Arrow Diagram 6.2.3 The Activity on Node Diagram 6.2.4 Example Building a House 6.3 FINDING THE CRITICAL PATH 6.3.1 Multiple Critical Paths 6.3.2 Job Slack 6.3.3 An Algorithm for Finding the Critical Path 6.3.4 Early Start and Early Finish Times 6.3.5 Late Start and Late Finish Times 6.3.6 Total Slack 6.3.7 Free Slack 6.3.8 Project Due Dates That Differ from Earliest Completion Time 6.3.9 A Digression on Slack 6.3.10 Back to the Contractor MODULE 7: THE PERT MODEL 84 94 7.1 General 7.2 The Problem Of Uncertainty 7.3 Expected Times For Activities 7.4 Variability Of Activity Times 7.5 The Expected Length Of A Critical Path 7.6 Probability Of Completing A Project By A Given Date 7.7 Effects Of A Near Critical Path 7.8 Other Methods For Calculating Project Length And Variance
vi Training of Trainers on Urban Waste Management MODULE 8: PROJECT CONTROLLING AND MONITORING 95 102 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Meetings Some Monitoring Issues 8.3 Project Control Cycle 8.4 Project Control 8.5 Techniques For Monitoring And Control 8.5.1 Earned Value Analysis 8.5.2 Critical Ratio 8.6 Summary MODULE 9: SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 103 120 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Introduction And Conceptual Understanding Of Safety 9.2.1 Safety in Construction Cost of Accidents 9.3 Classification Of Accidents 9.4 Problems Related To Safety In Construction Projects 9.4.1 Status of Construction Workers 9.4.2 Construction Industry in India: Status of Safety Enforcement 9.4.3 Accidents in Construction Industries 9.4.4 UK: Safety executive to prosecute 10 contractors 9.4.5 Safety in Construction: Duties and Responsibilities 9.5 Safety Programmes 9.6 Hazards In High Rise Construction 9.7 Safety Equipments 9.7.1 Safety and Health Policy Statement 9.7.2 Emergency Action Plan 9.7.3 Scaffold Safety 9.7.4 Health and Safety Awareness Test MODULE 10: HR ISSUES ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 121 152 10.1 Theoretical Issues And Framework 10.1.1 General Introduction of the Construction Industry 10.1.2 Future Challenges 10.1.3 Organizational Role Stress (ORS) 10.1.4 The Concept of Role Efficacy 10.1.5 Learned Helplessness (LH) 10.2 Empirical Data 10.2.1 Brief Introduction of the Samples 10.2.2 Details of Samples 10.2.3 Demographic Characteristics 10.2.4 Details about the Scales 10.2.5 Hypothesis 10.2.6 Statistical Treatment
Training of Trainers on Site & Project Management vii 10.3 Issues Of Measurements 10.3.1 Uses of LH Scale 10.3.2 Details about the scales 10.3.3 Organizational Role Stress (ORS) 10.4 Future Research Needs 10.5 Policy & Practice Related Implications 10.5.1 General Recommendations Applied to Construction Industry 10.5.2 Organizational Role Stress 10.5.3 Role Efficacy 10.5.4 Learned Helplessness 10.6 Conclusions & Generalization 10.6.1 Conclusions Based on Basic Statistics and Demographic Characteristics MODULE 11: SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 153 200 11.1 Network Techniques In Software Applications 11.2 AOA Network 11.2.1. Rules of AOA Network: 11.2.2. Calculating Project Time 11.2.3. Calculation of Floats 11.2.4. Limitations of AOA Network 11.3 PDM Network 11.3.1. Finish to Start 11.3.2. Start to Start 11.3.3. Finish to Finish 11.3.4. Start to Finish 11.4 Earned Value Reporting 11.5 Earned Value Concept 11.5.1 Definition of the Three Basic Values 11.5.2 Derived Metrics 11.6 Earned Value Example 11.7 Project Management Software 11.8 Practical Examples 11.9 Project Scheduling Through Software REFERENCES 201
COMPILED BY: Dr. Debasis Sarkar B.Sc, B.E. (Civil), M.Tech IIT Delhi, PhD (Engg) Associate Professor, Construc on and Project Management Programme, Faculty of Technology, Dr. P. V. Akalkotkar B.E (Civil), MBA, Ph.D. Head, Construc on and Project Management Programme, Faculty of Technology, Prepared Under: Faculty of Planning & Public Policy For Further Informa on Contact: Block No. 1, 9 th Floor, Udyogbhavan, Sector 11, Gandhinagar - 382 017 Phone: +91-079-23256671, 079-23243847, Fax: +91-079-23256679 E-mail: dir-ced@gujarat.gov.in, cor-ced@gujarat.gov.in Website: h p://www.ced-gujarat.org UPCOMING TRAINING OF TRAINERS The following programmes* are proposed to be held shortly: 1 DISASTER GIS 2 P ANNING FOR INDUSTRIAL AREAS THEIR INFRASTRUCTURE 3 INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING 4 CONTRACT MANAGE ENT 5 EIA-LANDUSE 6 INDUSTRIAL LAND DE ELOPMENT MANAGEMENT *For more details on new programmes, registra on procedure, fees and final dates please check our website or contact the Programme Coordinator, Anchor Ins tute for Infrastructure. CONTACT US: EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ANCHOR INSTITUTE FOR INFRASTRUCTURE FACULT OF PLANNING PUBLIC POLICY, Kasturbhai Lalbhai Campus, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 Email: cept.anchor@cept.ac.in, utpalsharma@cept.ac.in Ph: 079-26302470 / 26302740, Fax: 079-26302075 Website: h p://www.cept.ac.in, www.spcept.ac.in