Who s Missing? Who Cares:

Who s Missing? Who Cs: Th Iss of Abdction by Noth Ko Mihoko Mtsb Pcific Fo CSIS Th hv bn noos pcptl nd dfinitionl gps btwn Jpn nd ovss in ltion to th iss of bdction by Noth Ko. Evn within Jpn, th Jpns govnnt nd pivt dvoccy gops diff in thi pcption of th iss nd lso in thi stits of th nb of bdcts nd th contis tht thy fo. Foign pots tnd to focs on otionl ctions d by filis of Jpns bdcts nd gd Jpn s bing obsssd with this iss. Ovss ticls ly on Ki Jong-Il s cli d ding his ting with Pi Minist Koizi Jn ichiō in whn h dittd tht his conty hd kidnppd 3 Jpns citizns. Th Jpns govnnt hs dsigntd 7 Jpns citizns s bdcts nd blivs tht bot 3 o psons cold hv bn kidnppd s of tody. On th oth hnd, Jpns dvoccy gops bliv tht th nb of bdcts is ctlly f o thn th govnnt s stit nd tht th totl nb is bot 6 fo t lst contis. Jpn gs tht this iss, n ct of intntionl tois, ntils sios violtion of ntionl sovignty nd hn ights. Th iss of bdction is coplictd bcs it lso involvs diplocy nd dostic politics. It is hd to vify th xct nb of th bdcts hld in Noth Ko, which is th son tht Jpn hs hd difficltis in civing ndstnding nd cooption fo th intntionl conity. Ths, o English pblictions nd stong nd cntlizd intllignc cpbility citicl in od to sh Jpns viws nd pov th Jpns clis. Bilding of intllignc cpbility, spcilly hn intllignc, will hlp Jpn pvnt kidnppings by foign gnts in th ft, hv btt sittionl wnss of th bdction iss, nd obtin intntionl sppot thogh th US globl llinc ntwok. This wold b th fist stp to fcilitt soltion of th iss. S Intodction In 9, two vnts boght Jpns nd Aicn ttntion to th iss of bdctions by Noth Ko. Scty of Stt Hilly Clinton t with th filis of Jpns citizns who w kidnppd by Noth Kon gnts ding h fist to to Jpn in Fby 9. Th following onth, fo Noth Kon gnt t with th fily of Jpns won in Bsn, Soth Ko, who hd bn kidnppd by th Noth in 978, lving bhind h two bbis. Sh gv tining in Jpns lngg nd clt to th Noth Kon gnt in Noth Ko btwn 98 nd 983. Svl jo ss di otlts snstionlly covd th two tings nd th Jpns bdction, inclding th Wshington Post, Nw Yok Tis, nd Ko Tis. Evn in cdi th iss gntd considbl intst. Howv, 76 Mihoko Mtsb ost of foign ticls ccpt cli d by Noth Ko, in which Ki Jong-Il dittd ding Pi Minist Koizi Jn ichiō s ( 小 泉 純 一 郎 ) visit to Pyongyng in, tht Noth Ko hd kidnppd 3 Jpns citizns. In contst to th foign di potyls, Jpn intpts th bdction iss s n ct of intntionl tois, which tgts oth ntionls. Howv, it is lso woth pointing ot tht vn ong Jpns concnd ogniztions, thi dfinition of th bdction iss dos not coincid. Jpns dvoccy gops bliv tht Noth Ko tgtd bot 6 popl fo t lst contis, 3 nd th Jpns govnnt idntifis 9 Jpns css of bdction. Noth Ko, howv, hs ftd Jpn s cli. Th joity of foign covg disgds th dfinition of th Jp-

Who s Missing? Who Cs ns govnnt nd pivt dvoccy gops nd dos not cogniz this discpncy s pobl. Only copl of th foign ticls f dictly to th clis d by Jpns dvoccy gops. Whil nglcting to clify th dfinition, so of th ticls clld th iss n otionl 4 on o ntionl obsssion 5. This is good xpl of th wys in which th pcptions nd intpttions of this iss diff widly both dosticlly nd intntionlly. Ctinly, th pcptl gp pobbly hlps th Noth Kon gol of tivilizing th iss s ch s possibl nd vting potntil obstcls to civing foign id. Nith th discpncy no th kidnppings hv yt bn solvd. Ths discpncis nd dfinitionl gps hv ndind th soltion of this significnt intntionl iss of hn ights violtion. In od to solv th pobl, th Jpns fist hs to solv th dfinitionl gps, nd thn sk cooption fo th intntionl conity to pss Noth Ko togth to tn th victis. This pp will xin th dfinitionl gps nd foign covg of th bdction iss, nd thn otlins ctions tht th Jpns govnnt nd dvoccy gops shold tk to dl with ths isss. Vios Dfinitions of th Abdction Iss Th Jpns nd Noth Kon govnnts, long with civilin gops sppoting filis of bdcts, hv givn diffnt dfinitions with spct to victis ntionlitis, nbs, nd bdction piods. This hs sltd in stlt in biltl ngotitions btwn th two govnnts nd lso csd confsion ong th English di. Dfinition of th Abdction Iss by th Noth Kon Govnnt Ki Jong-Il dittd th bdction of 3 Jpns citizns in whn h nd Pi Minist Koizi Jn ichiō ( 小 泉 純 一 郎 ) hd ting in Pyongyng. Th Jpns govnnt hd dndd invstigtions into th individls who th