BOR CRIJ 6306 Advanced Studies in International Drug Trafficking

BOR CRIJ 6306 Advanced Studies in International Drug Trafficking Professor Manuel F. Zamora, Ph.D. Hardeman 203C (325) 486.6686 Hours: By Appointment SYLLABUS BOR 6306 Advanced Studies in International Drug Trafficking (3-0). The international trafficking of illegal narcotics and other pharmaceuticals has been a global problem for over a century. From the Opium Wars of the 1800s to the current battles among drug cartels in Mexico, this course offers an indepth analysis of the epidemic of drug abuse and its association with crime. Using open source intelligence, students evaluate the impact of current drug interdiction efforts by federal agencies. Students conduct online research and statistical analysis to discuss and develop viable programs and policies to reduce the current demand for illegal substances worldwide. They then argue in support of their positions to convince the remainder of the class of their program s viability. (Credit may not be earned for this course and Criminal Justice 6306.) Study Literature At the present time, a comprehensive textbook on the global and international drug trafficking problems does not exist. Therefore, the reading materials for this course will include current and historical publications, which comprise most of the following: 1. Executive Office of the President of the U.S., National Drug Strategy (e.g. The National Drug Strategy 2010-2015 Report; 2014 National Drug Control Strategy Report ) a. U.S. National Drug Strategy http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/content/nd s2015 b. White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/national-drug-control-strategy c. European Union: http://www.undrugcontrol.info/en/issues/european-drug-policy/item/4977-the-europeanunion-drugs-strategy-2013-2020 d. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction e. Australia http://www.ancd.org.au/national-drug-strategies f. International Studies http://www.issdp.org/recent_publications.php g. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 2014. Department of State http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2014/vol1/223044.htm h. Africa http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/cnd/subsidiary_bodies/honlaf/honlaf- 24-documentation.html i. Global: Council on Foreign Relations, 2014 1

http://www.cfr.org/issue/drug-trafficking-and-control/ri139 j. Afghanistan as a case illustration: Rosen & Katzman, 2014. Afghanistan: Drug Trafficking and the 2014 Transition, Congressional Research Service 2. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2003 2015 publications 3. U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, 2014 4. U.S. Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 2014 5. U.S. Treasury reports 6. Military reports (e.g. Strategic Posture Statements: NorthCom, SouthCom, Africom, NORAD, etc.) 7. Select publications from the Congressional Research Service, think tanks, and individual authors who are designated as subject matter experts within this field 8. Declassified, redacted, publicly-released and relative narcotics information of use to our advanced study Administration There are no prerequisite courses for this course; however, it is expected that the student possess graduate student status, as the readings and the complexity of the drug trafficking problem requires intense study and attention. The course grade is determined by an assessment of discussion question posts and student replies. Two research papers are required. Late papers will not be accepted without prior discussion with the professor. The course drop date shall be the sixth day of class, including on-line courses. For this course, the drop date is June 7, 2015. Course Objective One: Objective Two: Objective Three: To become familiar with the depth and breadth of the global drug trafficking problems through study and critical analysis of governmental reports for specific world regions as evidenced within recently published reports of agencies such as the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of State, and the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime To evaluate the scope of the drug trafficking problems in specific regions and countries by identifying contributing factors and determining efficacy of anti-drug trafficking measures such as legislation and prevention strategies To identify drug trafficking organizations, transnational organized crime groups, and foreign terrorist organizations that contribute to international drug trafficking 2

Objective Four: To understand and contextualize the global drug trafficking problem from a U.S. perspective with border, homeland, and national security strategies as the foundation Learning Outcomes By semester s end, each student will have accomplished the following learning outcomes for this course: Understand the problems of international drug trafficking through analysis of geographic regions and continents along with the extent to which social, political, economic, and environmental factors and dynamics interact to enable its proliferation Identify and articulate drug trafficking organizations, transnational organized crime groups, and foreign terrorist organizations that are involved with international drug trafficking, particularly in Latin America Become familiar with international laws and policies as well as their development throughout history along with the impetus for international treaties and pacts to address global issues such as public health, crime, violations of human rights, and environmental effects Students have a right to know what their professors expect from them in terms of their course instruction and how their learning will be evaluated. This course establishes several learning outcomes that are measured objectively and subjectively. Upon completion of the course, each student should successfully complete the following: Understand and discuss the scope of the global drug trafficking problem by region and type of narcotic being trafficked Identify Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) Transnational Organized Crime groups (TOCs), and Foreign Threat Organizations (FTOs) that are actively engaged in drug trafficking Comprehend the characteristics and health problems of dangerous drugs, such as opiates, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, and synthetic combinations Learn the effect and interaction of drug trafficking with crime, such as human and weapons trafficking, money laundering, and terrorism Obtain research publication on the current trafficking groups by region and the type of drug trafficked Synthesize and apply the drug control strategies and legislation with effective programs as they relate to the U.S. threats Methods of Assessing the Outcomes Student learning outcomes will be assessed through a combination of written assignments and active participation in the cohort discussions established through discussion board questions each week. 3

