GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

Project Editor John F. McCoy Editorial Mary Rose Bonk, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J. Kain, Lynn U. Koch, Michael D. Lesniak, Nancy Matuszak, Michael T. Reade Imaging and Multimedia Randy Bassett, Christine O'Bryan, Barbara J. Yarrow Project Design Cindy Baldwin, Tracey Rowens Manufacturing Nekita McKee 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331 3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means--graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems--without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http:// www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331 3535 Permissions Hotline: 248 699 8006 or 800 877 4253; ext. 8006 Fax: 248 699 8074 or 800 762 4058 Cover photographs reproduced by permission of Digital Stock (Taj Mahal, center left), Digital Vision (Fall trees, top left; Waterfall, top right; Water carriers, center; City in smog, center right), and PhotoDisc (Pink buttes, top center; Mountains, bottom). All of the maps appearing in this book were created to order by XNR Productions, Inc., of Madison, WI. Maps are the property of Gale, 2002, all rights reserved. Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgements constitute an extension of this copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geo-data : the world geographical encyclopedia / John F. McCoy, project editor.-- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-7876-5581-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Gazetteers. I. McCoy, John, 1976- G103.5.G36 2002 910'.3--dc21 2002010926 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PREFACE Gale is pleased to present the third edition of Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia. This is the first new edition of Geo-Data since 1989, and it represents a complete revision and updating of that work. The purpose of the book remains unchanged: to provide the reader with the most detailed and comprehensive descriptions available for the physical geography of countries. Geo-Data s focus and design is unique. Many encyclopedias, atlases, and other books provide some information on geography, but it is usually secondary to history, current events, or other topics. In these sorts of references physical geography receives a few paragraphs of coverage per country at best, compared to pages in Geo- Data. Among the few books that can rival Geo-Data coverage, none can match its ease of use. There is no need to hunt from one end of a dictionary or gazetteer to another, searching for details on a country's many different features. In Geo-Data everything is presented in one place. Each of Geo-Data s entries gives the reader a complete portrait of a country's mountains, fields, forests, deserts, rivers, seas, wetlands, and other features, with additional information on population distribution and natural resources. Key facts and statistics are highlighted at the beginning of each entry. In addition to the country entries, Geo-Data features a World Rankings Appendix, listing the world's tallest mountains, longest rivers, deepest oceans, largest lakes, most populous countries, and other outstanding features. Selection Criteria Geo-Data features 207 entries, each describing a single country or dependency. Every entry includes a relief map depicting the country or dependency. There is a separate entry for each of the world s 192 countries, including the new nation of East Timor. In addition, the autonomous island of Taiwan and the continent of Antarctica have their own entries, as do 13 dependencies: Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, French Guiana, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Smaller, less populated, and more remote dependencies, such as the Cook Islands, Palmyra Atoll, and Svalbard, are discussed in the entries of their parent states. Although all countries and dependencies are described in detail, entries can vary greatly in length. This is often due to the obvious reason that some countries are much larger than others. However, countries with particularly complicated geography, such as Nepal, may have longer entries than much larger countries with fewer outstanding features, such as Libya. Countries with a large number of dependencies, such as France or the United Kingdom, also have longer entries than comparably sized countries. Names and Measurements Geography is an imprecise science. Knowledgeable experts, most of whom have lived, worked, or studied extensively in the countries about which they wrote, prepared the entries for this new edition of Geo-Data. Gale editors have relied on authoritative sources such as Merriam Webster s Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., The World Factbook 2001 of the CIA, The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, and the statistics and geographic divisions of the United Nations and various countries to check our facts. However, the reader should be aware that it is difficult if not impossible to measure exactly such large and irregular features as mountains, lakes, and rivers. Even authoritative sources often vary slightly in their information. Population information can be even more difficult to determine accurately, as many countries do not mea- ix

Preface sure this scientifically and on a regular basis. While basic population statistics are present in every entry, detailed tables and other breakdowns are present only in those entries for which accurate and reasonably current information was available. It is common for a single geographical feature or country to be called by many different names, depending on the source and context. In Geo-Data we have attempted to use the names that will be most familiar to the majority of our readers. These are most commonly English-language names, but widely used names in other languages and names which have no English equivalent also appear frequently. In addition, the reader will often find alternative names for the same feature given in parentheses after it is first mentioned in the text. In the case of country and dependency names, the editors have again opted for using the most easily recognized versions of their names. Thus the reader will find Brazil under B, not under F for Federative Republic of Brazil or R for República Federative do Brasil. Full, formal, names are used with the two Congos and the two Koreas, but these countries still appear under C and K, respectively. When discussing geography it is impossible to avoid controversy. There are many regions around the world whose ownership is disputed, sometimes violently. Although Gale does not support or seek to legitimize the views of any of the parties of these disputes, for the sake of completeness it was necessary to include these disputed regions in one entry or another. The editors have chosen to discuss disputed regions within the entries of the countries that physically control them, while at the same time carefully noting in those entries that the region is claimed by other countries and its status is not determined. Thus the West Bank can be found under Israel, Jammu and Kashmir within the entries on India and Pakistan, and Taiwan in its own separate entry. How Each Profile is Organized Geo-Data s 207 entries are organized alphabetically. All entries follow the same basic structure, beginning with a collection of Key Facts. The purpose of the Key Facts is to gather together in one easy to find place the basic information about each country that readers most often need. These facts always include a country s: area (total and ranked relative to other entries), location relative to the rest of the world, coordinates, border length (overall and with individual countries), coastline length, territorial seas, highest point, lowest point, population (total and ranked relative to other entries), largest city, and capital city. When available and applicable, the longest distances across the country, its longest river, and its largest lake are also provided. Following the Key Facts are eight rubrics. First, the overall geography and geology of the country is described in the Overview. Next, Mountains and Hills describes the major elevations of the country. Inland Waterways then describes the country s lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The Coast, Islands, and the Ocean gives information on the bodies of water that border on the country, the country's coasts, and its major islands. Climate and Vegetation describes the country s temperature and rainfall patterns, as well as its forests, grasslands, deserts, and other ground cover. Human Population outlines the major concentrations of people in the country. Then Natural Resources identifies the most important resources found within the country. Finally, the Further Readings rubric gives an interested reader suggestions on where to find more information. All eight rubrics appear in every entry, in the order given above, making it easy to navigate within entries and to compare information across countries. Entries are written as a narrative, so the reader looking for the complete picture on a country should find the entire entry an enjoyable read. Rubrics are clearly denoted in the text, however, so a reader looking for specific information can find it easily. Throughout the text, major features are identified by name, and their height, length, or other dimensions are provided whenever possible, both in imperial and metric units. Sidebars highlight particularly unusual and interesting facts. Geo-Data s entries are greatly enhanced by their maps. Every entry in the book includes a relief map. These maps were created specifically for their entries and give the user an extremely detailed view of the geography they are reading about. Since they were created especially for Geo-Data, the reader can be assured that all but the smallest of features mentioned in the text also appear on the map. In addition to the maps, most entries feature one or two tables. These tables list the country's largest cities and their populations and the country's provinces, their capitals, area, and populations. Additional Features Readers looking for comparative information on the world's most remarkable features will find the World Rankings Appendix useful. The 19 tables in this section include lists of the world s tallest mountains by continent and country; the world s longest borders; the world s largest bays and gulfs; the world s tallest volcanoes; the world s deepest oceans; and much more. Geo-Data s exhaustive subject index can help the reader find more information in the text on these and other features. A glossary is also provided, for those readers who are unfamiliar with some of the terms used throughout the book. Acknowledgements Earlier edition of Geo-Data were produced by George Kurian and associates, and distributed by Gale. Gale x

Preface thanks Mr. Kurian entrusting us with Geo-Data and allowing us to continue his excellent work. Many assisted Gale in producing Geo-Data, for which Gale thank s them. Eastword Publications, Inc., of Cleveland, OH, contributed most of the research and writing required for the book s text and tables, as well as typesetting the book. Their many contributors are acknowledged below, but Gale would like to give special thanks to Eastword s Susan Gall. All maps appearing in Geo-Data were created by XNR Productions of Madison, WI (Tanya Buckingham, Jon Daugherity, Laura Exner, Paul Exner, Andy Grosvold, Cory Johnson, Rob McCaleb, and Paula Robbins). Copyediting support was provided by Cathy Dybiec Holm, John Krol, Christopher Rollo Romig, and Carrie Snyder. The index was prepared by Synapse Corporation of Franktown, CO. Contributors T. Anne Dabb Karen Ellicott Susan Gall Robert J. Groelsema, Ph.D. Jim Henry Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D. Tara Hohne Hendrick Isengingo Sarah Kunz David H. Long Daniel Lucas John McCoy Edith Mirante Christine Sciulli Jeanne Marie Stumpf, Ph.D. Michelle Tackla Max White Rosalie Wieder We Welcome Your Suggestions Gale appreciates your comments and suggestions. Please direct all correspondence to: Editor Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia Gale Group 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331 3535 xi

WORLD RANKINGS APPENDIX Continents by area Rank Continent Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 1 Asia 17,139,445 44,391,162 2 Africa 11,677,239 30,244,049 3 North America 9,361,791 24,247,039 4 South America 6,880,706 17,821,029 5 Antarctica 5,500,000 14,245,000 6 Europe 3,997,929 10,345,636 7 Australia 2,967,909 7,686,884 Islands by area All measurements are approximate Rank Island Continent Body of water Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 1 Greenland N. America Atlantic Ocean 840,000 2,175,600 2 New Guinea Oceania Pacific Ocean 305,000 790,000 3 Borneo Asia South China Sea 285,000 737,000 4 Madagascar Africa Indian Ocean 226,657 587,040 5 Baffin N. America Baffin Bay 196,000 507,000 6 Sumatra Asia Andaman Sea 164,000 425,000 7 Honshu Asia Pacific Ocean 88,000 228,000 8 Great Britain Europe North Sea 84,400 219,000 9 Victoria N. America Viscount Melville 83,900 217,000 Sound 10 Ellesmere N. America Arctic Ocean 75,800 196,000 11 Sulawesi (Celebes) Asia Celebes Sea 67,400 174,000 12 South Island (New Oceania Pacific Ocean 58,200 151,000 Zealand) 13 Java Asia Indian Ocean 50,000 129,000 14 North Island (New Oceania Pacific Ocean 44,200 114,000 Zealand) 15 Newfoundland N. America Atlantic Ocean 42,000 109,000 16 Cuba N. America Caribbean Sea 40,500 105,000 17 Luzon Asia Pacific Ocean 40,400 105,000 18 Iceland Europe Atlantic Ocean 39,769 103,000 19 Mindanao Asia Pacific Ocean 36,500 94,600 20 Ireland Europe Atlantic Ocean 32,500 84,100 21 Hokkaido Asia Pacific Ocean 30,100 78,000 22 Sakhalin Asia Sea of Okhotsk 29,500 76,400 23 Hispaniola N. America Atlantic Ocean 29,200 75,600 24 Banks N. America Arctic Ocean 27,000 70,000 25 Sri Lanka Asia Indian Ocean 25,332 65,610 26 Tasmania Australia Indian Ocean 24,900 64,400 27 Devon N. America Baffin Bay 21,300 55,200 28 Novaya Zemlya Europe North Kara Sea 18,900 48,900 29 Grande de Tierra del S. America Atlantic Ocean 18,700 48,400 Fuego [continued] Islands by area All measurements are approximate Rank Island Continent Body of water 30 Marajo S. America Atlantic Ocean 18,500 48,000 31 Alexander Antarctica Bellingshausen Sea 16,700 43,200 32 Axel Heiberg N. America Arctic Ocean 16,700 43,200 33 Melville N. America Viscount Melville 16,300 42,100 Sound 34 Southampton N. America Husdon Bay 15,900 41,200 35 West Spitsbergen Europe Arctic Ocean 15,300 39,500 36 New Britain Oceania Bismarck Sea 14,600 37,800 37 Taiwan Asia Pacific Ocean 13,892 35,980 38 Kyushu Asia Pacific Ocean 13,800 35,700 39 Hainan Asia South China Sea 13,100 34,000 40 Prince of Wales N. America Viscount Melville 12,900 33,300 Sound 41 Novaya Zemlya Europe Barents Sea 12,800 33,300 42 Vancouver N. America Pacific Ocean 12,100 31,300 43 Timor Asia Timor Sea 10,200 26,300 44 Sicily Europe Mediterranean 9,810 25,400 45 Somerset N. America Lancaster Sound 9,570 24,800 46 Sardinia Europe Mediterranean 9,190 23,800 47 Bananal S. America Araguaia River 7,720 20,000 48 Halmahera Asia Molucca Sea 6,950 18,000 49 Shikoku Asia Pacific Ocean 6,860 17,800 50 Ceram Asia Banda Sea 6,620 17,200 51 New Caledonia Oceania Coral Sea 6,470 16,700 52 Bathurst N. America Viscount Melville 6,190 16,000 Sound 53 Prince Patrick N. America Arctic Ocean 6,120 15,800 54 North East Land Europe Barents Sea 5,790 15,000 55 Flores Asia Flores Sea 5,520 14,300 56 Oktyabrskoy Asia Arctic Ocean 5,470 14,170 Revolyutsii 57 Sumbawa Asia Indian Ocean 5,160 13,400 58 King William N. America Queen Maud Gulf 5,060 13,100 59 Samar Asia Pacific Ocean 5,050 13,100 60 Negros Asia Sulu Sea 4,900 12,700 61 Palawan Asia South China Sea 4,550 11,800 62 Kotelnyy Asia Arctic Ocean 4,500 11,700 63 Panay Asia Sulu Sea 4,450 11,500 64 Bangka Asia Java Sea 4,370 11,320 65 Ellef Ringnes N. America Arctic Ocean 4,360 11,300 66 Bolshevik Asia Arctic Ocean 4,350 11,270 67 Sumba Asia Indian Ocean 4,310 11,200 68 Bylot N. America Baffin Bay 4,270 11,100 69 Jamaica N. America Caribbean Sea 4,243 10,990 70 Dolak Asia Arafura Sea 4,160 10,800 71 Hawaii Oceania Pacific Ocean 4,040 10,500 72 Viti Levu Oceania Pacific Ocean 4,010 10,400 73 Cape Breton N. America Atlantic Ocean 3,980 10,300 [continued] Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 613