Jpns thoitis hd idntifid s bdcts. Noth Ko, howv, clid tht 4 w liv in Noth Ko, 8 hd did, nd tht th ws no vidnc tht th ining individls hd v ntd Noth Ko. Th Noth Kon dlgtion lso dittd tht th conty hd bdctd noth pson, bot who th Jpns govnnt hd not yt qid, nd confid tht sh ws still liv in Noth Ko. 6 In Octob, 5 victis w pittd to tn to Jpn. Thy Chi Ysshi ( 地 村 保 志 ), Chi (Hoto) Fki ( 地 村 [ 浜 本 ] 富 貴 恵 ), Hsik Ko ( 蓮 池 薫 ), Hsik (Okdo) Ykiko ( 蓮 池 [ 奥 土 ] 祐 木 子 ), nd Sog Hitoi ( 曽 我 ひとみ). Sog is th pson who th Jpns dlgtion hd t fist not cognizd s victi nd bot who thy hd not dndd ny infotion. Noth Ko still gs tht th ight victis Yokot Mgi ( 横 田 めぐみ), Ichikw Shichi ( 市 川 修 一 ), Ishiok Tō ( 石 岡 亨 ), H Tdki ( 原 敕 晁 ), Tgchi Yko ( 田 口 八 重 子 ), Mtoto Riko ( 増 元 るみ 子 ), Mtski Ko ( 松 木 薫 ), nd Aioto Kiko ( 有 本 恵 子 ) did, nd tht th oth two, Sog Miyoshi ( 曽 我 ミヨ シ), th oth of Sog Hitoi ( 曽 我 ひとみ), nd K Hioshi ( 久 米 裕 ) nv ntd its titoy. In 4, Noth Ko pittd th childn of Hsik ( 蓮 池 ), Chi ( 地 村 ), nd Sog ( 曽 我 ) to go to Jpn to sty with thi pnts in ddition to Chls Jnkins, Sog Hitoi s ( 曽 我 ひとみ) Aicn hsbnd, who sh id in Noth Ko. Noth Ko s position is tht th bdction iss ws solvd bcs th ntion hs tnd 5 svivos nd thi filis to Jpn. It insists tht it hs povidd ll infotion on th dcsd victis with thi dth ctificts nd th ins of bdcts. 7 Dfinition of th Abdction Iss by th Jpns Govnnt Altogth, th Jpns govnnt hs dsigntd 7 Jpns citizns s bdcts nd blivs tht bot 3 o psons cold hv bn kidnppd s of tody. In ddition to th 5 fontiond victis, th govnnt idntifid Tnk Mino ( 田 中 実 ) s n bdct in Apil 5 nd Mtsoto Kyōko ( 松 本 京 子 ) in Novb 6. Nvthlss, th govnnt is w tht so dditionl 3 Jpns 77 J p n

S psons nd oth ntionls ight lso hv bn kidnppd by th Noth, lthogh th di hs hdly v potd this cli. Th Jpns govnnt is dobtfl tht th ight bdcts hv did bcs thy w ltivly yong (btwn thi s nd 4s) whn thy did nd bcs thi ins do not xist. Thi dth ctificts w ll issd by th s Noth Kon hospitl in. Th docnts g tht th victis did of gs poisoning, tffic ccidnts, ht ttcks, nd sicid. Fo instnc, Ichikw Shichi ( 市 川 修 一 ) llgdly did of ht ttck whil swiing ding n gnt bsinss tip whn h ws 4 ys old, lthogh h ws not bl to swi whil h ws in Jpn. In 4, Noth Ko dittd tht th ctificts w hstily dftd pon th visit of th Jpns dlgtion in. Ftho, no ins of th bdcts xist. Noth Ko sys tht th bodis of 6 bdcts w bid bt w wshd wy by flood. Th Noth Kon govnnt fowdd th ins of Yokot Mgi ( 横 田 めぐみ) nd Mtski Ko ( 松 木 薫 ) to th Jpns govnnt, bt DNA tsts ftd th Noth Kon cli. 8 Ths, th Jpns govnnt gs tht th vidnc Noth Ko hs sbittd hdly sppots thi clis. Althogh Jpn hs dndd fth infotion, Noth Ko hs not plid yt. Th govnnt blivs tht Pyongyng hids infotion nd dos not wnt to tn bdcts who w focibly involvd in Noth Kon spy dction nd know bot covt ctivitis sch s th Kon Ailins bobing. 9 Moov, th Jpns govnnt is w tht in o thn 3 css of issing psons, Noth Ko ws likly involvd in thi bdction, lthogh it dos not spcify who th pobbl bdcts. Accoding to its wbsit, th govnnt dndd tht Noth Ko invstigt ths css nd iditly tn th victis of kidnpping to Jpn. In ddition, th Jpns govnnt points ot tht Noth Ko hs kidnppd citizns fo th Rpblic of Ko, Roni, Thilnd, nd Lbnon nd bdctd two Noth Kon 78 Mihoko Mtsb childn fo Jpn whos oth is Jpns. Cliing tht bdction is sios violtion of hn ights, th Jpns govnnt hs dndd tht Noth Ko llow th two childn to tn to Jpn. Howv, otsid th wbsit, th govnnt dos not opnly f to ith th css of th dditionl issing Jpns o foigns, nd it is ncl s to how th Jpns govnnt coopts with th ntions whos citizns w llgdly kidnppd. This is pobbly bcs noliztion of ltions with Noth Ko hs bn citicl iss fo th Jpns politicl conity. D to gowing intst in th bdction iss ong th gnl pblic, politicins hv not bn bl to ovtly sggst pioitizing th noliztion ov th bdction iss sinc Koizi s visit to Pyongyng. His sccsso, Pi Minist Ab Shinzō ( 安 倍 晋 三 ), dcld tht th bdction iss shold b th nb on pblic pioity. Howv, th ss di now bsy coving nw politicl pobls sch s th cnt tnsions btwn Jpn nd th Unitd Stts ov th loction pojct of th Ftn Ai Sttion ( 普 天 間 飛 行 場 ) in Okinw ( 沖 縄 ), s E Chnltt-Avy, n Asin ffis xpt t th Congssionl Rsch Svic points ot. Th Jpns politicl conity tks dvntg of this sittion, nglcting th bdction iss in fvo of dling with diffnt gnd. Ths, it is o difficlt fo Jpn to fill in th dfinitionl gp with Wshington on this bdction iss. Also, sinc th infotion gding ths possibl bdctions is scttd ll ov its wbsit, it wold b difficlt fo foign ds to ndstnd th clis of th govnnt cophnsivly. This dsigntion iss will b discssd blow. Dfinition of th Abdction Iss by Pivt Advoccy Gops in Jpn Th Jpns dvoccy gops bliv tht th nb of bdcts is ctlly f o thn th govnnt s stit nd tht th totl nb is bot 6 fo t lst contis. 3 Filis of Jpns bdcts nd thi dvocts bgn gssoots ovnts