A mid-term writing assignment and a final project are assigned throughout the semester to measure the student s ability to critically analyze the causes and consequences of international drug trafficking. Specific knowledge on topics of importance to future courses in the Border and Homeland Security program as well as the Criminal Justice program is measured through the use of comprehensive written assignments. To measure the student s comprehensive understanding of the materials presented in this course, each writing assignment is meant to be comprehensive, inclusive of previous readings and class discussions. Altogether, the assignments in this course are meant to adequately prepare Homeland Security and Criminal Justice professionals, practitioners, researchers, and students to effectively perform in their jobs and assignments. A major competency that is addressed is the ability to think critically, research information intelligently and process it appropriately, produce accurate briefings and reports, and to manage sometimes voluminous and complex information. Effective writing and critical thinking skills are necessary for a graduating student to succeed in the workplace and in future employment opportunities, transfers, and promotions. Required readings are primarily taken from current government publications. Additional and optional readings will add depth and breadth to the assigned readings and to the student led effort to submit well researched papers. This semester will cover A history and context of international drug trafficking The Opium Wars of Central Asia East and Southeast Asia The European Union Africa Mexico and Latin American Countries Control Strategies and Legislation Trends and Future Implications Unless otherwise specified in a specific lesson or module, all reading assignments refer to the chapters and pages of these textbooks and assigned published articles. Other readings or media may be assigned by the instructor as part of the course completion. Additional and optional readings will serve to address interests developed by the student for his/her academic advancement. Lessons This is an eight (8) week graduate level course; therefore, it will be necessary for each student to keep up with the reading assignments. This will enable each student to submit and engage in an informed and intelligent contribution to the discussion boards and to stimulate an application, synthesis, and debate of the study material as a means to improve learning and illustrate a highly interactive environment. There are assigned readings, optional and additional readings and videos, and PowerPoint presentations. Each student will be provided advance notice as to the reading assignments so that there is sufficient time for understanding the study material. 4

Lesson One: Introduction and Context of the World s Illicit Drug Problems Understand the current global problems with the illicit drug market and its effect on a nation s social, political, and economic structure Comprehend the depth and breadth of drug trafficking as a global problem by a review of the drug market by region and countries of the world Obtain an overview of the world s drug trafficking problems by studying the drug market for continents such as Asia, Europe, Africa, South and Central America, and the U.S. Articulate the definitions and differences between drug trafficking organizations, transnational organized crime groups, and foreign terrorist organizations. Introduction Discussion Question #1: Lesson Two: Afghanistan, Central Asia and Russia: The Opium Wars Understand the opium problem as one of the world s longest standing illicit drug, its market, transportation, and consumption through a review of history and the evolution of global legislation primarily as documented by the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime Trace the origin, transportation, and destination of opium and its byproducts throughout the world Articulate and discuss the effect of opium cultivation on the regions known as Central Asia and northward to Russia Identify crime groups and terrorist organizations that traffic in illicit drugs as well as their purpose for such activities For country locations and regions used within this course, please see the CIA website. As we begin this study, we see Afghanistan is considered a country in the SE Asian region of the world: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html Discussion Question #2 Lesson Three: East and Southeast Asia To identify the types of drugs subject to trafficking within East and Southeast Asian countries, such as Cambodia, Thailand, China, Japan, and others 5

To understand the illicit drug market economy and the types of organizations that engage in criminal enterprise and organized crime in furtherance of the drug trade To discuss the transportation routes, countries of origin, transit, and destination To articulate parts of the political, governmental, social, and economic systems that contribute to the proliferation of drug trafficking within various East and Southeast Asian countries Lesson Four: Trafficking in Countries of the European Union To identify the types of drugs subject to trafficking within European Union countries, such as France, Germany, Britain, and others To understand the illicit drug market economy and the types of organizations that engage in criminal enterprise and organized crime in furtherance of the drug trade To discuss the transportation routes, countries of origin, transit, and destination To articulate parts of the political, governmental, social, and economic systems that contribute to the proliferation of drug trafficking within countries of the European Union Discussion Question #3 Mid-term Paper is Due Lesson Five: Africa To identify the types of drugs subject to trafficking within African countries, such as West and Southern African countries (Ivory Coast, Ghana, S. Africa, and others To understand the illicit drug market economy and the types of organizations that engage in criminal enterprise and organized crime in furtherance of the drug trade To discuss the transportation routes, countries of origin, transit, and destination To articulate parts of the political, governmental, social, and economic systems that contribute to the proliferation of drug trafficking within various African countries Discussion Question #4 Lesson Six: Mexico and Central American Drug Trafficking Organizations To identify the types of drugs subject to trafficking within Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America 6