World Rankings Appendix Islands by area All measurements are approximate Rank Island Continent Body of water 74 Bougainville Oceania Pacific Ocean 3,880 10,000 75 Mindoro Asia South China Sea 3,760 9,730 76 Prince Charles N. America Foxe Basin 3,680 9,520 77 Kodiak N. America Pacific Ocean 3,670 9,510 78 Cyprus Asia Mediterranean 3,571 9,250 79 Komsomolets Asia Arctic Ocean 3,480 9,010 80 Buru Asia Banda Sea 3,470 9,000 81 Corsica Europe Mediterranean 3,370 8,720 82 Puerto Rico N. America Atlantic Ocean 3,350 8,680 83 New Ireland Oceania Pacific Ocean 3,340 8,650 84 Disco N. America Davis Strait 3,310 8,580 85 Chiloe S. America Pacific Ocean 3,240 8,390 86 Crete Europe Mediterranean 3,190 8,260 87 Anticosti N. America Gulf of St. Lawrence 3,070 7,940 88 Wrangel Asia Chukchi Sea 2,820 7,300 89 Leyte Asia Visayan Sea 2,780 7,210 90 Zealand Europe Baltic Sea 2,710 7,020 91 Cornwallis N. America Barrow Strait 2,700 7,000 92 Wellington S. America Trinidad Gulf 2,610 6,750 93 Iturup (Etorofu) Asia Pacific Ocean 2,600 6,720 94 Prince of Wales N. America Pacific Ocean 2,590 6,700 95 Graham N. America Pacific Ocean 2,460 6,360 96 East Falkland S. America Atlantic Ocean 2,440 6,310 97 Melville Asia Timor Sea 2,400 6,220 98 Novaya Sibir Asia East Siberian Sea 2,390 6,200 99 Kerguelen Antarctica Indian Ocean 2,320 6,000 100 Andros N. America Grand Bahama Bank 2,300 5,960 101 Prince Edward N. America Gulf of St. Lawrence 2,180 5,660 Island 102 Bali Asia Indian Ocean 2,170 5,620 103 Guadalcanal Oceania Solomon Sea 2,170 5,630 104 Vanua Levu Oceania Pacific Ocean 2,140 5,530 105 Coats N. America Hudson Bay 2,120 5,500 106 Santa Ines S. America Pacific Ocean 2,120 5,500 107 Lombok Asia Indian Ocean 2,100 5,430 108 Chicagof N. America Gulf of Alaska 2,080 5,400 109 Madura Asia Java Sea 2,040 5,290 110 Amund Ringnes N. America Peary Channel 2,030 5,260 111 MacKenzie King N. America Hazen Strait 1,950 5,050 Island 112 Edge Europe Barents Sea 1,940 5,030 113 Faddeyevskiy Asia Arctic Ocean 1,930 5,000 114 Espiritu Santo Asia Coral Sea 1,930 5,000 115 Caviana S. America Atlantic Ocean 1,920 4,970 116 Grande de Gurupa S. America Amazon River 1,880 4,860 117 Vendsyssel -Thy Europe Skagerrak 1,810 4,680 118 Malaita Oceania Pacific Ocean 1,750 4,530 119 Long N. America Atlantic Ocean 1,723 4,462 120 Kangaroo Australia Indian Ocean 1,680 4,350 121 West Falkland S. America Atlantic Ocean 1,680 4,350 122 Hoste S. America Pacific Ocean 1,590 4,110 123 Santa Isabel Oceania Pacific Ocean 1,550 4,010 124 Berkner Antarctica Weddell Sea 1,500 3,880 125 Isabela S. America Pacific Ocean 1,450 3,760 126 South Georgia S. America Atlantic Ocean 1,450 3,760 127 Euboea Europe Aegean Sea 1,410 3,650 128 Majorca Europe Mediterranean 1,400 3,630 129 Makira (San Oceania Pacific Ocean 1,350 3,500 Cristóbal) 130 Vaygach Europe Kara Sea 1,310 3,380 131 Adelaide Antarctica Bellingshausen Sea 1,270 3,300 132 Waigeo Asia Pacific Ocean 1,250 3,250 133 Kolguyev Europe Barents Sea 1,240 3,200 134 Riesco S. America Strait of Magellan 1,200 3,110 135 Gotland Europe Baltic Sea 1,160 3,000 136 Fyn Europe Baltic Sea 1,150 2,980 137 Zemlya Georga Europe Barents Sea 1,120 2,900 138 Zemlya Aleksandry Europe Barents Sea 1,080 2,800 139 Manitoulin N. America Lake Huron 1,068 2,766 140 Sarema Europe Baltic Sea 1,030 2,680 141 Magdalena S. America Moraleda Channel 998 2,580 142 Reunion Africa Indian Ocean 970 2,512 143 Navarino S. America Nassau Bay 955 2,470 144 Ross Antarctica Ross Sea 888 2,300 145 Clarence S. America Strait of Magellan 863 2,240 146 Hinn Europe Norwegian Sea 849 2,200 147 Bioko Africa Bight of Bonny 779 2,020 148 Charcot Antarctica Bellingshausen Sea 772 2,000 [continued] Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) Islands by area All measurements are approximate Rank Island Continent Body of water 149 Tenerife Africa Atlantic Ocean 745 1,930 150 Mauritius Africa Indian Ocean 720 1,860 151 Skye Europe Sea of the Hebrides 643 1,670 152 Fuerte Ventura Africa Atlantic Ocean 642 1,663 153 Zanzibar Africa Indian Ocean 640 1,656 154 Lesbos Europe Aegean Sea 629 1,630 155 Gran Canaria Africa Atlantic Ocean 592 1,530 156 Mexiana S. America Atlantic Ocean 592 1,530 157 Sao Luis S. America Atlantic Ocean 465 1,200 158 Grande Comore Africa Indian Ocean 443 1,147 159 Sao Tiago Africa Atlantic Ocean 384 995 160 Pemba Africa Indian Ocean 380 984 161 Santa Cruz S. America Pacific Ocean 358 927 162 Margarita S. America Pacific Ocean 355 920 163 Dahlac Africa Red Sea 347 900 164 São Tomé Africa Gulf of Guinea 330 854 165 Lanzarote Africa Atlantic Ocean 302 782 166 Santo Antao Africa Atlantic Ocean 302 782 167 Madeira Africa Atlantic Ocean 286 741 168 La Palma Africa Atlantic Ocean 256 662 169 Fernandina S. America Pacific Ocean 253 655 170 Boa Vista Africa Atlantic Ocean 239 620 171 San Salvador S. America Pacific Ocean 199 515 172 Djerba Africa Gulf of Gabes 197 510 173 San Cristobal S. America Pacific Ocean 185 480 174 Fogo Africa Atlantic Ocean 184 476 175 Nzwani Africa Mozambique 164 424 Channel 176 Mayotte Africa Mozambique Channel 144 374 Oceans and seas by area All measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand Rank Name Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 1 Pacific Ocean 60,060,000 155,557,000 2 Atlantic Ocean 29,638,000 76,762,000 3 Indian Ocean 26,469,000 68,556,000 4 Southern Ocean 7,848,000 20,327,000 5 Arctic Ocean 5,427,000 14,056,000 6 Coral Sea 1,850,000 4,791,000 7 Arabian Sea 1,492,000 3,864,000 8 South China Sea (Nan Hai) 1,423,000 3,685,000 9 Weddell Sea 1,080,000 2,796,000 10 Caribbean Sea 1,063,000 2,753,000 11 Mediterranean Sea 971,000 2,515,000 12 Tasman Sea 900,000 2,331,000 13 Bering Sea 890,000 2,305,000 14 Bay of Bengal 839,000 2,173,000 15 Sea of Okhotsk 614,000 1,590,000 16 Gulf of Mexico 596,000 1,544,000 17 Gulf of Guinea 592,000 1,533,000 18 Barents Sea 542,000 1,405,000 19 Norwegian Sea 534,000 1,383,000 20 Gulf of Alaska 512,000 1,327,000 21 Hudson Bay 476,000 1,233,000 22 Greenland Sea 465,000 1,205,000 23 Bellinghausen Sea 430,000 1,110,000 24 Amundsen Sea 400,000 1,036,000 25 Arafura Sea 400,000 1,036,000 26 Philippine Sea 400,000 1,036,000 27 Sea of Japan 378,000 979,000 28 Mozambique Channel 376,000 975,000 29 Ross Sea 370,000 958,000 30 East Siberian Sea 361,000 936,000 31 Scotia Sea 347,000 900,000 32 Kara Sea 341,000 883,000 33 Labrador Sea 309,000 800,000 34 East China Sea (Dong Hai / Tung Hai) 290,000 752,000 35 Solomon Sea 278,000 720,000 36 Laptev Sea 270,000 700,000 [continued] Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 614

World Rankings Appendix Oceans and seas by area All measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand Rank Name Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 37 Baffin Bay 268,000 695,000 38 Banda Sea 268,000 695,000 39 Drake Passage 240,000 620,000 40 Timor Sea 237,000 615,000 41 Andaman Sea 232,000 601,000 42 North Sea 232,000 601,000 43 Davis Strait 230,000 596,000 44 Chukchi Sea 225,000 582,000 45 Great Australian Bight 187,000 484,000 46 Beaufort Sea 184,000 476,000 47 Celebes Sea 182,000 472,000 48 Black Sea 178,000 461,000 49 Red Sea 175,000 453,000 50 Java Sea 167,000 433,000 51 Sulu Sea 162,000 420,000 52 Yellow Sea (Huang Hai) 161,000 417,000 53 Baltic Sea 147,000 382,000 54 Gulf of Carpentaria 120,000 310,000 55 Molucca Sea 119,000 307,000 56 Persian Gulf 93,000 241,000 57 Gulf of Thailand 92,000 239,000 58 Gulf of St. Lawrence 92,000 239,000 59 Bismarck Sea 87,000 225,000 60 Gulf of Aden 85,000 220,000 61 Makassar Strait 75,000 194,000 62 Ceram Sea 72,000 187,000 Ocean trenches by depth Rank Name Ocean Depth (ft) Depth (m) 6 Kuril Trench Pacific 34,678 10,577 7 New Britain Trench Pacific 31,657 9,655 8 Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic 31,037 9,466 9 Bonin Trench Pacific 29,816 9,094 10 Japan Trench Pacific 29,157 8,893 11 South Sandwich Trench Atlantic 28,406 8,664 12 Palau Trench Pacific 27,972 8,531 13 Peru-Chile Trench Pacific 27,687 8,445 14 Yap Trench Pacific 27,552 8,403 15 Aleutian Trench Pacific 26,775 8,166 16 Roanche Gap Atlantic 26,542 8,095 17 Cayman Trench Atlantic 26,519 8,088 18 New Hebrides Trench Pacific 25,971 7,921 19 Ryukyu Trench Pacific 25,597 7,807 20 Java Trench Indian 24,744 7,547 21 Diamantina Trench Indian 24,249 7,396 22 Mid America Trench Pacific 22,297 6,801 23 Brazil Basin Atlantic 22,274 6,794 24 Ob Trench Indian 21,785 6,644 25 Vema Trench Indian 19,482 5,942 26 Agulhas Basin Indian 19,380 5,911 27 Ionian Basin Mediterranean 17,306 5,278 28 Eurasia Basin Arctic 16,122 4,917 Rivers by length All measurements are approximate World Rankings Bays, gulfs, inlets and passages by area All measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand Rank Name Continent Country Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 1 Bay of Bengal Asia India/Myanmar/Sri 839,000 2,173,000 Lanka 2 Gulf of Mexico N. America U.S.A./Cuba/Mexico 596,000 1,544,000 3 Gulf of Guinea Africa Cameroon/Nigeria/ 592,000 1,533,000 Equatorial Guinea 4 Gulf of Alaska N. America U.S.A./Canada 512,000 1,327,000 5 Hudson Bay N. America Canada 476,000 1,233,000 6 Baffin Bay N. America Greenland/Canada 268,000 695,000 7 Great Australia Australia Australia 187,000 484,000 Bight 8 Gulf of Australia Australia 120,000 310,000 Carpentaria 9 Persian Gulf Asia Bahrain/Iran/Qatar/ 93,000 240,000 Saudi Arabia/U.A.E. 10 Gulf of St. N. America Canada 93,000 240,000 Lawrence 11 Gulf of Thailand Asia Cambodia/Thailand 92,000 239,000 12 Gulf of Aden Asia and Africa Somalia/Yemen 85,000 220,000 13 Gulf of Oman Asia Iran/U.A.E/Oman 70,000 181,000 14 Gulf of California N. America Mexico 62,000 161,000 15 Gulf of Tonkin Asia Vietnam/China 45,000 117,000 16 Gulf of Bothnia Europe Finland/Sweden 45,000 117,000 17 Bight of Benin Africa Benin 26,000 67,000 18 Strait of Malacca Asia Malaysia/Indonesia 25,000 65,000 19 Gulf of Boothia N. America Canada 23,000 60,000 20 Amundsen Gulf N. America Canada 23,000 60,000 21 Gulf of Finland Europe Finland/Estonia 12,000 30,000 Ocean trenches by depth Rank Name Ocean Depth (ft) Depth (m) 1 Mariana Trench Pacific 38,635 11,784 2 Philippine Trench Pacific 37,720 11,505 3 Tonga Trench Pacific 37,166 11,336 4 Izu Trench Pacific 36,850 11,239 5 Kermadec Trench Pacific 34,728 10,592 [continued] Rank Name Continent Country Length (mi) Length (km) 1 Nile Africa Egypt, Sudan, Uganda 4,160 6,693 2 Amazon S. America Brazil, Colombia, Peru, 3,900 6,280 Venezuela 3 Mississippi- N. America U.S.A. 3,860 6,211 Missouri 4 Chang Jiang Asia China 3,434 5,525 (Yangtze or Yangtse) 5 Ob'-Irtysh Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 3,335 5,380 6 Paraná S. America Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay 3,030 4,870 7 Huang He Asia China 2,903 4,671 (Huang-ho or Yellow) 8 Irtysh Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 2,760 4,441 9 Lena Asia Russia 2,734 4,400 10 Amur Asia China, Russia 2,719 4,350 11 Congo (Zaire) Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of the 2,700 4,344 Congo, Rep. of the Congo 12 Mackenzie N. America Canada 2,635 4,290 13 Mekong Asia Cambodia, China, Laos, 2,600 4,200 Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam 14 Niger Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, Niger, 2,594 4,184 Nigeria 15 Yenisey Asia Russia 2,566 4,129 16 Missouri N. America U.S.A. 2,466 3,968 17 Mississippi N. America U.S.A. 2,348 3,787 18 Volga Europe Russia 2,293 3,689 19 Ob' Asia Russia 2,270 3,650 20 Euphrates Asia Iraq, Syria, Turkey 2,235 3,596 21 Purus S. America Brazil, Peru 2,100 3,380 22 Madeira S. America Brazil 2,013 3,241 23 Lower Asia Russia 2,000 3,220 Tunguska 24 Indus Asia Pakistan 1,988 3,200 25 São Francisco S. America Brazil 1,988 3,199 26 Yukon N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,980 3,180 27 Rio Grande N. America Mexico, U.S.A. 1,885 3,034 28 Brahmaputra Asia Bangladesh, China, India 1,800 2,900 (Jamuna) 29 Danube Europe Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, 1,775 2,857 Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia 30 Salween Asia China, Myanmar 1,770 2,849 [continued] 615