Who s Missing? Who Cs to os pblic opinion nd to pss th govnnt to cov bdcts in 997. Th Jpns pblic nd th govnnt hdly blivd th cli in th bginning. Thy w o convincd whn Ki Jong-Il dittd th bdctions in, nd h lso notd tht Sog Hitoi ( 曽 我 ひとみ), ws bdctd s wll lthogh th Jpns govnnt hd nv skd th gi fo cconts of h ft. This stonishing nws sltd in incsd inqiis fo filis whos lovd ons disppd dcds go. Consqntly, pivt citizn gops sttd to ddss ths qis. Th th jo pivt ogniztions hndling th bdction iss: th Ntionl Assocition fo th Rsc of Jpns Kidnppd by Noth Ko (NARKN) ( 北 朝 鮮 に 拉 致 され た 日 本 人 を 救 出 するための 全 国 協 議 会 ), th Filis of Victis Kidnppd by Noth Ko (AFVKN) ( 北 朝 鮮 による 拉 致 被 害 者 家 族 連 絡 会 ), nd th Invstigtion Coission on Missing Jpns Pobbly Rltd to Noth Ko (COMJAN) ( 特 定 失 踪 者 問 題 調 査 会 ). NARKN is colition of non-pofit ogniztions to sc ll th victis bdctd by Noth Ko in cooption with nd with th sppot of AFVKN. AFVKN ws lnchd in Mch 997, nd th colition ws stblishd in Apil 998. COMJAN ws fod in Jny 3 to invstigt issing psons who ight hv bn bdctd fo Jpn by Noth Ko. It focss on finding nd scing pobbl bdcts. Ntionl Assocition fo th Rsc of Jpns Kidnppd by Noth Ko (NARKN) NARKN stts tht tht Noth Ko coittd stt-sponsod tois, kidnpping ov 6 popl fo t lst contis, bsd on infotion fo th Jpns nd Soth Kon govnnt, s wll s witnsss inclding Chls Jnkins nd Soth Kon tnd bdct. 4 This cli ws incldd in ltt to Hilly Clinton whn sh visitd Tokyo in Fby 9. 5 Th bkdown of th sttistics on th NARKN wbsit is s follows: Jpn (bot ); Soth Ko (8,959 ding th Kon W nd 489 ft th csfi); Chin (); Mlysi (4); Thilnd (); Singpo (); Lbnon (4); Jodn (); Rni (); Fnc (3); Itly (3); nd th Nthlnds (). 6 Invstigtion Coission on Missing Jpns Pobbly Rltd to Noth Ko (COMJAN) Th Invstigtion Coission on Missing Jpns Pobbly Rltd to Noth Ko (COM- JAN) blivs tht bdctions cnnot b ld ot in bot 47 css of issing sidnts of Jpn btwn 948 nd 7 s of Mch. 7 Aki Kzhio ( 荒 木 和 博 ), COMJAN Chin nd pofsso t Tkshok Univsity ( 拓 殖 大 学 ), holds tht th bdction iss is collctiv dsigntion, which covs css of Jpns citizns, Soth nd Noth Kon sidnts in Jpn, nd oth foigns. 8 Unlik NARKN, COMJAN focss o on dostic css nd hs o infotion on th. Sinc COMJAN inclds Kon sidnts in Jpn s wll, th nb of possibl bdcts is lg thn th NARKN stit. Ths, th t bdction iss ns sothing qit diffnt to Jpn nd Noth Ko. Evn in Jpn, th dfinition vis ong th vios gops. Th only bdction css Noth Ko hs dittd to ltd to th 3 Jpns citizns, whil th nb of bdcts tht th Jpns govnnt officilly lists is 7, ll Jpns. On th conty, th Jpns dvoccy gops cli tht Noth Kon gnts kidnppd citizns fo t lst ntions, inclding Jpn fo which o thn Jpns citizns w bdctd. Difficlty in dfining th iss Wht thn, cconts fo this gp ong th gops? Aki Kzhio ( 荒 木 和 博 ) points ot 9 th two css tht pvnt th discovy of th xct nb of bdcts. Fist, Noth Ko tgtd nd bdctd Jpns citizns who hd no ltivs o w stngd fo thi filis, sch s H Tdki ( 原 敕 晁 ), idntifid s n bdct by th Jpns govnnt, ccoding to Aki. In sch cs, it is lss likly tht thi filis wold cll fo n invstigtion. Polic invstigtions oftn fd ths css ly 79 J p n