To understand the illicit drug market economy and the types of organizations that engage in criminal enterprise and organized crime in furtherance of the drug trade To discuss the transportation routes, countries of origin, transit, and destination To articulate parts of the political, governmental, social, and economic systems that contribute to the proliferation of drug trafficking within Latin American countries Discussion Question #5 Lesson Seven: Control Strategies and Legislation To identify the historical landmark legislation and timelines leading to worldwide shifts in the drug control philosophy Identify and discuss major or significant U.S. and international legislation to control the drug market from production to distribution and possession and use Discuss the efforts of law enforcement agencies within the US. And abroad, along with military efforts to stop production, distribution, and trafficking of illicit drugs Review the U.S. Department of State 2012 International Narcotics Control Strategy report to understand the law enforcement function with respect to international drug trafficking Discussion Question #6 Lesson Eight: Trends and Future Implications Comprehend and articulate the threats posed by international drug trafficking organizations, transnational organized crime groups, and foreign terrorist organizations on the U.S. and in the European Union Gauge the potential effect of organized legislative efforts and preventative strategies involving mutual pacts, aid agreements, and nation-building Determine the appropriate future strategies and legislation needed to more effectively control the international drug trafficking problems Final Project is Due Course Administration Drop Date Per ASU policy, the sixth day of class is the last drop date. A drop beyond this date would result in the Instructor assigned grade and would be based on the student s course contributions. 7

Late Work Given the significance of this course to the achievement of a graduate degree, late work cannot be accepted by the professor without prior notice. Although late discussion posts are likely, late work does not have to be accepted by the professor. Late work will be lowered one letter grade when work exceeds 48 hours from the due date. In other cases, unless prior arrangements are made through agreement with the professor, grades will be lowered at a rate of one letter grade per 48 hours. Incomplete Work The ASU policy on incomplete work is clear. The discretion of issuing an Incomplete (I) is with the professor. Late work does not have to be accepted. The student s failure to complete all assignments will result in an Incomplete, or an F, depending upon the student s performance on all assignments throughout the semester and the student s ability to consult with the professor before the semester ends. Grading Your grade for this course will be based on the following: Discussion Board Posts 30% Introduction NOT GRADED Discussion #1 5 points Discussion #2 5 points Discussion #3 5 points Discussion #4 5 points Discussion #5 5 points Discussion #6 5 points Written Assignment #1 (Midterm) 35% Written Assignment #2 (Final) 35% TOTAL 100% This course employs two written assignments. The written assignments account for 70 percent of the course grade. The written assignments are relevant to the topics and reading assignments preceding them. Each written assignment must be completed within the specified time period (between two and four weeks). Each written assignment must comply with the CMS or APA elements of style: double spaced, 1 margins, and with appropriate grammar and spelling and writing mechanics. Citations must be provided and a Reference page is required. A minimum of ten (10) references must be included in the final, and font must be size 12, New Times Roman or Courier only. The midterm paper may be between 5 7 pages. The papers must be submitted electronically in Word or pdf format only. If necessary, laptops are provided at the library for student use. Letter Grades Angelo State University employs a letter grade system. Grades in this course are determined on a percentage scale: A 90-100% B 80-89% C 70-79% D 60-69% F 59% and below 8