World Rankings Appendix Rivers by length All measurements are approximate Rank Name Continent Country Length (mi) Length (km) 31 Darling Australia Australia 1,702 2,739 32 Tocantins S. America Brazil 1,677 2,698 33 Nelson N. America Canada 1,660 2,671 34 Vilyuy Asia Russia 1,650 2,650 35 Zambezi Africa Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe 1,650 2,650 36 Murray Australia Australia 1,609 2,589 37 Paraguay S. America Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay 1,584 2,549 38 Amu Dar'ya Asia Afghanistan, Tajikistan, 1,580 2,540 Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 39 Kolyma Asia Russia 1,562 2,513 40 Ganges Asia Bangladesh, India 1,560 2,510 41 Ishim Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,520 2,450 42 Ural Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,510 2,430 43 Japurá S. America Brazil, Colombia 1,500 2,414 44 Arkansas N. America U.S.A. 1,460 2,350 45 Colorado N. America U.S.A. 1,450 2,330 46 Dnieper Europe Belarus, Russia, Ukraine 1,420 2,290 47 Negro S. America Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela 1,400 2,250 48 Ubangi Africa Central African Rep., Dem. 1,400 2,253 Rep. of the Congo, Rep. of the Congo 49 Aldan Asia Russia 1,390 2,240 50 Columbia- N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,390 2,240 Snake 51 Syr Dar'ya Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, 1,370 2,200 Uzbekistan 52 Araguaia S. America Brazil 1,366 2,198 53 Olenek Asia Russia 1,350 2,170 54 Irrawaddy Asia Myanmar 1,350 2,170 55 Kasai Africa Angola, Dem. Rep of the 1,338 2,153 Congo 56 Ohio- N. America U.S.A. 1,310 2,109 Allegheny 57 Tarim Asia China 1,300 2,090 58 Orange Africa Lesotho, Namibia, South 1,300 2,090 Africa 59 Orinoco S. America Venezuela 1,281 2,061 60 Shabeelle Africa Ethiopia, Somalia 1,250 2,011 61 Xingu S. America Brazil 1,230 1,979 62 Columbia N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,214 1,953 63 Mamoré S. America Bolivia 1,200 1,931 64 Tigris Asia Iraq, Turkey 1,180 1,900 65 Northern Europe Russia 1,160 1,870 Dvina 66 Don Europe Russia 1,153 1,860 67 Angara Asia Russia 1,151 1,852 68 Kama Europe Russia 1,120 1,800 69 Indigirka Asia Russia 1,112 1,789 70 Pechora Europe Russia 1,112 1,789 71 Limpopo Africa Botswana, South Africa, 1,100 1,770 Mozambique 72 Salado S. America Argentina 1,110 1,770 73 Guaporé S. America Bolivia, Brazil 1,087 1,749 74 Tobol Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,042 1,677 75 Snake N. America U.S.A. 1,038 1,670 76 Red N. America U.S.A. 1,018 1,638 77 Sénégal Africa Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, 1,015 1,663 Senegal 78 Churchill N. America Canada 1,000 1,613 79 Jubba Africa Ethiopia, Somalia 1,000 1,613 80 Okavango Africa Angola, Botswana 1,000 1,613 81 Pilcomayo S. America Argentina, Bolivia, 1,000 1,613 Paraguay 82 Uruguay S. America Uruguay 1,000 1,613 83 Volta Africa Burkina Faso, Ghana 992 1,600 Rivers by drainage area In thousands of sq mi and sq km. All measurements are approximate Drainage Drainage Rank Name Continent Country basin (sq mi) basin (sq km) 1 Amazon S. America Brazil, Colombia, Peru, 2,375 6,150 Venezuela 2 Congo (Zaire) Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of 1,476 3,822 the Congo, Rep. of the Congo 3 Nile Africa Egypt, Sudan 1,293 3,349 4 Mississippi N. America U.S.A. 1,247 3,230 5 Paraná S. America Argentina, Brazil 1,197 3,100 Paraguay 6 Ob'-Irtysh Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,154 2,990 7 Yenisey Asia Russia 996 2,580 8 Lena Asia Russia 961 2,490 9 Niger Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, 808 2,092 Niger, Nigeria 10 Amur (Hei-lung Asia China, Russia 716 1,855 chiang or Heilong Jiang) 11 Chang Jiang Asia China 705 1,827 (Yangtze or Yangtse) 12 Mackenzie N. America Canada 690 1,787 13 Saint Lawrence N. America Canada, U.S.A. 550 1,424 14 Volga Europe Russia 525 1,360 15 Zambezi Africa Angola, Mozambique, 514 1,331 Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe 16 Madeira S. America Brazil 463 1,200 17 Indus Asia Pakistan 450 1,165 18 Nelson N. America Canada 437 1,132 19 Shatt al-arab* Asia Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey 427 1,105 20 Paraguay S. America Argentina, Paraguay 425 1,100 21 Murray Australia Australia 408 1,057 22 Negro (Guainía) S. America Brazil 386 1,000 23 Ganges Asia Bangladesh, India 368 952 24 Kasai Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of 349 904 the Congo 25 Orinoco S. America Venezuela 340 880 26 Orange Africa Lesotho, Namibia, 330 855 South Africa 27 Yukon N. America Canada, U.S.A. 328 850 28 Para S. America Brazil 323 836 29 Danube Europe Austria, Bulgaria, 315 816 Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia 30 Mekong Asia Cambodia, China, Laos, 313 811 Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam 32 Okavango Africa Angola, Botswana 303 78531 Salado N. America Argentina 309 800 33 Ubangi Africa Central African Rep., 298 773 Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Rep. of the Congo 34 Huang He (Huangho Asia China 297 771 or Yellow) 35 Ob' Asia Russia 295 765 36 Aldan Asia Russia 281 729 37 Shari Africa Cameroon, Chad 270 700 38 Columbia N. America Canada, U.S.A. 258 668 39 Kolyma Asia Russia 248 648 40 Colorado N. America Mexico, U.S.A. 247 640 41 São Francisco S. America Brazil 241 623 42 Guapore (Iténez) S. America Bolivia, Brazil 232 600 43 Brahmaputra Asia Bangladesh 224 580 44 Panjnad Asia India, Pakistan 206 533 45 Ohio-Allegheny N. America U.S.A. 204 528 46 Sungari Asia China 202 524 47 Kama Europe Russia 196 507 48 Dnieper Europe Belarus, Russia, Ukraine 195 504 49 Lower Tunguska Asia Russia 183 473 50 Tapajós S. America Brazil 179 463 51 Volta Africa Burkina Faso, 154 398 Ghana 52 Northern Dvina Europe Russia 138 357 *The Shatt al-arab is the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. 616

World Rankings Appendix Rivers by discharge rate All measurements are approximate Rate River Continent Country Discharge rate (cu ft per sec) Discharge rate (cu m per sec) 1 Amazon S. America Brazil, Colombia, Peru, 6,180,000 175,000 Venezuela 2 Congo (Zaire) Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of 1,377,000 39,000 the Congo 3 Negro (Guainía) S. America Brazil 1,236,000 35,000 4 Chang Jiang Asia China 1,137,000 32,190 (Yangtze or Yangtse) 5 Orinoco S. America Venezuela 890,000 25,200 6 Paraná S. America Argentina, Brazil, 809,000 22,900 Paraguay 7 Madeira S. America Brazil 770,000 21,800 8 Brahmaputra Asia Bangladesh, China, 678,000 19,200 India 9 Yenisey Asia Russia 622,000 17,600 10 Lena Asia Russia 586,000 16,600 11 Mississippi N. America U.S.A. 531,000 15,040 12 Mekong Asia Cambodia, China, 501,000 14,200 Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam 13 Irrawaddy Asia Myanmar 447,000 12,660 14 Zhu (Pearl) Asia China 441,000 12,500 15 Ganges Asia Bangladesh, India 440,000 12,460 16 Ob'-Irtysh Asia Russia 438,000 12,400 17 St. Lawrence N. America Canada, U.S.A. 355,000 10,050 18 Salween Asia Myanmar 353,000 10,000 19 Kasai Africa Rep. of the Congo, 351,000 9,951 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 20 Amur (Hei-lung Asia China, Russia 349,000 9,860 chiang or Heilong Jiang) 21 Mackenzie N. America Canada 316,000 8,940 22 Para S. America Brazil 305,000 8,630 23 Volga Europe Russia 285,000 8,060 24 Magdalena S. America Colombia 283,000 8,000 25 Ohio N. America U.S.A. 272,000 7,710 26 Solo Asia Indonesia 268,000 7,600 27 Ubangi Africa Central African Rep., 265,000 7,500 Rep. of the Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo 28 Zambezi Africa Angola, Mozambique, 250,000 7,070 Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe 29 Caqueta S. America Brazil 247,000 7,000 31 Indus Asia Pakistan 235,000 6,640 32 Yukon N. America Canada, U.S.A. 223,000 6,310 33 Danube Europe Austria, Bulgaria, 221,000 6,250 Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia 34 Araguaia S. America Brazil 217,000 6,140 35 Tapajos-Juruena S. America Brazil 212,000 6,000 36 Niger Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, 201,000 5,700 Niger, Nigeria 37 Uruguay S. America Argentina, Brazil, 194,000 5,490 Uruguay 38 Columbia N. America Canada, U.S.A. 194,000 5,490 39 Branco S. America Brazil 191,000 5,400 40 Aldan Asia Russia 177,000 5,010 41 Putumayo S. America Brazil 177,000 5,010 42 Ob Asia Russia 174,000 4,920 43 Atrato S. America Colombia 173,000 4,900 44 Caroni S. America Venezuela 168,000 4,750 45 Ogooue Africa Gabon 165,000 4,670 46 Fly Asia Papua New Guinea 157,000 4,450 47 Paraguay S. America Argentina, Brazil, 155,000 4,400 Paraguay 48 Chindwin Asia Myanmar 141,000 4,000 48 Jurua S. America Brazil 141,000 4,000 48 Pechora Europe Russia 141,000 4,000 49 Northern Dvina Europe Russia 120,000 3,400 49 Fraser N. America Canada 120,000 3,400 50 Lower Tunguska Asia Russia 117,000 3,300 51 Kama Europe Russia 99,000 2,800 Lakes by area All measurements are approximate Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) Rank Name Continent Country 1 Caspian Sea Asia Azerbaijan, Iran, 143,000 371,000 Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan 2 Superior N. America Canada, U.S.A. 31,820 82,732 3 Victoria Africa Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya 26,828 69,484 4 Aral Sea Asia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan 24,900 64,500 5 Huron N. America Canada, U.S.A. 23,000 59,570 6 Michigan N. America U.S.A. 22,400 58,020 7 Tanganyika Africa Burundi, Dem. Republic 12,700 32,020 of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia 8 Baikal Asia Russia 12,160 31,500 9 Great Bear N. America Canada 12,095 31,328 10 Great Slave N. America Canada 11,030 28,570 11 Erie N. America Canada, U.S.A. 9,920 25,690 12 Winnipeg N. America Canada 9,420 24,390 13 Malawi Africa Malawi, Mozambique, 8,680 22,490 Tanzania, 14 Ontario N. America Canada, U.S.A. 7,440 19,240 15 Balkhash Asia Kazakhstan 7,030 18,200 16 Ladoga Russia Russia 7,000 18,130 17 Maracaibo S. America Venezuela 5,020 13,010 18 Chad Africa Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria 4,000 10,000 10,360 25,900 19 Embalse del Río S. America Uruguay 4,000 10,360 Negro 20 Patos S. America Brazil 3,920 10,153 21 Onega Europe Russia 3,750 9,720 22 Eyre Australia Australia 3,668 9,500 23 Volta Africa Ghana 3,276 8,485 24 Titicaca S. America Bolivia, Peru 3,200 8,288 25 Nicaragua S. America Nicaragua 3,150 8,160 26 Athabasca N. America Canada 3,060 7,940 27 Reindeer N. America Canada 2,570 6,650 28 Smallwood N. America Canada 2,500 6,460 Reservoir 29 Turkana (Rudolf) Africa Ethiopia, Kenya 2,473 6,405 30 Issyk Kul Asia Kyrgyzstan 2,360 6,100 31 Torrens Australia Australia 2,230 5,780 32 Albert Africa Dem. Republic of the 2,160 5,590 Congo, Uganda 33 Vanern Europe Sweden 2,160 5,580 34 Netilling N. America Canada 2,140 5,540 35 Winnipegosis N. America Canada 2,070 5,370 36 Nasser Africa Egypt, Sudan 2,026 5,248 37 Bangweulu Africa Zambia 1,930 5,000 38 Chott el Djerid Africa Tunisia 1,930 5,000 39 Urmia Asia Iran 1,879 4,868 40 Nipigon N. America Canada 1,870 4,850 41 Gairdner Australia Australia 1,840 4,770 42 Manitoba N. America Canada 1,800 4,660 43 Kyoga Africa Uganda 1,710 4,430 44 Khanka Asia China, Russia 1,700 4,400 45 Saimaa Europe Finland 1,700 4,403 46 Mweru Africa Dem. Republic of the 1,680 4,350 Congo 47 Great Salt N. America U.S.A. 1,680 4,350 48 Qinghai (Koko) Asia China 1,625 4,209 49 Woods N. America Canada 1,580 4,100 50 Taymyr Asia Russia 1,540 3,990 51 Nasser Africa Egypt 1,522 3,942 52 Orumiyeh Asia Iran 1,500 3,880 53 Dubawnt N. America Canada 1,480 3,830 54 Van Asia Turkey 1,430 3,710 55 Tana Africa Ethiopia 1,390 3,600 56 Peipus Europe Estonia, Russia 1,386 3,555 57 Uvs Asia Mongolia 1,300 3,366 World Rankings 617