S s issing psons incidnts. If th kidnpp of H Tdki hd not bn std nd psons blonging to bdction-ltd ogniztions hd not tstifid, no on wold hv v known tht H ws kidnppd. Scond, Aki gs tht it is sotis difficlt to dw lin in gy, which fs to issing popl whos disppnc cold b ttibtd ith to bdction o f will, s wll s popl who w kidnppd bt whos ntionlity is not Jpns. So bdcts ight hv bn sypthtic o hv hd so intst in Noth Ko, xplining thi otivtions fo tvling th. Yt thy hv not bn pittd to tn to Jpn. Fo xpl, th Yodo-gō (よど 号 ) hijcks gop tptd Ishiok Tō ( 石 岡 亨 ), Mtski Ko ( 松 木 薫 ), nd Aioto Kiko ( 有 本 恵 子 ) to visit Noth Ko. In th 97s nd 98s, vg Jpns popl did not hv ngtiv ig of Noth Ko. Accodingly, th th bdcts ight hv bn intstd in Noth Ko to so xtnt. Thy did not, howv, xpct tht thy wold b focd to sid in Noth Ko pnntly. Althogh th Jpns govnnt hs officilly dsigntd ll th s bdcts, it hs not incldd siil css in th officil list yt. Aki clis tht not bing pittd to tn to Jpn pon qst constitts kind of bdction. Thfo, Aki insists tht th xct nb of bdcts will not b discovd ntil significnt chngs occ within th Noth Kon gi, which wold pit indpndnt invstigtions. Howv, h lso indicts tht vn thn, th nb y in bigos fo two sons: th vidnc doctin of th polic nd th bity dsigntion of th Jpns govnnt. 3 8 Mihoko Mtsb Fist of ll, s th polic lds th invstigtions, thy consid ll spcts of th incidnt in ccodnc with th vidnc doctin. If no vidnc is fond to sppot Noth Ko s involvnt, th cs will not b gdd s n bdction. Most of th pobbl bdcts dlt copls. If th polic did not find ny dfinit ciinl signs, thy wold slly not invstigt fth bcs sch css of disppnc look ly lik copl who n wy nd th pss of fily opposition o finncil difficltis. It is nly ipossibl fo th polic to invstigt cs in which issing popl ight hv bn bdctd nd to dsignt th s sch dcds ft th fct. Ftho, ch ti, govnnt involvnt followd th ld of oth socs of infotion, sch s nwspps o gzin ticls, nd only thn w th bdcts dsigntd s sch. 4 Nxt, th dsigntion pocss sd by th Jpns govnnt is th bity. Th th pqisits fo govnnt in its cognition of bdcts, ccoding to Aki: () th kidnpping occd ginst thi own will; () th bdcts hld in Noth Ko; nd (3) th bdcts still in confind th. Howv, th govnnt hs not ncssily followd this l. Fo instnc, Sog Miyoshi ( 曽 我 ミヨシ), ws dsigntd s n bdct only bcs sh ws with h dght, Sog Hitoi ( 曽 我 ひとみ), whn Hitoi ws kidnppd by Noth Kon gnts ccoding to Hitoi, lthogh Noth Ko dnis th bdction of h oth. 5 Anoth cs is Tkoshi ( 寺 越 ), who ws issing fo his bot in 963 nd ws fond liv in Noth Ko 4 ys lt. On th oth hnd, th govnnt hs not intptd th Tkoshi, cs s n bdction lthogh h ws ppntly kidnppd, nd th govnnt cknowldgs tht h is hld in Noth Ko. 6 Ths, vn if filis o thi sppots bliv tht issing pson ws bdctd d to cicstntil vidnc, th thoitis do not ncssily gd th cs s n bdction. This is in pt th son why th Jpns govnnt dlyd binging p this iss t ngotitions with Noth Ko. Evn ft th govnnt stblishd th officil dsigntion syst, it is still difficlt fo th govnnt to ngotit with Noth Ko fo bdcts who do not hv sch lgl gnts. So, th bdction iss is not only n intntionl iss, bt lso dostic on. In fct, th confsion csd by this dsigntion iss cn b sn in foign pots s wll.

Who s Missing? Who Cs Ovss Rpots Concning th Abdction Iss As discssd, th t th bdction iss ns sothing qit diffnt to Jpn nd Noth Ko. Evn in Jpn, th dfinition vis ong ntitis. Tking this sittion into considtion, it is not spising tht foign di hv bn confsd. So of th xpls s follows: Th dfinition by NARKN (ov issing, involving contis): Th Wll Stt Jonl dtd Jny 9 7 nd Th Associtd Pss dtd Fby 9 8 Th dfinition sowh btwn th Jpns govnnt s nd NARKN s (t lst 6 bdcts): Th Wshington Post dtd Fby 9 9 Th dfinition by Noth Ko: Voic of Aic dtd Mch 9 3 nd Th Nw Yok Tis dtd Mch 9 3 Dfinition o liitd thn Noth Ko s: Rts dtd Mch 9 (svl bdcts) 3 Th xpssion t lst 6 Jpns by th Wshington Post pobbly flcts th fct tht th Jpns govnnt finlly clssifid Mtsoto Kyōko ( 松 本 京 子 ) s n bdct in Novb 6, th ti in which th totl nb of idntifid bdcts chd 7. Th ticl ws pblishd ft tht. Spisingly, th Aicn di hdly links th bdction iss with Ki Dong-shik, who hs US pnnt citiznship, xcpt fo th Wshington Post ticl in Jn 8. Accoding to th ticl, Noth Kon gnts kidnppd th Chistin issiony in in nothstn Chin whn h ws hlping Noth Kon dfctos nd tkn to Noth Ko. 33 This confsion is lso sn in cdic ticls s wll. Pt M. Bck, Pofsso t Aicn Univsity nd Ewh Wons Univsity, lis on Noth Ko s gnt. 34 On th oth hnd, Ly A. Niksch, US Congssionl Rsch Svic, fs to th clis d by th Jpns dvoccy gops tht Noth Ko bdctd svl hndd Jpns citizns. 