Assignment Rubrics General Guidelines for Each Assignment: Be sure that your student ID is on each assignment. Don t put your name, the course number, or assignment number on the assignment you submit Copy and paste each question into your work and immediately follow the question with your answer Answer all questions per assignment Your answers for the questions are expected to fill two or more pages Answers must be typed, in 12 point font, and submitted as a WORD or PDF file Use default margins for your word processing program Save your work to your computer! Writing Guidelines Each writing assignment deals with the topic under discussion. These writing assignments cumulatively account for 70 percent of the student's grade. Writing assignments are expected to be about 1500-2000 words. The number of pages for this word range will be between seven and ten pages, as the use of images, figures, tables, charts, graphs, maps, etc. to enhance the narrative, will necessarily lengthen the paper. (Note: The midterm paper may be between 5 7 pages, while the final should be between 8 10 pages. This does NOT include the title page, reference page, and appendices, if used.) Please note that the cover page, the abstract, the reference page, and appendices do not count toward the word limit shown above (1,500 2,000 words). Hence, the narrative of your paper, - from Introduction to Conclusion should meet the word limits. Please contact the professor for additional information on this matter. Formal academic writing uses standardized styles and citation formats. The preferred format is the APA style. To access the APA writing guidelines go to this link: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/. The use of CHICAGO Manuscript Style is acceptable. The Chicago Style guide can be found at http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org. Papers should have 1-inch margins all around. You are expected to use a standardized font - preferably Times New Roman, 12 point. Cite your references in EVERY instance and include a properly formatted reference list and cover page with every assignment. Every writing assignment should be submitted as a WORD or PDF document. If you do not have Microsoft Office or Adobe Acrobat, then copy the text you have written directly into the assignment section of Blackboard during the appropriate week. Do NOT submit writing assignments in Word Perfect, Microsoft Works, or some e-mail format. They will not be accepted. How to Submit Your Assignment Classroom course Save your document in Word or convert to a pdf file (Acrobat or Word Image Writer) The document must meet the CMS or APA writing standards and include 1 margins, double space, with a cover sheet and reference page. The text must contain citations and footnotes where appropriate. Plagiarized works will not be accepted. 9

For more information on the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., please see the following: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/ See also http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html, which includes the Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide. For more information on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., please see Tutorial on the Basics of APA style on the following URL: http://www.apastyle.org/manual/index.aspx Open your email and attach the document. Send the document to: On-line course From within Blackboard, go to the assignment tab and open the specific assignment. Under section 2. Assignment Materials, next to Attach File, click on Browse for Local File (You should have already saved your assignment in the directory). Select the file you want to submit. In the Name of link to file, type the assignment number and your name (e.g., Assignment 1 Borris Lee). Then click the submission button to send me your assignment. Warning Any PLAGIARISM will not be tolerated and can result in the failure of a course and dismissal from the University. Attendance Attendance, punctuality, and preparedness are important for the successful pursuit of study. Your attendance signifies your level of interest and motivation to contribute toward the learning environment. An excessive number of absences will result in a student s DROP from the class when, in the instructor s opinion, further enrollment and attendance would be of little value to the student or when it detracts from the instructor s ability to provide education to the students. Therefore, if a student is absent for three consecutive classes, the student may be dropped from the course by the instructor. When a student anticipates an absence, the student is expected to inform the instructor and make up any missed tests or assignments before the absence or the assignment due must be sent with another student, or emailed to the instructor. Participation & Communication In this class everyone, brings something to the table. Your ideas and thoughts do count, not only to me, but the entire class. Feel free to ask questions either via e-mail or in class. Many student questions are applicable to the class as a whole, as are the responses. You may be surprised how many of your 10

classmates have the same questions and concerns as you. I may simply post your particular question on the discussion board and allow your classmates to provide the answer through their own posts. To some, this may be their first online class and naturally, it could seem somewhat intimidating. As a class, we are together to help each other with this learning process and share our collective knowledge on how best to communicate; how to resolve technical issues that may arise (if we have the expertise), and to assist each other to find answers to our questions. We will learn and work as a team. Courtesy and Respect Courtesy and Respect are essential ingredients to this course. We respect each other s opinions and respect their point of view at all times while in our class sessions. The use of profanity & harassment of any form is strictly prohibited (Zero Tolerance), as are those remarks concerning one s ethnicity, life style, race (ethnicity), religion, etc., violations of these rules will result in immediate dismissal from the course. Office Hours By appointment only. 203C Hardeman Building ASU Policy Statements Academic Integrity Honesty and integrity are expected. The Angelo State University Student Academic Honor Code can be found at: http://www.angelo.edu/cstudent/documents/pdf/student_handbook.pdf All students are expected to adhere to the requirements of the Honor Code. Online courses are necessarily limited in their oversight of student adherence to the Honor Code so it is up to you to determine if your actions may be in violation of some component of the restrictions on plagiarism, cheating, fabrication, misrepresentation, conspiracy, collusion, etc. While the professor reserves the right to assign a failing grade to a student for academic dishonesty, the student should be aware of their rights of appeal as specified in the Student Handbook. Accommodations for Disability The Student Life Office is the designated campus department charged with the responsibility of reviewing and authorizing requests for reasonable accommodations based on a disability, and it is the student s responsibility to initiate such a request by contacting the Student Life Office at (325) 942-2191 or (325) 942-2126 (TDD/FAX) or by e-mail at Student.Life@angelo.edu to begin the process. The Student Life Office will establish the particular documentation requirements necessary for the various types of disabilities. Student absence for religious holidays A student who intends to observe a religious holy day should make that intention known in writing to the instructor prior to the absence. A student who is absent from classes for the observance of a religious holy day shall be allowed to take an examination or complete an assignment scheduled for that day within a reasonable time after the absence. 11