World Rankings Appendix Lakes by depth Rank Lake Continent Country Depth (ft) Depth (m) 1 Baikal Asia Russia 5,315 1,621 2 Tanganyika Africa Burundi, Tanzania, Dem. 4,825 1,471 Republic of the Congo, Zambia 3 Caspian Sea Asia Azerbaijan, Iran, 3,363 1,025 Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan 4 Malawi Africa Malawi, Tanzania, 2,316 706 Mozambique 5 Issyk Kul Asia Kyrgyzstan 2,303 702 6 Great Slave N. America Canada 2,015 614 7 Matana Asia Indonesia 1,936 590 8 Crater N. America U.S.A. 1,932 589 9 Toba Asia Indonesia 1,736 529 10 Hornindals Europe Norway 1,686 514 11 Sarez Asia Tajikistan 1,657 505 12 Tahoe N. America U.S.A. 1,645 501 13 Chelan N. America U.S.A. 1,605 489 14 Kivu Africa Rwanda, Dem. Republic of 1,575 480 the Congo 15 Quesnel N. America Canada 1,560 475 16 Sals Europe Norway 1,522 464 17 Adams N. America Canada 1,500 457 18 Mjøsa Europe Norway 1,473 449 19 Manapuri Oceania New Zealand 1,453 443 20 Poso Asia Indonesia 1,444 440 21 Nahuel Huapi S. America Argentina 1,437 438 22 Dead Sea Asia Israel, Jordan 1,421 433 23 Tazawa Asia Japan 1,394 425 24 Great Bear N. America Canada 1,356 413 25 Como Europe Italy 1,352 412 26 Superior N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,333 406 27 Hawea Asia New Zealand 1,286 392 28 Wakatipu Asia New Zealand 1,240 378 29 Suldals Europe Norway 1,234 376 30 Maggiore Europe Italy, Switzerland 1,221 372 31 Fyres Europe Norway 1,211 369 32 Chilko N. America Canada 1,200 366 33 Pend Oreille N. America U.S.A. 1,200 366 34 Shikotsu Asia Japan 1,191 363 35 Powell N. America Canada 1,174 358 36 Llanquihue S. America Chile 1,148 350 37 Garda Europe Italy 1,135 346 38 Towada Asia Japan 1,096 334 39 Wanaka Asia New Zealand 1,086 325 40 Bandak Europe Norway 1,066 325 41 Telestskoya Asia Russia 1,066 325 42 Eutsuk N. America Canada 1,060 323 43 Atitlan N. America Guatemala 1,050 320 44 Lunde Europe Norway 1,030 314 45 Geneva Europe France, Switzerland 1,017 310 46 Morar Europe Scotland 1,017 310 47 Kurile Asia Russia 1,004 306 48 Walker N. America U.S.A. 1,000 305 49 Titicaca S. America Bolivia, Peru 997 304 50 Argentino S. America Argentina 984 300 51 Iliamna N. America U.S.A. 980 299 52 Tyrifjorden Europe Norway 968 295 53 Lugano Europe Italy, Switzerland 945 288 54 Takla N. America Canada 941 287 55 Ohrid Europe Albania, Yugoslavia 938 286 56 Atlin N. America Canada 930 283 57 Nuyakuk N. America U.S.A. 930 283 58 Michigan N. America U.S.A. 923 285 59 Harrison N. America Canada 916 279 60 Te Anau Oceania New Zealand 906 276 Lakes by volume Rank Lake Continent Country Volume (cu mi) Volume (cu km) 1 Caspian Sea Asia Azerbaijan, Iran, 18,882 78,707 Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan 2 Baikal Asia Russia 5,517 22,995 3 Tanganyika Africa Burundi, Tanzania, 4,391 18,304 Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia 4 Superior N. America Canada, USA 2,921 12,174 5 Malawi Africa Malawi, Tanzania, 1,473 6,140 Mozambique 6 Michigan N. America USA 1,169 4,874 7 Huron N. America Canada, USA 858 3,575 8 Victoria Africa Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 604 2,518 9 Great Bear N. America Canada 550 2,292 10 Great Slave N. America Canada 542 2,258 11 Issyk Kul Asia Kyrgyzstan 420 1,725 12 Ontario N. America Canada, USA 369 1,539 13 Aral Sea Asia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan 348 1,450 14 Ladoga Russia Russia 218 905 15 Titicaca S. America Bolivia, Peru 198 827 16 Erie N. America Canada, USA 111 462 17 Winnipeg N. America Canada 89 370 18 Hovsgol Asia Mongolia 88 367 19 Kivu Africa Rwanda Congo, Dem. 80 333 Republic of 20 Onega Europe Russia 70 285 21 Maracaibo S. America Venezuela 67 280 Glaciers, ice shelves, and related features, by area Only named features are included in this list. All measurements are approximate. Also note that glaciers and similar features can vary in size over time. Rank Name Continent Country Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 1 Antarctic Ice Shelf* Antarctica Antarctica 3,805,235 4,619,957 9,855,570 11,965,700 2 Greenland N. America Greenland 659,087 1,707,038 Ice Sheet 3 Novaya Zemlya Ice Sheet Asia Russia 8,301 9,112 21,500 23,600 4 Prince of Wales Ice N. America Canada 7,247 18,770 Field 5 Mer de Glace Europe Switzerland 6,216 16,100 Agassiz 6 Devon Island N. America Canada 5,019 13,000 Ice Cap 7 Southern Patagonian S. America Argentina-Chile 5,019 13,000 Ice Field 8 Bering Glacier N. America U.S.A. 3,800 9,800 9 Austfonna Ice Cap Europe Svalbard 3,248 8,413 (dependency of Norway) 10 Vatnajökull Ice Cap Europe Iceland 3,166 3,297 8,200 8,538 11 Akaioa Ice Cap N. America Canada 2,799 7,250 12 Malaspina Glacier** N. America U.S.A. 847 3,089 2,195 8,000 13 Barnes Ice Cap N. America Canada 2,292 5,935 14 Bering Glacier N. America Canada-U.S.A. 2,008 5,200 15 Axel Heiberg Island N. America Canada 1,969 5,100 Ice Cap 16 Northern Patagonian S. America Argentina-Chile 1,622 4,200 Ice Field 17 Hubbard Glacier N. America U.S.A. 1,313 3,400 18 Olav V Land Europe Svalbard 1,158 3,000 Ice Field (Norway) 19 Kallstenius Ice Field N. America Greenland 1,050 2,720 20 Vestfonna Ice Cap Europe Svalbard 967 2,505 (Norway) 21 Juneau Icefield N. America U.S.A. 703 1,820 22 Skeidararjökull Europe Iceland 665 1,722 23 Asgardfonna Europe Svalbard 635 1,645 Ice Cap (Norway) 24 Edgeoyjokulen Ice Cap Europe Svalbard (Norway) 512 1,300 [continued] 618

World Rankings Appendix Glaciers, ice shelves, and related features, by area Only named features are included in this list. All measurements are approximate. Also note that glaciers and similar features can vary in size over time. Rank Name Continent Country Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 25 Breidamerkurujökull Europe Iceland 489 1,266.5 26 Glacier Bruggen S. America Argentina-Chile 488 1,265 (Pio XI) 27 Hinlopenbreen Europe Svalbard 482 483 1,248 1,250 (Norway) 28 Negribreen Europe Svalbard 456 1,180 (Norway) 29 Brasvellbreen Europe Svalbard 448 1,160 (Norway) 30 Etonbreen Europe Svalbard 413 440 1,070 1,140 (Norway) 31 Columbia Glacier N. America U.S.A. 422 425 1,093 1,100 32 Siachen Glacier Asia India-Pakistan 386 1,000 33 Langjökull Europe Iceland 368 953 34 Leighbreen Europe Svalbard 357 925 (Norway) 35 Holtedahlfonna and Europe Svalbard 347 900 Isachsenfonna (Norway) 36 Fedchenko Glacier Asia Tajikistan 347 900 37 Nabesna Glacier N. America U.S.A. 316 819 38 Jostedalsbreen Europe Norway 315 815 39 Kvitoyjokulen Europe Svalbard 272 705 (Norway) 40 Stonebreen Europe Svalbard 270 700 (Norway) 41 Myrdals Glacier Europe Iceland 268.3 695 42 Kronebreen Europe Svalbard 267.5 693 (Norway) 43 Taku Glacier Europe Svalbard 259 671 (Norway) 44 Hochstetterbreen Europe Svalbard 224.3 581 Glacier (Norway) 45 Kahiltna Glacier N. America U.S.A. 223.9 580 46 Barentsjokulen Europe Svalbard 220 571 (Norway) 47 Kennicott Glacier N. America U.S.A. 213 551 48 Shokalsky Glacier Asia Kazakhstan- 210.4 545 Kyrgyzstan 49 Balderfonna Europe Svalbard 209.7 543 (Norway) 50 Baird Glacier N. America U.S.A. 205 532 51 Muldrow Glacier N. America U.S.A. 199 516 52 Baltoro Glacier Asia Pakistan 70 181 53 Aletsch Glacier Europe Switzerland 66 171 * Antarctic glaciers are difficult, if not impossible, to list by their surface area, because Antarctica is an effectively continuous ice mass and there is no easy way to determine the boundaries of a given glacier. ** Scientists do not agree on the size of this glacier; area measurements reported reflect the range of research findings as of 2002. Deserts by area All measurements are approximate Rank Name Continent Country Area (sq mi) Area (sq km) 1 Sahara Africa Algeria, Chad, Egypt, 3,475,000 9,000,000 Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, and Tunisia 2 Arabian* Asia Saudi Arabia, 900,000 2,330,000 Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Syria, Iraq 3 Gobi Asia China, Mongolia 500,000 1,300,000 4 Kalahari Africa Botswana, Namibia, 360,000 930,000 South Africa 5 Great Victoria Australia Australia 134,652 348,750 6 Taklimakan Asia China 125,000 320,000 (Takla Makan) 7 Sonoran N. America United States of 120,000 310,000 America, Mexico 8 Kara-Kum Asia Kazakhstan, 115,830 300,000 Turkmenistan 9 Kyzyl Kum Asia Kazakhstan, 115,000 297,850 Uzbekistan 10 Namib Africa Namibia, South 110,000 285,000 Africa 11 Great Sandy Australia Australia 103,185 267,250 12 Somali Africa Somalia 100,000 260,000 13 Thar Asia India, Pakistan 90,000 233,000 14 Tanami Australia Australia 71,235 184,500 15 Atacama S. America Chile, Peru 70,000 180,000 16 Simpson Australia Australia 68,150 176,500 17 Gibson Australia Australia 60,230 156,000 18 Little Sandy Australia Australia 43,050 111,500 * Two deserts are commonly referred to by this name. This entry refers to the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula and not the Arabian Desert of Egypt, which is part of the Sahara. Mountain peaks by height and continent All measurements are approximate. Note that many mountains have multiple peaks, which will appear separately in the table. Elevation Elevation Rank Name Country (ft) (m) Africa 1 Kibo (Mt. Kilimanjaro) Tanzania 19,340 5,895 2 Mawensi (Mt. Kilimanjaro) Tanzania 17,100 5,210 3 Batian (Mt. Kenya) Kenya 17,058 5,203 4 Nelion (Mt. Kenya) Kenya 17,020 5,190 5 Margherita Peak (Mt. Stanley) Dem. Rep. of the Congo, 16,756 5,110 Uganda 6 Alexandra Peak (Mt. Stanley) Dem. Rep. of the Congo, 16,700 5,094 Uganda 7 Albert Peak (Mt. Stanley) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 16,690 5,090 8 Savoia Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,330 4,981 9 Elena Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,300 4,972 10 Elizabeth Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,170 4,932 11 Phillip Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,140 4,923 12 Moebius Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,130 4,920 13 Vittorio Emanuele (Mt. Speke) Uganda 16,040 4,892 14 Ensonga (Mt. Speke) Uganda 15,960 4,868 15 Johnston (Mt. Speke) Uganda 15,860 4,834 16 Edward (Mt. Baker) Uganda 15,890 4,846 17 Umberto (Mt. Emin) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,740 4,798 18 Semper (Mt. Baker) Uganda 15,730 4,795 19 Kraepelin (Mt. Emin) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,720 4,791 20 Iolanda (Mt. Gessi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,470 4,751 21 Bottego (Mt. Gesi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,418 4,699 22 Sella (Mt. Luigi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,178 4,626 23 Ras Deshen Ethiopia 15,157 4,620 24 Weismann (Mt. Luigi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,157 4,620 25 Okusoma (Mt. Luigi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,020 4,578 World Rankings [continued] 619