35 H lso cits Conty Rpots, 5 issd by th US Dptnt of Stt, which stts it is likly tht citizns oth thn Jpns hv bn kidnppd by Noth Ko ccoding to plsibl socs. 36 It ss tht vn Noth Kon xpts in th Unitd Stts not ncssily fili with th clis of th Jpns govnnt nd dvoccy gops. Jst lik ost of th ovss di, th schols do not cogniz th possibility tht th bdction iss possibly involvs svl ntions nd violts both hn ights nd ntionl sovignty. Pobls with Ovss Rpots Th pobl is tht ovss pots tnd to lbl th bdction isss s otionl o gd Jpn s obsssd with th iss withot clifying th obstcls in dfining th iss dosticlly nd intntionlly o xplining th contxt of th ts of otionl o obsssd. In ny css, sch covg hs fd to th bdction iss in cobintion with th Noth Kon ncl iss nd hs indictd tht Jpn is isoltd in th Six-Pty Tlks in binging p th bdction iss t ngotitions sinc oth ptis pioitiz Noth Kon dncliztion. Sinc th Six-Pty Tlks is th only officil chnnl tht Tokyo hs with Pyongyng, th Jpns govnnt hs no choic bt to tk dvntg of th fwok to ngotit th bdction iss. Howv, US nlysts of Est Asi s wll s foign di not ncssily w of this sittion in th Jpns govnnt. On xcption is Todd Cowll of th Asi Sntinl, who tid to xplin why Jpn is obsssd with th iss. H pointd ot th cs of Yokot Mgi ( 横 田 めぐみ), who ws 3-y-old iddl school gil whn sh ws kidnppd by Noth Kon gnts, nd wot, Mgi ws jst typicl Jpns school gil, doing typicl Jpns school gil ctivitis with h finds living in typicl Jpns nighbohood. No wond h plight tgs t th conty's ht. 37 8 J p n

S It is t tht th cs hs civd lot of sypthy bcs Yokot ws bdctd whn sh ws qit yong. Also, this iss ntils so otionl spcts bcs it is ntl tht filis o ltivs wish to cov thi issing lovd ons. This nd oth ovss pots, howv, hv nglctd o ipotnt fct: both th Jpns govnnt nd pivt sppot gops ps thi ctivitis fo th position of hn ights nd ntionl sovignty th thn psonl sypthy, s indictd in thi wbsits, bochs, nd books. This is why Jpn hs bn pioitizing th iss in diplocy nd boght p this sbjct t vios tings, inclding t th Unitd Ntions nd G8 Sit, which not liitd to th Six-Pty Tlks. Th Jpns govnnt, howv, hs not ncssily tid to colt th iss with th Noth Kon ncl iss. Ths, it is ncssy fo Jpn to coit itslf o to pooting btt ndstnding of th iss in th intntionl conity nd to pvnt itslf fo bing fth lintd in intntionl ngotitions. It will b hlpfl to povid th wold with vidnc of th bdction fo tht ppos. Policy Rcondtions Good pblic ltions nd n ffctiv intllignc cpbility ky sttgis fo th Jpns govnnt nd dvoccy gops, fo solving th iss. Althogh so NARKN nd COMJAN bs dnd th dploynt of th Slf Dfns Focs (SDF) to sc th bdcts fo Noth Ko, sch ility ction is not listic. Fist of ll, th SDF dos not hv sfficint offnsiv cpbilitis to ps th ission nd th pcifist constittion. Scond, to ps covt option fo sc, libl hn intllignc (HUMINT) is ncssy. Rgdlss, th Jpns govnnt dos not hv HUMINT ogniztion. As slt, it wold b xtly difficlt fo th SDF to obtin cct infotion on th whbots of th bdcts nd possibl sc ots. Thid, ny poctiv ility ction wold povok bcklsh ong th oth Asin ntions, spcilly Chin nd Soth Ko. Evn thogh th two contis sotis 8 Mihoko Mtsb tiliz nti-jpns flings to nit thi ntionls, Jpn shold void inspiing f in th intntionl conity. By inding th of th Jpns p-w ilitis, Jpn cold isk hing biltl ltions with th. Rcondtion : Pblic Rltions Pblic ltions nd stong intllignc cpbility plsibl options. Unfotntly, both th Jpns govnnt nd pivt gops sppoting th bdcts nd filis do not s to hv phsizd pblic ltions in English to bidg th gp in ndstnding nd k it si fo th intntionl conity to gsp th coplxity of th iss. Th is ly ny cdic nlysis in English concning this iss tht is vilbl nd pblishd by Jpns officils o schols, whil plnty of tils vilbl in Jpns. Jpn s Cbint Offic stblishd th Hdqts fo th Abdction Iss, which hs wbsit in Jpns, English, Kon, Chins, Rssin, Fnch, Spnish, Itlin, nd Gn. On its Jpns nd English wbsit, th govnnt dos not xplin why nd how it boght p th iss t th Six-Pty Tlks, whs th wbsit bifly dscibs ffots t th Unitd Ntions nd G8 Sit. To ndstnd Jpn s gnd gding th bdction iss, on hs to visit th Ministy of Foign Affis wbsit to chck ch ond of th tlks. 38 Sch thods of infotion ogniztion k it difficlt fo non-jpns o vn Jpns popl to ndstnd th stnc of th Jpns govnnt cophnsivly. COMJAN nd NARKN hv English wbsits, whos contnts incld only sll potion of thi Jpns wbsits on th dvlopnt of th iss nd infotion on bdcts. So of th bod bs of th gops pofssos nd nlysts of Noth Kon isss nd hv pblishd books nd cdic ssys to psnt thi nlysis of bdctions, bt thy ll in Jpns. Yokot Ski ( 横 田 早 紀 江 ), th oth of Yokot Mgi ( 横 田 めぐみ), pblishd book