Email etiquette In the academic environment, e-mails are considered to be a formal means of communicating. Expect that your e-mails will receive a reply within 24 to 48 hours. The following guidelines represent good etiquette: Use only your ASU student account to e-mail your professor E-mailed messages should be somewhat formal and it should be understood that they may become a permanent record. Use the subject line to summarize your content question or issue. Include a salutation (e.g. Dear Dr. Smith) Messages should be succinct, with no uncommon abbreviations. Messages should not use fancy, colorful, or special characters or fonts. At the end of your message, include your full name Please do not send the same message multiple times. REFERENCES The references listed below do not include the readings, all of which will be provided by the professor for this semester s study. Akyeampong (2005). Disapora and drug trafficking in West Africa: A case study of Ghana. African Affairs, 104, 429-447. Aronofsky, D. (2010). U.S. International Narcotics Extradition cases: Legal Trends and Developments with Implications for U.S. China Drug Enforcement Activities. (retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/david_aronofsky/1). Beittel, J. S. (2013). Mexico s Drug Trafficking Organizations: Source and Scope of the Violence, Congressional Research Service (BOR CRIJ 6306 MX DTOs CRS 2013.pdf). Burnashev, R. (2007). Terrorist routes in central Asia: Trafficking drugs, humans, and weapons. The Quarterly Journal. 65-70. (BOR CRIJ DQ on Drug Weapon Human in CN Asia.pdf). CACIF, CIEN, FUNDESA, FOUNDATION G, ISS (2009). Drugs, Weapons, Cash: Analysis and Proposals on How to Manage the Crisis in Central America, pp. 56 78 Central Intelligence Agency (World and Country Regions) (retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/index.html). Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). (2012). Outcomes of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits Associated with Polydrug Use. Executive Office of the President of the United States. 2012 National Drug Policy. 12

Finklea, K. M., & Krouse, W. J. (2013). Southwest Border Violence: Issues in Identifying and Measuring Spillover Violence. Madsen, F. G. (2012). International narcotics law enforcement: A study in irrationality. Journal of International Affairs, 66, 1, 123 138. Maksas, M. L. (2005). Trafficking drugs: Afghanistan s role in Russia s current drug epidemic. Tulsa Journal of comparative & International Law, 13, 141 176. (retrieved from http://heinonline.org). McCaffrey, B. R., & Scales, R. H. (2011). Texas Border Security: A Strategic Military Assessment, 2011. Texas Department of Agriculture. O Connell, K. G. (2005). A Total War on Drug Cartels. USAWC Strategy Research Project. Peterson, E. (2007) Two sides of the same coin: The link between illicit opium production and security in Afghanistan, University of Washington Journal of Law & Policy 215 (2007). Turkish International Academy Against Drugs and Organized Crime. (2008). Drug Trends: The Fight Against Drug Trafficking. PPT slideshow. UNODC. (2008). A Century of International Drug Control. UNODC. (2010). Drugs and Arms in Africa. Experts Workshop on Maritime Security and Safety, African Union, April 6-7, 2010, Addis Ababa, Ethiopa. PPT slideshow. UNODC. (2011). Estimating Illicit Financial Flows Resulting from Drug Trafficking and Other Transnational Organized Crimes. UNODC. (2010). Southeast Asia: Situation and Response, PPT slideshow. UNODC. (2011). The Global Afghan Opium Trade: A Threat Assessment. UNODC. (2012). Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean: A Threat Assessment. UNODC. (2013). Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment. UNODC. (2012). World Drug Report. UNODC. (2012). Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia. UNODC (2006). Organized Crime and Irregular Migration from Africa to Europe. U.S. Department of Justice. National Drug Intelligence Center. 2011. National Drug Threat Assessment. U.S. Department of State: Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Vol. 1, Drug and Chemical Control, 2013. 13

U.S. Department of State: Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Vol. 1I, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes, 2013. Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., M, J., & Wood, E. (2011). Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy (retrieved from www.elsevier.com/locate/drugpo). Wyler, L. S. (2012). International Drug Control Policy: Background and U.S. Responses, Congressional Research Service. 14