World Rankings Appendix Mountain peaks by height and continent All measurements are approximate. Note that many mountains have multiple peaks, which will appear separately in the table. Rank Name Country Antarctica 1 Vinson Antarctica 16,860 5,142 2 Tyree Antarctica 16,290 4,968 3 Shinn Antarctica 15,750 4,800 4 Gardner Antarctica 15,370 4,690 5 Epperly Antarctica 15,100 4,600 Asia 1 Everest (Zhumulangma Feng) Nepal, China 29,030 8,850 2 K2 China, Pakistan 28,251 8,611 3 Kanchenjunga India, Nepal 28,169 8,586 4 Lhotse China, Nepal 27,890 8,500 5 Makalu China, Nepal 27,824 8,481 6 Kanchenjunga, south peak India, Nepal 27,800 8,479 7 Kanchenjunga, west peak India, Nepal 27,620 8,424 8 Lhotse Shar China, Nepal 27,500 8,388 9 Dhaulagiri Nepal 26,813 8,172 10 Manslu Nepal 26,775 8,155 11 Cho Oyu China, Nepal 26,750 8,150 12 Nanga Parbat I Pakistan 26,660 8,130 13 Masherbrum I Pakistan 26,610 7,810 14 Annapurna I Nepal 26,500 8,080 15 Gasherbrum I Pakistan 26,470 8,070 16 Broad, highest peak Pakistan 26,400 8,050 17 Gasherbrum II Pakistan 26,360 8,030 18 Gosainthan China 26,290 8,010 19 Broad, middle peak Pakistan 26,250 8,000 20 Gasherbrum III Pakistan 26,090 7,950 21 Annapurna II Nepal 26,040 7,940 22 Gasherbrum IV Pakistan 26,000 7,930 23 Gyachung Kang China, Nepal 25,990 7,927 24 Nanga Parbat II Pakistan 25,950 7,910 25 Kangbachen India, Nepal 25,930 7,909 26 Manslu, east pinnacle Nepal 25,900 7,900 27 Distaghil Sar Pakistan 25,870 7,890 28 Nuptse Nepal 25,850 7,880 29 Himachuh Nepal 25,800 7,860 30 Khiangyang Kish Pakistan 25,760 7,850 31 Ngojumba Ri China, Nepal 25,720 7,847 32 Dakura Nepal 25,710 7,842 33 Masherbrum II Pakistan 25,660 7,826 34 Nanda Devi, west peak India 25,650 7,823 35 Nanga Parbat III Pakistan 25,650 7,823 36 Rakaposhi Pakistan 25,550 7,793 37 Batura Mustagh I Pakistan 25,540 7,790 38 GasherbrumV Pakistan 25,500 7,770 39 Kamet China, India 25,440 7,760 Europe 1 El'brus (Elborus), west peak Russia 18,481 5,633 2 El'brus (Elborus), east peak Russia 18,360 5,590 3 Shkhara Georgia, Russia 17,064 5,205 4 Dykh, west peak Russia 17,050 5,200 5 Dykh, east peak Russia 16,900 5,150 6 Koshtan Russia 16,880 5,148 7 Pushkina Russia 16,730 5,100 8 Kazbek, east peak Georgia 16,526 5,040 9 Dzhangi Georgia 16,520 5,039 10 Katyn Georgia, Russia 16,310 4,975 11 Shota Rustaveli Georgia, Russia 16,270 4,962 12 Mizhirgi, west peak Russia 16,170 4,932 13 Mizhirgi, east peak Russia 16,140 4,923 14 Kundyum-Mizhirgi Russia 16,010 4,880 15 Gestola Georgia, Russia 15,930 4,860 16 Tetnuld Georgia, Russia 15,920 4,850 17 Mont Blanc, main peak France, Italy 15,772 4,810 18 Dzhimariy Georgia 15,680 4,780 19 Adish Georgia, Russia 15,570 4,749 20 Courmayer (Mont Blanc) France, Italy 15,577 4,748 21 Ushba Georgia 15,450 4,710 North America 1 McKinley (Denali), south peak U.S.A. 20,323 6,194 2 Logan, central peak Canada 19,550 5,959 3 Logan, west peak Canada 19,470 5,930 4 McKinley (Denali), north peak U.S.A. 19,470 5,930 5 Logan, east peak Canada 19,420 5,920 6 Pico de Orizaba Mexico 18,701 5,700 [continued] Elevation Elevation (ft) (m) Mountain peaks by height and continent All measurements are approximate. Note that many mountains have multiple peaks, which will appear separately in the table. Elevation Elevation Rank Name Country (ft) (m) 7 Logan, north peak Canada 18,270 5,570 8 Saint Elias U.S.A., Canada 18,010 5,490 9 Popocatepetl Mexico 17,887 5,452 10 Foraker U.S.A. 17,400 5,300 11 Ixtacihuatl Mexico 17,342 5,286 12 Queen Canada 17,300 5,270 13 Lucania Canada 17,150 5,230 14 King Canada 16,970 5,170 15 Steele Canada 16,640 5,070 16 Bona U.S.A. 16,500 5,033 17 Blackburn, highest peak U.S.A. 16,390 5,000 18 Blackburn, southeast peak U.S.A. 16,290 4,968 19 Sanford U.S.A. 16,240 4,950 20 Wood Canada 15,880 4,840 Oceania 1 Puncak Jaya Indonesia 16,503 5,033 2 Daam Indonesia 16,150 4,926 3 Pilimsit Indonesia 15,750 4,800 4 Trikora Indonesia 15,580 4,752 5 Mandala Indonesia 15,420 4,700 6 Wisnumurti Indonesia 15,080 4,590 7 Yamin Indonesia 14,860 4,530 8 Wilhelm Papua New Guinea 14,793 4,509 9 Kubor Papua New Guinea 14,300 4,360 10 Herbert Papua New Guinea 14,000 4,270 South America 1 Aconcagua Argentina 22,835 6,960 2 Ojos del Salado, southeast peak Argentina, Chile 22,573 6,880 3 Bonete Argentina 22,550 6,870 4 Pissis Argentina 22,240 6,780 5 Mercedario Argentina 22,210 6,770 6 Huascarán, south peak Peru 22,204 6,768 7 Llullaillaco Argentina, Chile 22,100 6,730 8 Libertador Argentina 22,050 6,720 9 Ojos del Salado, northwest peak Argentina, Chile 22,050 6,720 10 Tupungato Argentina, Chile 21,900 6,670 11 Gonzalez, highest peak Argentina, Chile 21,850 6,664 12 Huascarán, north peak Peru 21,840 6,661 13 Muerto Argentina, Chile 21,820 6,655 14 Yerupaja, north peak Peru 21,760 6,630 15 Incahuasi Argentina, Chile 21,700 6,610 16 Galan Argentina 21,650 6,600 17 Tres Cruces Argentina, Chile 21,540 6,560 18 Gonzalez, north peak Argentina, Chile 21,490 6,550 19 Sajama Bolivia 21,463 6,542 20 Yerupaja, south peak Peru 21,380 6,510 21 Chimborazo Ecuador 20,681 6,267 Volcanoes by height All measurements are approximate. Rank Name Continent Country Elevation (ft) Elevation (m) 1 Tupungato S. America Chile 22,310 6,800 2 Tipas S. America Argentina 21,845 6,660 3 Cerro el Condor S. America Argentina 21,425 6,532 4 Antofallo S. America Argentina 20,008 6,100 5 Guallatiri S. America Chile 19,882 6,060 6 Lascar S. America Chile 19,652 5,990 7 Cotopaxi S. America Ecuador 19,344 5,896 8 Kilimanjaro Africa Tanzania 19,341 5,895 9 El Misti S. America Peru 19,031 5,801 10 Pico de Orizaba N. America Mexico 18,702 5,700 11 Tolima S. America Colombia 18,425 5,616 12 Popocatépetl N. America Mexico 17,887 5,450 13 Yucamani S. America Peru 17,860 5,444 14 Sangay S. America Ecuador 17,159 5,230 15 Tungurahua S. America Ecuador 16,684 5,085 16 Cotacachi S. America Ecuador 16,250 4,939 17 Purace S. America Colombia 15,604 4,756 [continued] 620