Who s Missing? Who Cs titld Noth Ko Kidnppd My Dght nd Chls Jnkins, th hsbnd of Sog Hitoi ( 曽 我 ひとみ), Th Rlctnt Conist: My Dstion, Cot-Mtil, nd Foty-Y Ipisonnt in Noth Ko; both in English. Thy hlpfl to ndstnd th gony xpincd by bdcts nd thi filis vn thogh so ight gd ths books s sbjctiv. Nonthlss, Jnkins book vld tht h hd witnssd bdcts fo Thilnd nd Chin 39, nd this wok llowd th intntionl conity to btt ndstnd Noth Ko nd th intntionl bdction iss. Ths, sch tstiony of tnd bdcts nd filis of bdcts wold fcilitt th ndstnding of th iss nd spplnt infotion povidd by cdic pots, vn thogh th fiv Jpns victis who tnd to Jpn hv not shd thi xpincs in Noth Ko with th pblic yt. Btt pblic ltions shold tgt English ds, spcilly th US govnnt nd Aicn citizns fist bcs th US lso hs victi kidnppd by Noth Ko nd th Unitd Stts hs o inflnc on Noth Ko nd th intntionl conity thn Jpn. In Jny 5, th Illinois dlgtion snt ltt to Noth Kon bssdo to th Unitd Ntions nd dndd infotion on Ki Dong-shik, bcs h sd to liv in Illinois. Psidnt Bck Ob ws on of th dlgtion bs who signd th ltt. 4 Jpn shold tk dvntg of th ltt nd civ sypthy of th psidnt nd th US Congss to pss Noth Ko. Althogh Wshington dos not wnt to s biltl tis with Jpn dtiot nd nds its finncil id to bgin with Noth Ko, th Aicn govnnt tnds to pioitiz dncliztion of Noth Ko. 4 Ths, violtion of hn ights of n Aicn citizn wold b o pssing tt to cll fo psidntil ction to tk thn n iss of Jpns citizns. Thfo, Jpn st pblish cophnsiv nd objctiv pots bot th bdction iss in English nd nlyz th ltilyd coplxity of diplocy, hn ights, ntionl sovignty, nd dostic politics. Th govnnt s officil English wbsits hv to b tnsltd o thooghly. Also, th dvoccy gops nd schols shold tnslt thi books, ssys, nd wbsits into English, tilizing infotion tht thy obtin fo th govnnt, bdcts, nd thi filis. If Jpns schols o officils k fll s of th vst ont of tils vilbl in Jpns nd psnt th ll-bcing English nlysis, thy cn xplin to th intntionl conity, fo instnc, why it is difficlt to obtin cooption fo th Soth Kon govnnt fo th bdction iss t th Six-Pty Tlks. This is piily bcs th lst two Soth Kon dinisttions w po Noth Ko bfo L Myongbk nd did not dit to th xistnc of Soth Kon bdcts. 4 This pctic hs oftn lintd Jpn t intntionl ngotitions. Rcondtion : Intllignc Cpbility Bilding Th scond ky is intllignc cpbility bilding. Rpotdly, Ki Jong-Il hs hd hlth pobl fo whil, nd his pow is likly to fll to th thid son, Ki Jong-Un. Nobody knows th possibl iplictions of Ki Jong- Il s dth on th bdction iss, s E Chnltt-Avy points ot. 43 Aki Kzhio hs o bivlnt viw: h blivs tht sinc Ki s dth cold k it difficlt fo Noth Ko to intin th dicttoship, th possibility of binging bck th bdcts wold incs. H lso nots tht Noth Ko ight dstoy vidnc of th kidnppings nd kill th bdcts in th wost cs scnio, tking dvntg of th potntil chos ft th dth of thi ld. 44 Additionlly, withot obtining libl infotion on th bdctions, th Jpns govnnt will not b bl to ith vify th fcts gding th bdction iss in th intntionl conity o fill in th dfinitionl gps. Th govnnt shold sh nlysis slts with th Unitd Stts. Sinc th whbots of th victis wold b vld only by HUMINT nd coniction intllignc, Jpn cn fowd sch snsitiv infotion only to its lly, th Unitd Stts. To dissint clssifid infotion on th victis fo oth contis, Jpn hs to s th ntwok of th Units Stts with Soth Ko nd Eop. Ths stps citicl to 83 J p n

S poot ndstnding nd cooption in th intntionl conity. Thfo, n intllignc cpbility is ndd. Cntly, sch cpbility is dispsd ong th Ministy of Dfns, th Ministy of Foign Affis, th Ntionl Polic Agncy, nd th Cbint Intllignc nd Rsch Offic (CIRO). Rd tp hs sltd in stovpipd intllignc collction, nlysis, nd dissintion in Jpn. Th CIRO st tk th inititiv lik th US Dicto of Ntionl Intllignc nd sv s th cond nd contol. CIRO shold contol collction, nlysis, nd dissintion of ll socs of intllignc. Jpn disntld its HUMNT ogniztions ft Wold W II; howv, this kind of intllignc is ssntil to bck p oth socs nd to void bing dcivd. Ftho, s th ltions btwn Jpn nd th Unitd Stts hs bco tns d to th ddlockd Ftn loction pojct, Wshington wold ppcit ny poctiv scity ffots d by Tokyo s long s Jpns inititiv contibts to th llinc. Sinc intllignc ogniztions do not hv to clify thi stct nd stngths, this cpbility bilding wold b bl to b low-pofil. It wold iniiz th wosning ltions with Asin contis. Th Jpns govnnt cn s Aticl 5.3 of th infotion disclos lw to dclin th ls of infotion bcs th cls llows th govnnt to withhold infotion ssntil to ntionl scity. 