The Future of Airport Design.. Sara Beardsley, AIA, LEED AP Senior Architect
Form follows PerFormance
FKI Headquarters Tower Exterior Wall
FKI Headquarters Tower Exterior Wall Energy Collection
FKI Headquarters Tower Roof System
Willis Tower Hotel
Willis Tower Hotel
Masdar HQ
Masdar HQ
Masdar HQ
Masdar HQ
Wuhan Tower [Early Study]
Existing Building and Energy Use Introduction of additional amenities
Chicago Loop De-Carbonization Plan City Study area represents approximately 9% of the emissions for Chicago Land area: 460 Acre Floor area: 120,000,000 sq ft Total carbon: 3.9 MMTCO2 Introduction of additional amenities 50%
Pneumatic Waste Collection Arc Gasification System
시카고 중심지역 에너지 마스터플랜 Chicago Central Area De-Carbonization Plan
Curtain wall systems Clearer glass with Low-E coatings or tint: double pane VAV or FCU systems with less perimeter heat needed Use of variable frequency pumps, drives and DDC controls Lighting levels reduced to meet energy codes and LEED Natural daylight and light controls Large floor plates but shallower lease spans for natural light
Bringing Performative Design to Airports Sources of carbon emissions
Carbon Footprint of Airports Contributing Factors f carbon emissions Aircraft Startup of engines Auxiliary Power Operation Maintenance of aircraft engines Maintenance of aircraft Anti-icing and de-icing of aircraft Airplane Taxi, idling, take-off and landing Building architecture & building operation terminal, auxiliary buildings, hangars, runways, lighting GSE [ground service equipment] fuel handling, baggage handling, de-icing equipment, emergency, snow removal, staff transport, catering Airport internal circulation cars, busses, APM systems, bussing to airplanes Transportation to and from airport train, bus, limo, taxi, private automobile
Carbon Footprint of Airports An average a large international airport produces 2 MM tons of CO2 annually. However, this does not consider flights. Estimated at approximately.11-.25 kg CO2 per passenger trip, the carbon emissions from short-haul flights in and out of O Hare Airport would be over 16 MM tons. For comparison, the Chicago Loop [1 square mile] produces 3.9 million metric tons of carbon each year including transportation, water usage, waste and buildings [according to CCAP]. Air Traffic from O Hare = Chicago Loop Emissions x 5
Carbon Footprint of Airports - Aircraft Sources of carbon emissions According to the Emission Factor Database by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the average Landing Take-off Cycle (LTO) for domestic traffic produces 3150 kg of CO2. This value varies by aircraft type, and is typically higher for older fleet aircraft. Of all factors in airport carbon emissions, Aircraft LTO is the largest contributor [i.e. the airplanes cause more emissions than the buildings themselves].
Carbon Footprint of Airports - Aircraft Sources of carbon emissions Many airports have extreme amounts of congestion, especially during heavy traffic periods. Aircraft expend large amounts of fuel during taxi, take-off and landing therefore airports should be designed to perform these movements in the most efficient way possible. Reasons for idling or increased taxi time include: - Lack of dual taxi lanes / waiting for other aircraft to push back - De-Icing - Queuing for take-off - Waiting for a gate to become available upon landing - Traffic congestion during taxi to and from the runway / crossing runways - Long distance from runway to gate
Efficient Planning is Key to mitigate Carbon from Aircraft Sources of carbon emissions - Plan gates and dual taxi lanes generously to avoid congestion - Avoid small cul-de-sacs which can cause congestion - Plan for de-icing pads to keep pollution controlled - Provide sufficient runways - Provide sufficient gates, and the ability to use bussing when over capacity - Avoid excessive runway and taxi-lane crossings - Limit taxi distance from runway to gate, and avoid long taxi around the airport - Provide close proximity from hangars to airport During the design of Incheon, it was found that our efficient airside design resulted in a reduction of 15% on taxi time which would save 100 litres of fuel per flight.
Efficient Planning Sources of carbon emissions Image courtesy of Arup
Site Issues Airports land use has a huge effect on: Storm water / pollution of groundwater, urban heat island, noise pollution, natural habitats for birds & other animals, land value, traffic congestion Airports are located near urban centers where land is at a premium, but the closer an airport is to a city, often the more restricted its size can be. As new airports are constructed choosing an appropriate location and connecting by convenient, mass transit is of great importance. As old airports expand, site and zoning challenges are prevalent. Land Area: Chicago O Hare: 7.5 square miles Atlanta: 5.5 square miles (top right) JFK New York: 6 square miles (middle right) Beijing Capital: 9 square miles (bottom right) London Heathrow: 4.5 square miles
Site Issues Where possible.large international airports should plan for - very long-term expansion [50 years] - convenient inter-modal transit links -locations away from prime wildlife habitats and dense residential populations Monitoring to understand the effect of the airport on the local habitat including ground-water and air pollution is important. Incheon International Airport was originally planned for an expansion that would more than double its size. A similar configuration is prevalent in many of the newer international airports, but older airports can have difficulty in expanding.
The Green Airport City
The Airport City
Airport as Intermodal Transit HUB The Airport of the Future is intermodal connected to a transportation network for convenience which will allow them to be located a reasonable distance from dense city centers but a the same time have the convenience which will fulfill demands of passengers.
Airport as Intermodal Transit HUB
Airport as Intermodal Transit HUB
Efficient Design of Ground Service and BHSemissions The emissions of Ground Service Equipment is based on many factors: - Type of Equipment [gasoline, electric, hybrid] - Driving distance required [how much airplanes can be serviced from underneath as opposed to use of fuel trucks] - Design and use of automatic BHS versus ground service vehicles There is a delicate balance between operational benchmarks to provide the best service, and energy efficiency.
Building Design: Special Challenges for Airport Buildings include: -Long hours of operation -Specialized equipment [security, MEP, information, APM, moving walkways, BHS] -Large amounts of exterior lighting -Large amount of parking & paved area, often contributing to urban heat-island effect -Landscape design can be challenging due to discouragement of birds -Airports inherently have many chemicals which can pollute ground-water -Airports inherently have air pollution, making natural ventilation in buildings difficult -Airports expand quickly, sometimes without sufficient planning -When expanding, airports need to remain in operation
Sustainable Opportunities in Airports include: - Large Roof Area: Renewable Energy - Green Roofs and /or large landscaped areas - Opportunities for Natural Light - Greywater / Blackwater treatment & re-use on a large scale - District Heating and Cooling - Co-generation, Geothermal - Opportunities for efficient mechanical systems such as displacement ventilation - Opportunities to create campus-wide standards for type of purchasing, recycling, types of vegetation to be used, storm water management plan - Potential educational impact to millions of passengers
Sustainable Opportunities in Airports Electric Vehicles Sustainable construction practices On Site Water Treatment Naturally lit spaces On-Site Greywater Storage Mass Transit Intelligent MEP Solar PV Vacuum Waste collection & recycling
HVAC Concept Ticketing Hall Examples
HVAC Concept Ticketing Hall Examples
HVAC Concept Ticketing Hall Examples
HVAC Concept Ticketing Hall Examples
Incheon Animation