World Rankings Appendix Volcanoes by height All measurements are approximate. Rank Name Continent Country 18 Klyuchevskaya Asia Russia 15,584 4,750 19 Kronotskaya Asia Russia 15,580 4,749 20 Shiveluch Asia Russia 15,580 4,749 21 Pichincha S. America Ecuador 15,173 4,625 22 Karasimbi Africa Dem. Rep. of 14,873 4,507 the Congo 23 Rainier N. America USA 14,410 4,395 24 Wrangell N. America USA (Alaska) 14,163 4,317 25 Colima N. America Mexico 13,993 4,265 26 Tajumulco N. America Guatemala 13,845 4,220 27 Mauna Kea Oceania USA (Hawaii) 13,796 4,205 28 Mauna Loa Oceania USA (Hawaii) 13,680 4,170 29 Cameroon Africa Cameroon 13,353 4,070 30 Tacana N. America Guatemala 13,300 4,053 31 Kerintji Asia Indonesia 12,483 3,805 32 Erebus Antarctica Antarctica 12,448 3,794 33 Fuji Asia Japan 12,388 3,776 34 Fuego N. America Guatemala 12,346 3,763 35 Agua N. America Guatemala 12,307 3,751 36 Rindjani Asia Indonesia 12,224 3,726 37 Pico de Teide Africa Spain (Canary 12,198 3,718 Is.) 38 Tolbachik Asia Russia 12,077 3,682 39 Semeru Asia Indonesia 12,060 3,676 40 Ichinskaya Asia Russia 11,800 3,621 41 Atitlan N. America Guatemala 11,650 3,551 42 Torbert N. America USA (Alaska) 11,450 3,480 43 Nyirangongo Africa Dem. Rep. of 11,365 3,465 the Congo 44 Kroyakskaya Asia Russia 11,336 3,456 45 Irazu S. America Costa Rica 11,260 3,432 46 Slamet Asia Indonesia 11,247 3,428 47 Spurr N. America USA (Alaska) 11,137 3,385 48 Lautaro S. America Chile 11,120 3,380 49 Sumbing Asia Indonesia 11,060 3,371 50 Raung Asia Indonesia 10,932 3,332 51 Etna Europe Italy 10,902 3,323 52 Baker N. America USA 10,778 3,285 53 Lassen N. America USA 10,492 3,187 54 Dempo Asia Indonesia 10,390 3,158 55 Sundoro Asia Indonesia 10,367 3,151 56 Agung Asia Indonesia 10,337 3,142 57 Prahu Asia Indonesia 10,285 3,137 58 Llaima S. America Chile 10,245 3,125 59 Redoubt N. America USA (Alaska) 10,197 3,108 60 Tjiremai Asia Indonesia 10,098 3,078 61 One-Take Asia Japan 10,056 3,067 62 Nyamulagira Africa Dem. Rep. of 10,026 3,056 the Congo 63 Iliamna N. America USA (Alaska) 10,016 3,053 64 Ardjuno-Welirang Asia Indonesia 9,968 3,038 65 San Pedro N. America Guatemala 9,902 3,020 66 Gede Asia Indonesia 9,705 2,958 67 Zhupanovsky Asia Russia 9,705 2,958 68 Apo Asia Philippines 9,692 2,954 69 Merapi Asia Indonesia 9,551 2,911 70 Marapi Asia Indonesia 9,479 2,891 71 Geureudong Asia Indonesia 9,459 2,885 72 Bezymianny Asia Russia 9,449 2,882 73 Shishaldin N. America USA (Alaska) 9,372 2,856 74 Tambora Asia Indonesia 9,350 2,850 75 Villarrica S. America Chile 9,318 2,840 76 Fogo Africa Cape Verde 9,281 2,829 77 Ruapehu Oceania New Zealand 9,175 2,796 78 Peuetsagoe Asia Indonesia 9,115 2,780 79 Paricutin N. America Mexico 9,100 2,775 80 Big Ben Antarctica Heard Island 9,006 2,745 (dependency of Australia) 81 Balbi Oceania Papua New 8,999 2,743 Guinea 82 Avachinskaya Asia Russia 8,987 2,741 83 Melbourne Antarctica Antarctica 8,957 2,732 84 Poas N. America Costa Rica 8,872 2,704 85 Papandajan Asia Indonesia 8,744 2,665 86 Piton de la Faournaise [continued] Africa Reunion (dependency of France) Elevation (ft) Elevation (m) 8,626 2,631 Volcanoes by height All measurements are approximate. Rank Name Continent Country 87 Pacaya N. America Guatemala 8,367 2,552 88 Mt. St. Helens N. America USA 8,366 2,550 89 Asama Asia Japan 8,300 2,530 90 Pavlof N. America USA (Alaska) 8,261 2,518 91 Veniaminof N. America USA (Alaska) 8,220 2,507 92 Mayon Asia Philippines 8,077 2,462 93 Sinabung Asia Indonesia 8,066 2,460 94 Yake Dake Asia Japan 8,049 2,455 95 Tandikat Asia Indonesia 7,993 2,438 96 Canalaon Asia Philippines 7,984 2,435 97 Shoshuenco S. America Chile 7,941 2,422 98 Idjen Asia Indonesia 7,823 2,386 99 Izalco N. America El Salvador 7,828 2,386 100 Karthala Africa Comoros 7,746 2,361 101 Alaid Asia Russia 7,669 2,339 102 Bromo Asia Indonesia 7,636 2,329 103 Griggs N. America USA (Alaska) 7,597 2,317 104 Ulawun Oceania Papua New 7,546 2,300 Guinea 105 Sibajak Asia Indonesia 7,541 2,300 106 Ngauruhoe Oceania New Zealand 7,515 2,291 107 Beerenberg Europe Jan Mayen Is. 7,470 2,277 (dependency of Norway) 108 Guntur Asia Indonesia 7,377 2,249 109 Bamus Oceania Papua New 7,338 2,248 Guinea 110 Puyehue S. America Chile 7,331 2,236 111 Chokai Asia Japan 7,314 2,229 112 Butak Petarangan Asia Indonesia 7,285 2,222 113 Galunggung Asia Indonesia 7,113 2,168 114 Mageik N. America USA (Alaska) 7,098 2,165 115 Douglas N. America USA (Alaska) 7,016 2,140 116 Amburombu Asia Indonesia 6,964 2,124 117 San Miguel N. America El Salvador 6,957 2,120 118 Tokachi Asia Japan 6,814 2,077 119 Chiginagak N. America USA (Alaska) 6,777 2,067 120 Azuma Asia Japan 6,775 2,065 121 Queen Mary's Peak Africa Tristan da Cunha (dependency of the United Kingdom) 6,760 2,060 122 Katmai N. America USA (Alaska) 6,715 2,047 123 Kukak N. America USA (Alaska) 6,688 2,040 124 Makushin N. America USA (Alaska) 6,678 2,035 125 Calbuco S. America Chile 6,567 2,003 126 Pogromni N. America USA (Alaska) 6,564 2,002 127 Niigata Yakeyama Asia Japan 6,557 2,000 128 Tongariro Oceania New Zealand 6,516 1,986 129 Zheltovskaya Asia Russia 6,403 1,953 130 Kaba Asia Indonesia 6,400 1,952 131 Sangeang Api Asia Indonesia 6,390 1,949 132 Nasu Asia Japan 6,289 1,917 133 Rincon de la Vieja S. America Costa Rica 6,282 1,916 134 Hudson S. America Chile 6,246 1,905 135 Trident N. America USA (Alaska) 6,111 1,864 136 Awu Asia Indonesia 6,102 1,860 137 Martin N. America USA (Alaska) 6,098 1,860 138 Soputan Asia Indonesia 5,994 1,827 139 Tiatia Asia Russia 5,964 1,819 140 Manam Oceania Papua New 5,925 1,807 Guinea 141 Tanaga N. America USA (Alaska) 5,921 1,806 142 Siau Asia Indonesia 5,830 1,778 143 El Viejo (San N. America Nicaragua 5,721 1,745 Cristobal) 144 Great Sitkin N. America USA (Alaska) 5,705 1,740 145 Kelud Asia Indonesia 5,679 1,731 146 Cleveland N. America USA (Alaska) 5,672 1,730 147 Batur Asia Indonesia 5,630 1,717 148 Askja Europe Iceland 4,954 1,510 149 La Soufriere N. America Guadeloupe 4,813 1,467 (dependency of France) 150 Lopevi Oceania Vanuatu 4,744 1,447 151 Pelée N. America Martinique (dependency of France) 4,583 1,397 [continued] Elevation (ft) Elevation (m) World Rankings 621

World Rankings Appendix Volcanoes by height All measurements are approximate. Rank Name Continent Country 152 Catarman Asia Philippines 4,367 1,332 153 Vesuvius Europe Italy 4,190 1,277 154 Soufrière S. America St. Vincent and the Grenadines 4,048 1,234 Waterfalls by height All measurements are approximate. If a waterfall has multiple cascades they are listed separately. Rank Name Continent Country Elevation (ft) Height (ft) Elevation (m) Height (m) 1 Angel (upper falls) S. America Venezuela 2,648 807 2 Utigord Europe Norway 2,625 800 3 Monge Europe Norway 2,539 774 4 Mtarazi (Mutarazi) Africa Mozambique, 2,500 760 Zimbabwe 5 Itatinga S. America Brazil 2,060 628 6 Cuquenán (Kukenaam) S. America Guyana, Venezuela 2,000 610 7 Kahiwa N. America U.S.A. (Hawaii) 1,750 533 8 Tysse (Tusse) Europe Norway 1,749 533 9 Maradalsfos Europe Norway 1,696 517 10 Ribbon N. America U.S.A. 1,612 491 11 Roraima S. America Guyana 1,500 457 12 Della N. America Canada 1,445 440 13 Yosemite, Upper N. America U.S.A. 1,430 436 14 Gavarnie Europe France 1,385 422 15 Tugela (highest falls Africa South Africa 1,350 411 in chain) 16 Krimml Europe Austria 1,250 380 17 Silver Strand N. America U.S.A. 1,170 357 18 Basaseachic N. America Mexico 1,020 311 19 Staubbach Europe Switzerland 980 299 20 Vettis Europe Norway 902 275 21 King George VI S. America Guyana 850 260 22 Wallaman Oceania Australia 850 260 23 Takakkaw N. America Canada 838 254 24 Hunlen N. America Canada 830 253 25 Jog (Gersoppa) Asia India 830 253 26 Skykje Europe Norway 820 250 27 Sutherland, Upper Oceania New Zealand 815 248 28 Sutherland, Middle Oceania New Zealand 751 229 29 Kaieteur S. America Guyana 741 226 30 Wollomombi Oceania Australia 726 220 31 Kalambo Africa Tanzania, Zambia 704 215 32 Fairy N. America U.S.A. 700 213 33 Feather N. America U.S.A. 640 195 34 Maletsunyane Africa Lesotho 630 192 35 Bridalveil N. America U.S.A. 620 189 36 Multnomah N. America U.S.A. 620 189 37 Panther N. America Canada 600 183 38 Voringfoss Europe Norway 597 182 39 Nevada N. America U.S.A. 594 181 40 Angel, Lower S. America Venezuela 564 172 41 Augrabies Africa South Africa 480 146 (Aughrabies) 42 Tully Oceania Australia 450 137 43 Helmcken N. America Canada 450 137 44 Nachi Asia Japan 430 131 45 Tequendama S. America Colombia 427 130 46 Bridal Veil N. America Canada 400 122 47 Illilouette N. America U.S.A. 370 113 48 Yosemite, Lower N. America U.S.A. 320 98 49 Twin N. America Canada 260 80 Countries and selected dependencies, by area Rank Country Continent Area (sq mi) Percent of Area world land (sq km) area 1 Russia Asia/Europe 6,592,735 17,075,200 11 2 Antarctica Antarctica 5,405,000 14,000,000 9.4 3 Canada N. America 3,851,788 9,976,140 6.7 4 U.S.A. N. America 3,717,792 9,629,091 6.4 5 China Asia 3,705,386 9,596,960 6.4 6 Brazil S. America 3,286,470 8,511,965 5.7 7 Australia Australia 2,967,893 7,686,850 5.1 8 India Asia 1,269,338 3,287,590 2.3 9 Argentina S. America 1,072,157 2,776,890 1.9 10 Kazakhstan Asia 1,049,150 2,717,300 1.8 11 Sudan Africa 967,493 2,505,810 1.7 12 Algeria Africa 919,590 2,381,740 1.6 13 Congo, Dem. Rep. Africa 905,563 2,345,410 1.6 of the 14 Greenland N. America 840,000 2,175,600 1.5 15 Mexico N. America 761,606 1,972,550 1.3 16 Saudi Arabia Asia 756,984 1,960,582 1.3 17 Indonesia Asia 741,096 1,919,440 1.3 18 Libya Africa 679,358 1,759,540 1.2 19 Iran Asia 636,293 1,648,000 1.1 20 Mongolia Asia 604,247 1,565,000 1.0 21 Peru S. America 496,223 1,285,220 0.9 22 Chad Africa 495,755 1,284,000 0.9 23 Niger Africa 489,189 1,267,000 0.8 24 Angola Africa 481,350 1,246,700 0.8 25 Mali Africa 478,764 1,240,000 0.8 26 South Africa Africa 471,008 1,219,912 0.8 27 Colombia S. America 439,733 1,138,910 0.8 28 Ethiopia Africa 435,184 1,127,127 0.8 29 Bolivia S. America 424,162 1,098,580 0.7 30 Mauritania Africa 397,953 1,030,700 0.7 31 Egypt Africa 386,660 1,001,450 0.7 32 Tanzania Africa 364,879 945,037 0.6 33 Nigeria Africa 356,667 923,768 0.6 34 Venezuela S. America 352,143 912,050 0.6 35 Namibia Africa 318,694 825,418 0.6 36 Pakistan Asia 310,401 803,940 0.5 37 Mozambique Africa 309,494 801,590 0.5 38 Turkey Asia 301,382 780,580 0.5 39 Chile S. America 292,258 756,950 0.5 40 Zambia Africa 290,584 752,614 0.5 41 Myanmar Asia 261,969 678,500 0.5 42 Afghanistan Asia 250,000 647,500 0.4 43 Somalia Africa 246,199 637,657 0.4 44 Central African Africa 240,534 622,984 0.4 Republic 45 Ukraine Europe 233,089 603,700 0.4 46 Botswana Africa 231,803 600,370 0.4 47 Madagascar Africa 226,656 587,040 0.4 48 Kenya Africa 224,961 582,650 0.4 49 France Europe 211,208 547,030 0.4 50 Yemen Asia 203,849 527,970 0.4 51 Thailand Asia 198,455 514,000 0.3 52 Spain Europe 194,896 504,782 0.3 53 Turkmenistan Asia 188,455 488,100 0.3 54 Cameroon Africa 183,567 475,440 0.3 55 Papua New Guinea Oceania 178,703 462,840 0.3 56 Sweden Europe 173,731 449,964 0.3 57 Uzbekistan Asia 172,741 447,400 0.3 58 Morocco Africa 172,413 446,550 0.3 59 Iraq Asia 168,753 437,072 0.3 60 Paraguay S. America 157,046 406,750 0.3 61 Zimbabwe Africa 150,803 390,580 0.3 62 Japan Asia 145,882 377,835 0.3 63 Germany Europe 137,846 357,021 0.2 64 Congo, Rep. of Africa 132,047 342,000 0.2 65 Finland Europe 130,127 337,030 0.2 66 Malaysia Asia 127,316 329,750 0.2 67 Vietnam Asia 127,243 329,560 0.2 68 Norway Europe 125,181 324,220 0.2 69 Côte d Ivoire Africa 124,502 322,460 0.2 70 Poland Europe 120,728 312,685 0.2 71 Italy Europe 116,305 301,230 0.2 72 Philippines Asia 115,830 300,000 0.2 73 Ecuador S. America 109,483 283,560 0.2 74 Burkina Faso Africa 105,869 274,200 0.2 75 New Zealand Oceania 103,737 268,680 0.2 76 Gabon Africa 103,347 267,667 0.2 [continued] 622