45 Fotntly, svl fo HUMINT gnts fo th Rikgn Nkno Gkkō (th Ipil Ay Nkno intllignc school 陸 軍 中 野 学 校 ) still liv, inclding fo Scond Litnnt Onod Hioo ( 小 野 田 寛 郎 ). Howv, sinc thy lost 9 ys old, th govnnt dos not hv ch ti lft to tk dvntg of th p-w socs. Also, stong intllignc cpbility ns btt pvntion of kidnpping by foign gnts. Sinc Jpn dos not own ny HU- MINT gncy t this stg, it hs not d spy pvntion lw yt. If th govnnt stblishs sch lw, it hs to k n xcption in fvo fo Jpns bdcts sinc thy wold hv bn focd to gt involvd in th tining of Noth Kon gnts nd coittd illgl ctivitis indictly. Conclsion Th bdction iss is coplictd bcs it ntils diplocy, hn ights, ntionl sovignty, nd dostic politics. It is hd to vify th xct nb of th bdcts hld in Noth Ko. Tht is why Jpn hs hd difficltis in obtining ndstnding nd cooption fo th intntionl conity. Althogh Jpn hs pblishd ny books, ssys, nd wbsits gding th iss, only sll fction of th hs bn tnsltd into English. This poo ccssibility to dtild nd cophnsiv nlysis hs pvntd oth contis fo gining th whol pict of th iss nd Jpn s viws. Th dfinitionl gps btwn Jpn nd th intntionl conity hv hdly closd yt. Ths, o English pblictions nd stong nd cntlizd intllignc cpbility citicl in od to sh Jpns viws nd pov th Jpns clis. Bilding of intllignc cpbility, spcilly HUMINT, will hlp Jpn pvnt kidnppings by foign gnts in th ft, hv btt sittionl wnss of th bdction iss, nd obtin intntionl sppot thogh th US globl llinc ntwok. This wold b th fist stp to fcilitt soltion of th iss. Endnots Kosk Tkhshi: Clinton confonts Jpn s bdction iss; Asi Tis Onlin, 9 Fby 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.tis.co/ tis/jpn/kb9dh.htl. Ki Kyng-hoon: Ex-Noth Ko spy sys Jpn bdct still liv; Rts, Mch 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.ts.co/ticl/ idustre5adt93. Th gnt hd tining of Jpns clt nd lngg to disgis hslf s Jpns citizn whn sh bobd Kon Ailins flight nd killd 5 pssngs in 987. 84 Mihoko Mtsb

Who s Missing? Who Cs 3 AFVKN nd NARKN ( 家 族 会 救 う 会 ): Appndix : Css of Abdctions by Noth Ko in Contis ( 参 考 資 料 世 界 十 二 カ 国 で 行 われている 北 朝 鮮 に よる 拉 致 犯 罪 ); in: AFVKN nd NARKN: Enti Pict nd Soltion of Abdctions by Noth Ko fo th Intntionl Viwpoint ( 北 朝 鮮 拉 致 の 全 貌 と 解 決 国 際 的 視 野 で 考 える); Snki Books, 7; p. 97. 4 Mlni Kikptick: Engging Noth Ko Didn t Wok fo Jpn; Wll Stt Jonl, 7 Jny 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://onlin.wsj.co/ ticl/sb3494993.htl. 5 Akiko Yoto nd Blin Hdn: 3 Ys Aft Abdctions, Qstions Hnt Jpns: Iss Csts Shdow Ov Tis With N. Ko, US; Th Wshington Post, 6 Dcb 7; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.wshingtonpost.co/wp-dyn/contnt/ticl/7//5/ar75669_pf.htl. 6 Mo on th Abdction Iss; Hdqts fo th Abdction Iss, Govnnt of Jpn; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.chi.go.jp/n/tiondi/ syosi.htl. 7 Points of Contntion with th Noth Kon Position; Hdqts fo th Abdction Iss, Govnnt of Jpn; ccssd on Mch t: http://www. chi.go.jp/n/onditn/indx.htl. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. Css in Which Abdction by Noth Ko Cnnot b Rld Ot; Hdqts fo th Abdction Iss, Govnnt of Jpn; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.chi.go.jp/n/tiondi/knosi.htl. Individls Abdctd fo Oth Contis; Hdqts fo th Abdction Iss, Govnnt of Jpn; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.chi.go.jp/ n/tiondi/oth.htl. Intviw with E Chnltt-Avy (Congssionl Rsch Svic, Wshington DC), 9 Apil. 3 Noth Kon Abdction Victis Woldwid s of Agst 6; Th Ntionl Assocition fo th Rsc of Jpns Kidnppd by Noth Ko (NARKN); ccssd on Mch t: http://www.skki.jp/nkn/. 4 Ibid. 5 Shigo Iizk ( 飯 塚 繁 雄 ) nd Yoshiki Fjino ( 藤 野 義 昭 ): Ltt fo NARKN to Scty of Stt Hilly Clinton, 7 Fby 9; ccssd on 4 Apil t: http://sc-bdcts.blogspot.co/9//officil-ltt-ddssd-to-scty.htl. 6 Noth Kon Abdction Victis Woldwid s of Agst 6,. 