World Rankings Appendix Countries and selected dependencies, by area Rank Country Continent Area (sq mi) Percent of Area world land (sq km) area 77 Guinea Africa 94,926 245,857 0.2 78 United Kingdom Europe 94,525 244,820 0.2 79 Ghana Africa 92,100 238,540 0.2 80 Romania Europe 91,699 237,500 0.2 81 Laos Asia 91,428 236,800 0.2 82 Uganda Africa 91,135 236,040 0.2 83 Guyana S. America 83,000 214,970 0.1 84 Oman Asia 82,031 212,460 0.1 85 Belarus Europe 80,154 207,600 0.1 86 Kyrgyzstan Asia 76,640 198,500 0.1 87 Senegal Africa 75,749 196,190 0.1 88 Syria Asia 71,498 185,180 0.1 89 Cambodia Asia 69,900 181,040 0.1 90 Uruguay S. America 68,039 176,220 0.1 91 Tunisia Africa 63,170 163,610 0.1 92 Suriname S. America 63,039 163,270 0.1 93 Bangladesh Asia 55,598 144,000 0.1 94 Tajikistan Asia 55,251 143,100 0.1 95 Nepal Asia 54,363 140,800 0.1 96 Greece Europe 50,942 131,940 0.1 97 Nicaragua N. America 49,998 129,494 0.1 98 Eritrea Africa 46,842 121,320 0.1 99 Korea, North Asia 46,540 120,540 0.1 (Democratic People s Republic of) 100 Malawi Africa 45,745 118,480 0.1 101 Benin Africa 43,483 112,620 0.1 102 Honduras N. America 43,278 112,090 0.1 103 Liberia Africa 43,000 111,370 0.1 104 Bulgaria Europe 42,822 110,910 0.1 105 Cuba N. America 42,803 110,860 0.1 106 Guatemala N. America 42,042 108,890 0.1 107 Iceland Europe 39,769 103,000 0.1 108 Yugoslavia Europe 39,517 102,350 0.1 109 Korea, South Asia 38,023 98,480 0.1 (Republic of) 110 Hungary Europe 35,919 93,030 0.1 111 Portugal Europe 35,672 92,391 0.1 112 Jordan Asia 35,637 92,300 0.1 113 French Guiana S. America 35,135 91,000 0.1 114 Azerbaijan Asia 33,436 86,600 0.1 115 Austria Europe 32,378 83,858 0.1 116 United Arab Asia 32,000 82,880 0.1 Emirates 117 Czech Republic Europe 30,450 78,866 0.1 118 Panama N. America 30,193 78,200 0.1 119 Sierra Leone Africa 27,699 71,740 0.05 120 Ireland Europe 27,135 70,280 0.05 121 Georgia Asia 26,911 69,700 0.05 122 Sri Lanka Asia 25,332 65,610 0.04 123 Lithuania Europe 25,174 65,200 0.04 124 Latvia Europe 24,938 64,589 0.04 125 Togo Africa 21,925 56,785 0.04 126 Croatia Europe 21,831 56,542 0.04 127 Bosnia and Europe 19,741 51,129 0.03 Herzegovina 128 Costa Rica N. America 19,730 51,100 0.03 129 Slovakia Europe 18,859 48,845 0.03 130 Dominican N. America 18,815 48,730 0.03 Republic 131 Bhutan Asia 18,147 47,000 0.03 132 Estonia Europe 17,462 45,226 0.03 133 Denmark Europe 16,638 43,094 0.03 134 Netherlands Europe 16,033 41,526 0.03 135 Switzerland Europe 15,942 41,290 0.03 136 Guinea-Bissau Africa 13,946 36,120 0.02 137 Taiwan Asia 13,892 35,980 0.02 138 Moldova Europe 13,067 33,843 0.02 139 Belgium Europe 11,780 30,510 0.02 140 Lesotho Africa 11,720 30,355 0.02 141 Armenia Asia 11,506 29,800 0.02 142 Albania Europe 11,100 28,748 0.02 143 Solomon Islands Asia 10,985 28,450 0.02 144 Equatorial Guinea Africa 10,831 28,051 0.02 145 Burundi Africa 10,745 27,830 0.02 146 Haiti N. America 10,714 27,750 0.02 147 Rwanda Africa 10,169 26,338 0.02 Countries and selected dependencies, by area Rank Country Continent Area (sq mi) Percent of Area world land (sq km) area 148 Macedonia Europe 9,781 25,333 0.02 149 Belize N. America 8,867 22,966 0.02 150 Djibouti Africa 8,494 22,000 0.01 151 El Salvador N. America 8,124 21,040 0.01 152 Israel Asia 8,019 20,770 0.01 153 Slovenia Europe 7,820 20,253 0.01 154 Fiji Oceania 7,054 18,270 0.01 155 Kuwait Asia 6,880 17,820 0.01 156 Swaziland Africa 6,704 17,363 0.01 157 East Timor Asia 5,640 14,609 0.01 158 Bahamas N. America 5,382 13,940 0.01 159 Vanuatu Oceania 4,710 12,200 0.01 160 Qatar Asia 4,416 11,437 0.01 161 Gambia, The Africa 4,363 11,300 0.01 162 Jamaica N. America 4,243 10,990 0.01 163 Lebanon Asia 4,015 10,400 0.01 164 Cyprus Asia 3,571 9,250 0.01 165 Puerto Rico N. America 3,515 9,104 0.01 166 Brunei Asia 2,228 5,770 0.004 167 Trinidad and S. America 1,980 5,128 0.003 Tobago 168 Cape Verde Africa 1,557 4,033 0.003 169 Samoa Oceania 1,104 2,860 0.002 170 Luxembourg Europe 998 2,586 0.002 171 Comoros Africa 838 2,170 0.001 172 Mauritius Africa 718 1,860 0.001 173 Guadeloupe N. America 687 1,780 0.001 174 Martinique N. America 425 1,100 0.0007 175 São Tomé and Africa 386 1,001 0.0007 Príncipe 176 Netherlands Antilles N. America 371 960 0.0006 177 Dominica N. America 291 754 0.0005 178 Tonga Oceania 289 748 0.0005 179 Kiribati Oceania 277 717 0.0005 180 Micronesia Oceania 271 702 0.0005 181 Singapore Asia 250 647.5 0.0004 182 Bahrain Asia 239 620 0.0004 183 St. Lucia N. America 239 620 0.0004 184 Andorra Europe 181 468 0.0003 185 Palau Oceania 177 458 0.0003 186 Seychelles Africa 176 455 0.0003 187 Antigua and N. America 171 442 0.0003 Barbuda 188 Barbados N. America 166 430 0.0003 189 Turks & Caicos N. America 166 430 0.0003 Islands 190 Saint Vincent and N. America 150 389 0.0003 the Grenadines 191 Virgin Islands N. America 136 352 0.0002 192 Grenada N. America 131 340 0.0002 193 Malta Europe 122 316 0.0002 194 Maldives Asia 115 300 0.0002 195 St. Kitts and Nevis N. America 101 261 0.0002 196 Cayman Islands N. America 100 259 0.0002 197 Aruba S. America 75 193 0.0001 198 Marshall Islands Oceania 70 181.3 0.0001 199 Liechtenstein Europe 62 160 0.0001 200 British Virgin N. America 58 150 0.0001 Islands 201 Anguilla N. America 35 91 0.0001 202 San Marino Europe 24 61.2 -- 203 Bermuda N. America 23 58.8 -- 204 Tuvalu Oceania 10 26 -- 205 Nauru Oceania 8.1 21 -- 206 Monaco Europe 0.7 1.95 -- 207 Vatican City Europe 0.17 0.44 -- World Rankings [continued] 623

World Rankings Appendix Countries and selected dependencies, by population Rank Country Continent Population (July 2001) 1 China Asia 1,273,111,290 2 India Asia 1,029,991,145 3 U.S.A. N. America 278,058,881 4 Indonesia Asia 228,437,870 5 Brazil S. America 174,468,575 6 Russia Asia/Europe 145,470,197 7 Pakistan Asia 144,616,639 8 Bangladesh Asia 131,269,860 9 Japan Asia 126,771,662 10 Nigeria Africa 126,635,626 11 Mexico N. America 101,879,171 12 Germany Europe 83,029,536 13 Philippines Asia 82,841,518 14 Vietnam Asia 79,939,014 15 Egypt Africa 69,536,644 16 Turkey Asia 66,493,970 17 Iran Asia 66,128,965 18 Ethiopia Africa 65,891,874 19 Thailand Asia 61,797,700 20 United Kingdom Europe 59,647,790 21 France Europe 59,551,227 22 Italy Europe 57,679,825 23 Congo, Democratic Republic of the Africa 53,624,718 (Zaire) 24 Ukraine Europe 48,760,474 25 Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Asia 47,904,370 26 South Africa Africa 43,586,097 27 Myanmar Asia 41,994,678 28 Colombia S. America 40,349,388 29 Spain Europe 40,037,995 30 Poland Europe 38,633,912 31 Argentina S. America 37,384,816 32 Tanzania Africa 36,232,074 33 Sudan Africa 36,080,373 34 Algeria Africa 31,736,053 35 Canada N. America 31,592,805 36 Kenya Africa 30,765,916 37 Morocco Africa 30,645,305 38 Peru S. America 27,483,864 39 Afghanistan Asia 26,813,057 40 Nepal Asia 25,284,463 41 Uzbekistan Asia 25,155,064 42 Uganda Africa 23,985,712 43 Venezuela S. America 23,916,810 44 Iraq Asia 23,331,985 45 Saudi Arabia Asia 22,757,092 46 Taiwan Asia 22,370,461 47 Romania Europe 22,364,022 48 Malaysia Asia 22,229,040 49 Korea, Democratic People s Asia 21,968,228 Republic of (North Korea) 50 Ghana Africa 19,894,014 51 Sri Lanka Asia 19,408,635 52 Mozambique Africa 19,371,057 53 Australia Australia 19,357,594 54 Yemen Asia 18,078,035 55 Kazakstan Asia 16,731,303 56 Syria Asia 16,728,808 57 Côte d Ivoire Africa 16,393,221 58 Madagascar Africa 15,982,563 59 Netherlands Europe 15,981,472 60 Cameroon Africa 15,906,500 61 Chile S. America 15,328,467 62 Ecuador S. America 13,183,978 63 Guatemala N. America 12,974,361 64 Cambodia Asia 12,491,501 65 Burkina Faso Africa 12,272,289 66 Zimbabwe Africa 11,365,366 67 Cuba N. America 11,184,023 68 Mali Africa 11,008,518 69 Yugoslavia Europe 10,677,290 70 Greece Europe 10,623,835 71 Malawi Africa 10,548,250 72 Angola Africa 10,366,031 73 Niger Africa 10,355,156 74 Belarus Europe 10,350,194 75 Senegal Africa 10,284,929 76 Czech Republic Europe 10,264,212 77 Belgium Europe 10,258,762 [continued] Countries and selected dependencies, by population Population Rank Country Continent (July 2001) 78 Hungary Europe 10,106,017 79 Portugal Europe 10,066,253 80 Zambia Africa 9,770,199 81 Tunisia Africa 9,705,102 82 Sweden Europe 8,875,053 83 Dominican Republic N. America 8,581,477 84 Bolivia S. America 8,300,463 85 Austria Europe 8,150,835 86 Azerbaijan Asia 7,771,092 87 Bulgaria Europe 7,707,495 88 Guinea Africa 7,613,870 89 Somalia Africa 7,488,773 90 Rwanda Africa 7,312,756 91 Switzerland Europe 7,283,274 92 Chad Africa 7,114,400 93 Haiti N. America 6,964,549 94 Benin Africa 6,590,782 95 Tajikistan Asia 6,578,681 96 Honduras N. America 6,406,052 97 El Salvador N. America 6,237,662 98 Burundi Africa 6,223,897 99 Israel Asia 5,938,093 100 Paraguay S. America 5,734,139 101 Laos Asia 5,635,967 102 Sierra Leone Africa 5,426,618 103 Slovakia Europe 5,414,937 104 Denmark Europe 5,252,815 105 Libya Africa 5,240,599 106 Finland Europe 5,175,783 107 Jordan Asia 5,153,378 108 Togo Africa 5,153,088 109 Papua New Guinea Oceania 5,049,055 110 Georgia Asia 4,989,285 111 Nicaragua N. America 4,918,393 112 Kyrgyzstan Asia 4,753,003 113 Turkmenistan Asia 4,603,244 114 Norway Europe 4,503,440 115 Moldova Europe 4,431,570 116 Croatia Europe 4,334,142 117 Singapore Asia 4,300,419 118 Eritrea Africa 4,298,269 119 Puerto Rico N. America 3,937,316 120 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 3,922,205 121 New Zealand Oceania 3,864,129 122 Ireland Europe 3,840,838 123 Costa Rica N. America 3,773,057 124 Lebanon Asia 3,627,774 125 Lithuania Europe 3,610,535 126 Central African Republic Africa 3,576,884 127 Albania Europe 3,510,484 128 Uruguay S. America 3,360,105 129 Armenia Europe 3,336,100 130 Congo, Republic of the Africa 3,258,400 131 Liberia Africa 3,225,837 132 Panama N. America 2,845,647 133 Mauritania Africa 2,747,312 134 Jamaica N. America 2,665,636 135 Mongolia Asia 2,654,999 136 Oman Asia 2,622,198 137 United Arab Emirates Asia 2,407,460 138 Latvia Europe 2,385,231 139 Lesotho Africa 2,177,062 140 Bhutan Asia 2,049,412 141 Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Europe 2,046,209 Republic of 142 Kuwait Asia 2,041,961 143 Slovenia Europe 1,930,132 144 Namibia Africa 1,797,677 145 Botswana Africa 1,586,119 146 Estonia Europe 1,423,316 147 Gambia, The Africa 1,411,205 148 Guinea-Bissau Africa 1,315,822 149 Gabon Africa 1,221,175 150 Mauritius Africa 1,189,825 151 Trinidad and Tobago S. America 1,169,682 152 Swaziland Africa 1,104,343 153 Fiji Oceania 844,330 154 East Timor Asia 779,567 155 Qatar Asia 769,152 [continued] 624

World Rankings Appendix Countries and selected dependencies, by population Rank Country Continent 156 Cyprus Asia 762,887 157 Guyana S. America 697,181 158 Bahrain Asia 645,361 159 Comoros Africa 596,202 160 Equatorial Guinea Africa 486,060 161 Solomon Islands Oceania 480,442 162 Djibouti Africa 460,700 163 Luxembourg Europe 442,972 164 Suriname S. America 433,998 165 Guadeloupe N. America 431,170 166 Martinique N. America 418,454 167 Cape Verde Africa 405,163 168 Malta Europe 394,583 169 Brunei Darussalam Asia 343,653 170 Maldives Asia 310,764 171 Bahamas, The N. America 297,852 172 Iceland Europe 277,906 173 Barbados N. America 275,330 174 Belize N. America 256,062 175 Netherlands Antilles N. America 212,226 176 Vanuatu Oceania 192,910 177 Samoa Oceania 179,058 178 French Guiana S. America 177,562 179 São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 165,034 180 Saint Lucia N. America 158,178 181 Micronesia, Federated States of Oceania 134,597 182 Virgin Islands, U.S. N. America 122,211 183 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines N. America 115,942 184 Tonga Oceania 104,227 185 Kiribati Oceania 94,149 186 Grenada N. America 89,227 187 Seychelles Africa 79,715 188 Marshall Islands Oceania 70,822 189 Dominica N. America 70,786 190 Aruba N. America 70,007 191 Andorra Europe 67,627 192 Antigua and Barbuda N. America 66,970 193 Bermuda N. America 63,503 194 Greenland Europe 56,352 195 Saint Kitts and Nevis N. America 38,756 196 Cayman Islands N. America 35,527 197 Liechtenstein Europe 32,528 198 Monaco Europe 31,842 199 San Marino Europe 27,336 200 British Virgin Islands N. America 20,812 201 Palau Oceania 19,092 202 Turks and Caicos Islands N. America 18,122 203 Anguilla N. America 12,132 204 Nauru Oceania 12,088 205 Tuvalu Oceania 10,991 206 Holy See Europe 890 207 Antarctica Antarctica 0 Countries and selected dependencies, by boundary length Borders plus coastline Rank Name Total boundaries (mi) Population (July 2001) Total boundaries (km) 1 Canada 156,949 252,684 2 Russia 35,743 57,614 3 Indonesia 35,718 57,490 4 Greenland 27,333 44,087 5 Australia 22,831 36,735 6 China 22,905 36,671 7 Philippines 22,499 36,289 8 United States 19,991 32,172 9 Japan 18,479 29,751 10 Norway 15,156 24,440 11 Brazil 13,752 22,182 12 India 13,084 21,103 13 Antarctica 11,230 17,968 14 New Zealand 9,404 15,134 15 Kazakstan 9,284 14,976 16 Greece 9,250 14,886 Countries and selected dependencies, by boundary length Borders plus coastline Rank Name Total boundaries (mi) Total boundaries (km) 17 Argentina 9,106 14,654 18 Mexico 8,617 13,868 19 United Kingdom 7,720 12,789 20 Chile 7,834 12,606 21 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6,684 10,781 (Zaire) 22 Turkey 6,142 9,827 23 Italy 5,911 9,532 24 Colombia 5,758 9,212 25 Iran 5,355 8,620 26 Sudan 5,306 8,540 27 Venezuela 5,277 8,493 28 Mongolia 5,070 8,161.9 29 Vietnam 5,023 8,083 30 Thailand 5,022 8,082 31 Peru 4,491 7,950 32 Croatia 4,886 7,863 33 Pakistan 4,859 7,820 34 Myanmar 4,840 7,806 35 South Africa 4,686 7,548 36 Denmark 4,587 7,382 37 Malaysia 4,563 7,344 38 Algeria 4,553 7,341 39 Ukraine 4,576 7,340 40 Mali 4,661 7,243 41 Saudi Arabia 4,383 7,055 42 Mozambique 4,373 7,041 43 Spain 4,272 6,881.8 44 Angola 4,215 6,798 45 Bolivia 4,190 6,743 46 Uzbekistan 4,117 6,641 47 France 3,925 6,316 48 Libya 3,823 6,153 49 Micronesia, Federated States of 3,789 6,112 50 Germany 3,732 6,007 51 Papua New Guinea 3,711 5,972 52 Chad 3,700 5,968 53 Mauritania 3,622 5,828 54 Niger 3,540 5,697 55 Congo, Republic of the 3,518 5,673 56 Zambia 3,496 5,627 57 Afghanistan 3,428 5,529 58 Sweden 3,370 5,423 59 Namibia 3,373 5,396 60 Somalia 3,350 5,391 61 Solomon Islands 3,301 5,313 62 Ethiopia 3,300 5,311 63 Central African Republic 3,233 5,203 64 Laos 3,151 5,083 65 Eritrea 3,009 5,015 66 Egypt 3,109 5,014 67 Cameroon 3,095 4,993 68 Iceland 3,098 4,988 69 Nigeria 3,044 4,900 70 Madagascar 3,000 4,828 71 Tanzania 2,997 4,826 72 Bangladesh 2,995 4,820 73 Estonia 2,744 4,427 74 Ecuador 2,556 4,247 75 Korea, Democratic People s Republic 2,590 4,168 of (North Korea) 76 Botswana 2,488 4,013 77 Kenya 2,473 3,982 78 Paraguay 2,436 3,920 79 Kyrgyzstan 2,410 3,878 80 Morocco 2,391 3,852.9 81 Finland 2,327 3,754 82 Turkmenistan 2,322 3,736 83 Cuba 2,316 3,735 84 Guinea 2,311 3,719 85 Iraq 2,291 3,689 86 Yemen 2,270 3,652 87 Tajikistan 2,264 3,651 88 Senegal 2,257 3,632 89 Bahamas, The 2,201 3,542 90 Oman 2,154 3,466 91 Gabon 2,135 3,436 92 Poland 2,099 3,379 World Rankings [continued] [continued] 625

World Rankings Appendix Countries and selected dependencies, by boundary length Borders plus coastline Rank Name Total boundaries (mi) Total boundaries (km) 93 Burkina Faso 1,983 3,192 94 Belarus 1,925 3,098 95 Zimbabwe 1,905 3,066 96 Honduras 1,894 3,050 97 Panama 1,892 3,045 98 Cambodia 1,873 3,015 99 Portugal 1,868 3,007 100 Nepal 1,818 2,926 101 Guyana 1,811 2,921 102 Malawi 1,789 2,881 103 Azerbaijan 1,751 2,813 104 Romania 1,698 2,733 105 Uganda 1,676 2,698 106 Korea, Republic of (South Korea) 1,656 2,651 107 Ghana 1,635 2,632 108 Tunisia 1,597 2,572 109 Austria 1,588 2,562 110 Vanuatu 1,567 2,528 111 Syria 1,520 2,446 112 Yugoslavia 1,520 2,445 113 Uruguay 1,381 2,224 114 United Arab Emirates 1,355 2,185 115 Liberia 1,345 2,164 116 Bulgaria 1,343 2,162 117 Nicaragua 1,330 2,141 118 Benin 1,308 2,110 119 Suriname 1,297 2,093 120 Haiti 1,268.7 2,046 121 Guatemala 1,251 2,017 122 Hungary 1,248 2,009 123 Costa Rica 1,204 1,929 124 Czech Republic 1,169 1,881 125 Switzerland 1,151 1,852 126 Ireland 1,124 1,808 127 Georgia 1,098 1,771 128 Togo 1,058 1,703 129 Latvia 1,043 1,681 130 Jordan 1,022 1,645 131 Taiwan 973 1,566 132 Dominican Republic 977 1,563 133 French Guiana 970 1,561 134 Palau 944 1,519 135 Bosnia and Herzegovina 919 1,479 136 Netherlands 918 1,478 137 Belgium 900 1,451 138 Moldova 864 1,389 139 Lithuania 850.4 1,372 140 Sierra Leone 250 1,360 141 Slovakia 842 1,355 142 Sri Lanka 833 1,340 143 Israel 795 1,279 144 Armenia 778 1,254 145 Slovenia 753 1,211.6 146 Kiribati 709 1,143 147 Fiji 702 1,129 148 Albania 672 1,082 149 Bhutan 668 1,075 150 Guinea-Bissau 667 1,074 151 Jamaica 634 1,022 152 Burundi 605 974 153 Cape Verde 598 965 154 Kuwait 598 963 155 Lesotho 565 909 156 Belize 559 902 157 Rwanda 555 893 158 El Salvador 530 852 159 Equatorial Guinea 517 835 160 Djibouti 511 822 161 Gambia, The 510 820 162 East Timor 492 792 163 Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav 465 748 Republic of 164 Lebanon 422 679 165 Cyprus 403 648 166 Maldives 400 644 167 Qatar 387 623 168 Brunei Darussalam 337 541 Countries and selected dependencies, by boundary length Borders plus coastline Rank Name Total boundaries (mi) Total boundaries (km) 169 Swaziland 332 535 170 Côte d'ivoire 2,254 515 171 Puerto Rico 311 501 172 Seychelles 305 491 173 Tonga 260 419 174 Samoa 250 403 175 Turks and Caicos Islands 241 389 176 Netherlands Antilles 232.33 374.2 177 Marshall Islands 230 370 178 Trinidad and Tobago 225 362 179 Luxembourg 221 356 180 Martinique 217 350 181 Comoros 211 340 182 Guadeloupe 197.4 316.2 183 Malta 157 253 184 São Tomé and Príncipe 130 209 185 Singapore 120 193 186 Virgin Islands 116.7 188 187 Mauritius 110 177 188 Cayman Islands 100 160 189 Saint Lucia 98 158 190 Antigua and Barbuda 95 153 191 Dominica 92 148 192 Saint Kitts and Nevis 84 135 193 Bahrain 78 126 194 Grenada 75 121 195 Andorra 74.6 120.3 196 Bermuda 64 103 197 Barbados 60 97 198 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 52 84 199 British Virgin Islands 50 80 200 Liechtenstein 47 76 201 Aruba 42.6 68.5 202 Anguilla 38 61 203 San Marino 24 39 204 Nauru 18.6 30 205 Tuvalu 15 24 206 Monaco 5.2 8.5 207 Vatican City 1.2 3.2 [continued] 626

World Rankings Appendix SELECTED SOURCES The World Rankings tables in Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. were based on a large number of sources. A key source of information for all of these tables are the country entries appearing elsewhere in the book. Each of these entries has its own set of sources, and it would be impossible to list all of them here. However, some sources which cover a large number of tables or were particularly useful are listed below. Altai Republic Territory and Geography. http://www.altairepublic.com/territory/resp_altay_eng.htm (accessed September 2002). Atlas of Canada. http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/ (accessed July August 2002). AUGLIG: Geoscience Australia: Spatial Information for the Nation. http://www.auslig.gov.au (accessed July August 2002). CIA World Factbook 2002. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook (accessed July August 2002). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Country Studies. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html#toc (accessed July August 2002). Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. Hoelzle, M. and W. Haeberli. World Glacier Inventory. World Glacier Monitoring Service and National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, CO, 1999. http://www.nsidc.org/data/glacier_inventory/ (accessed September 2002). Internal Lake Environment Committee. LakeNet. www.worldlakes.org (accessed July August 2002). http:// The Living Desert: World Desert. http://www.livingdesert.com/ worlddes.htm (accessed July August 2002). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1997. Munro, David, ed. Oxford Dictionary of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia. http://www.peakware.com/encyclopedia/index.htm (accessed September 2002). River Systems of the World. http://www.rev.net/~aloe/river (accessed July August 2002). United States Geological Survey. http://www.usgs.gov/ (accessed September 2002); World Atlas. http://www.graphicmaps.com (accessed July August 2002). World Rankings 627

GLOSSARY Aboriginal Someone or something that is the first or earliest known of its type in a country or region. Acid rain Rain (or snow) that has become slightly acid by mixing with industrial air pollution. Alluvium Clay, silt, sand or gravel deposted by running water such as a stream or river. Alluvial plain Flatlands containing deposits of alluvium. Antarctic Relating to the southernmost part of the Earth. Aquatic Of or relating to the water, particularly the animals and plants that live there. Aqueduct A bridge-like structure that carries water over obstacles, usually man-made. Aquifer An underground layer of porous rock, sand, or gravel that holds water. Arable land Land that is naturally suitable for cultivation by plowing and is used for growing crops. Archipelago A group of islands, or a body of water containing many islands. Arctic Relating to the northernmost part of the Earth, or anything that is frigidly and invariably cold. Arid Extremely dry, particularly applied to regions of low rainfall where non-irrigated agriculture is impossible and there is little natural vegetation. Artesian well A type of well where underground pressure forces water to the surface. Asphalt A substance containing high concentrations of hydrocarbons that is found in naturally occurring beds, and is also produced as a by-product of petroleum refinining. Used in road building. Atmosphere The air surrounding the Earth s surface. Atoll An island consisting of a strip or ring of coral surrounding a central lagoon. Avalanche A swift sliding of an accumulation of snow or ice down a mountain. Badlands Eroded and barren land. Barren land Unproductive land, partly or entirely treeless. Barrier island An island formed by wave and tidal action, oriented parallel to the shore and serving to protect the shore from ocean wave action. Barrier reef A coral reef that lies parallel to the coast, often forming a lagoon along the shore. Basalt Black or nearly black dense rock, usually formed by the solidification or magma or from some other high-temperature geological event. Basin A depression on land or on the ocean floor. Usually relatively broad and gently sloped, as compared to a trench, canyon, or crater. Bay An indented body of water surrounded by land on three sides. Bayou A stagnant or slow-moving body of water. Beach Sediment deposited through the action of waves and the process of erosion along the shoreline of a large body of water. Bedrock Solid rock lying under loose earth. Biosphere All living organisms on Earth. Bluff Elevated area with a broad, steep cliff face. Bog Wet, soft, and spongy ground where the soil is composed mainly of decayed or decaying vegetable matter. 629