7 List of Possibl Abdcts s of Mch 8, ( 公 開 リスト 集 計 平 成 年 3 月 8 日 現 在 ); Invstigtion Coission on Missing Jpns Pobbly Rltd to Noth Ko; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.chos-ki.jp/listsyki.htl. 8 Aki Kzhio ( 荒 木 和 博 ): Noth Kon Abdctions nd Jpn ( 北 朝 鮮 による 拉 致 の 概 要 と 日 本 における 対 応 について); Institt of Foign Affis t Tkshok Univsity, Rpot ( 拓 殖 大 学 海 外 事 情 研 究 所 報 告 ) 43, 9; p. 77. 9 Intviw vi -il with Aki Kzhio ( 荒 木 和 博 ), Apil. Aki, 9; p. 79. Th conist Yodo-gō Gop hijckd Jpn Ailins Flight 35, known s Yodo-gō, on Mch 3, 97. Aft lsing th pssngs, th gop fld nd dfctd to Noth Ko. Aki, 9; pp. 79-8. 3 Ibid; p. 79. 4 Ibid; pp. 87-88. 5 Ibid; pp. 87-88. 6 Th Tkoshi ( 寺 越 ) cs occd whn th Jpns fishn (Shoji, Sotō, nd Tkshi Tkoshi 寺 越 昭 二 外 雄 武 志 ) nd thi bot disppd off th Noto Pninsl ( 能 登 半 島 ) in Ishikw Pfct ( 石 川 県 ), loctd on th cost of th S of Jpn, on My, 963. Whn th difting ship ws discovd, th ws no sign of th cw; lthogh th thoitis w not bl to loct th bodis, thy ctgoizd th cs s in ccidnt gdlss. Th filis hld fnls fo th issing n. Nonthlss, th fily of Tkoshi Sotō ( 寺 越 外 雄 ), on of th issing n, civd ltt h snt fo Noth Ko 4 ys lt in 987. Sbsqnt ltt xchngs povd tht not only Sotō bt lso his nphw, Tkoshi Tkshi ( 寺 越 武 志 ), w living in Noth Ko. Tkoshi Tzon ( 寺 越 太 左 衛 門 ) (Sotō s ldst both nd Tkshi s fth) nd his wif Too ( 友 枝 ) visitd Noth Ko in 988, 5 ys ft th incidnt. S: Ey Os ( 恵 谷 治 ): Anlysis of Abdctions by Noth Ko ( 北 朝 鮮 による 拉 致 の 分 析 ); NARKN; ccssd on Mch t: http://www. skki.jp/pdf/96.pdf. 7 Kikptick, 9. 8 Eic Tldg: Clinton ts filis of NKo bdcts; Th Associtd Pss, 7 Fby 9; ccssd on Mch 9 t: http://nwshopp.slkh. co/clinton-ts-filis-of-nko-bdcts_nws_377.ht. 9 Glnn Kssl: Clinton Sys US Sks Unity With Msli Wold; Wshington Post, 7 Fby 9; http://www.wshingtonpost.co/wp-dyn/contnt/ ticl/9//7/ar97957.htl. 3 Kt Achin: Fo N. Kon Spy Holds Mting with Abdct Fily; Voic of Aic, Mch 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.vonws. co/nglish/9-3--vo.cf. 3 Cho Sng-hn: Fo Noth Kon Agnt Mks Pblic Appnc; Nw Yok Tis, Mch 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.nytis. co/9/3//wold/si/ko.htl. 3 Ki, 9. 33 Glnn Kssl: N. Ko s Abdction of US Pnnt Rsidnt Fds Fo Officil Viw; Wshington Post, 9 Jn 8; ccssd on Mch t: http:// www.wshingtonpost.co/wp-dyn/contnt/ticl/8/6/8/ar86878.htl. 34 Pt M. Bck: Cn W Rch Ncl Dl with Noth Ko?; Th Ntils Institt fo Scity nd Sstinbility, Policy Fo Onlin 9-A, 9 Mch 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.ntils.og/fo/scity/9bck.htl. 35 Ly A. Niksch: Noth Ko: Tois List Rovl?; Congssionl Rsch Svic (CRS) Rpot fo Congss, Dcb 7. 36 Ko, Doctic Popl s Rpblic of: (5) Conty Rpots on Hn Rights Pctics; US Dptnt of Stt, 8 Mch 6; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.stt.gov/g/dl/ls/hpt/5/66.ht. 37 Todd Cowll: Why Jpn Obsssd Ov N. Kon Kidnppings; Ko Tis, 5 Mch 9; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.kotis.co.k/ www/nws/opinon/9/3/66_435.htl. 38 Jpn-Noth Ko Rltions: Six-Pty Tlks on Noth Kon Isss; Ministy of Foign Affis of Jpn; ccssd on Mch t: http://www.of. go.jp/gion/si-pci/n_ko/6pty/indx.htl. 39 Yokot Shig ( 横 田 滋 ): Histoy of Cpigns to Rsc Abdcts by AFVKN ov th lst Dcd ( 拉 致 救 出 運 動 年 の 歩 み); in: AFVKN nd NARKN, 7; p. 38. 4 On Hndd Ninth Congss, Congss of th Unitd Stts, Coitt on Intntionl Rltions, Ltt to DPRK Abssdo Pk Gil Yon, 8 Jny 5; ccssd on 9 Apil t: http://fko.s/wp-contnt/plods/8/5/ob-ltt.pdf. 4 E Chnltt-Avy: Noth Ko s Abdction of Jpns Citizns nd th Six-Pty Tlks; CRS Rpot fo Congss, 9 Mch 8. 4 Yonsong Song: As Mb of th Soth Kon Ntionl Assbly ( 韓 国 国 会 議 員 として); in: AFVKN nd NARKN, 7; p. 7. 43 Intviw with E Chnltt-Avy,. J p n 85

44 Intviw vi -il with Aki Kzhio,. 45 Infotion Disclos Lw th 4 nd lw, dtd My 3, ( 行 政 機 関 の 保 有 する 情 報 の 公 開 に 関 する 法 律 ( 平 成 十 一 年 五 月 十 四 日 法 律 第 四 十 二 号 )); Th Jpns Ministy of Intnl Affis nd Conictions; ccssd on Apil t: http://lw.-gov.go.jp/htldt/h/hho4.htl. S Mihoko Mtsb Mihoko Mtsb is Sskw Pc Fondtion Fllow nd Flbight Schol sching Est Asin politics nd scity t th Pcific Fo CSIS, think tnk bsd in Honoll. Sh civd h MA in Intntionl Rltions (Sttgic Stdis) nd Intntionl Econoics fo th Pl H. Nitz School of Advncd Intntionl Stdis (SAIS), Johns Hopkins Univsity, nd h BA in litt (Wstn Histoy) fo Wsd Univsity, Tokyo. 86 Mihoko Mtsb