NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-1, Introduction to Environmental Science AP Environmental Science I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental Science I Unit 1-1: Introduction to Environmental Science REQUIRED READING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SCINECE: EARTH AS A LIVING PLANET (BOTKIN & KELLER): CHAPTER 1, KEY THEMES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (PG. 1-21) CHAPTER 2, SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING: CRITICAL THINKING ABOU THE ENVIRONMENT (PG. 22-40) Additional resources available at www.mrdocsonlinelab.com Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Part Description Grade Out of 1 NOTES 1-1: INTRO TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 5 2 SG 1-1: INTRO TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 5 3 NOTES 1-2: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 5 4 SG 1-2: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 5 5 NOTES 1-3: THE LIMITS OF SCIENCE 5 6 SG 1-3: THE LIMITS OF SCIENCE 5 TOTALOTAL 30
NOTES 1-1: INTRO TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2
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SG 1-1: INTRO TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1. Justification that sees some aspect of the environment as valuable because it provides individuals with economic benefits: a) utilitarian b) ecological c) moral d) aesthetic e) economical 2. Justification that has to do with the belief that various aspects of the environment have a right to exist: a) utilitarian b) ecological c) moral d) aesthetic e) economical 3. Justification that is based on the value of some factor that is essential to larger life support functions, even though it might not benefit an individual directly: a) utilitarian b) ecological c) moral d) aesthetic e) economical 4. One of the interesting correlates of population growth is that as the human population increases, the effects on the environment: a) are growing at a slower rate b) proceed at about the same rate c) are growing at an even faster rate d) are completely unrelated to the actual numbers of people e) cannot be determined 5. According to the Environmental Science text, the underlying issue underlying all environmental problems is: a) the rapid growth in human population b) the refusal of developing nations to stop using CFCs c) the Greenhouse Effect d) contaminated soil and drinking water e) that our generation does not have a global perspective on environmental problems and how to solve them 6. Throughout history, the human population: a) has always grown as rapidly as today b) grew continuously as a result of the Industrial Revolution and improved health care c) mostly increased, but included some decreases most notably during the Black Death (bubonic plague) d) was constant in its growth e) has been in steady-state 7. Suppose you were studying the population of a geographic region and discovered that approximately 75% of the population lived in urban areas. How would you classify that region? a) as an undeveloped region b) as a developed region c) as an agrarian region d) as a declining region e) this information is insufficient to classify the region 6
8. The Gaia Hypothesis states that the dominant force that has shaped the global environment through time is: a) the oceans b) the atmosphere c) life d) the Gaia species from Alpha Centauri e) humans 9. Which of the following is not a major theme of environmental science? a) human population growth b) an urbanizing world c) sustainability d) science and values e) all of the above are major themes of environmental science 10. According to the Environmental Science text, if recent human population growth rates continue, our numbers could reach by 2050. a) 7.1 billion b) 8.2 billion c) 9.4 billion d) 10 billion e) 12.7 billion 11. The use of renewable environmental resources faster than they can be replenished would be considered: a) sustainable use of resources b) sustainable use of an ecosystem c) unsustainable d) at maximum carrying capacity e) sustainable growth 12. Aspects and limitation(s) of the early approach to environmental issues included: a) a lack of scientific knowledge b) a general recognition that real solutions to environmental problems depend on human beings c) recognition that we must seek sustainability in the environment and our economic activities d) a lack of understanding that environmentalism and economic progress are not contradictory e) all of the above 13. The question Which is more important, the survival of people alive today or conservation of the environment? is difficult to answer. Answering this question demands: a) value judgments b) sustainability c) science and technology d) a global perspective e) a legal basis 14. Two arguments that justify human interaction with nature, by placing human survival above all other considerations are: a) utilitarian & aesthetic b) ecological & moral c) moral & aesthetic d) utilitarian & economic e) ecological & aesthetic 15. The maximum number of owls that can live in a certain forested region is defined as the for that species in that environment. a) utilitarian maximum b) ecological maximum c) functional maximum d) carrying capacity e) ecological capacity 7
16. Which of the following criteria will not help in the development of a sustainable global environment? a) it must be evolutionary b) it must be attractive to people c) it must exclude people who will not participate d) it must be proactive e) it must assist the disadvantaged 17. Explain the difference between carrying capacity and sustainability. 18. What needs to be done in order to achieve a sustainable global economy? 19. What are the main lessons to take from Easter Island s history? 20. Why is there a convergence of energy, economics, and environment? 21. The Amboseli National Reserve in Kenya has changed from a forested environment into a drier grassland. Discuss why it is not correct to blame the cattle-herding activities of the Maasai tribes in the area for these environmental changes. 22. Programs have been established to supply food from Western nations to starving people in Africa. Some people argue that such programs, which may have short-term benefits, actually increase the threat of starvation in the future. What are the pros and cons of international food relief programs? 8
NOTES 1-2: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 9
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SG 1-2: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. An explanation for a natural phenomenon that relates and explains many observations and is supported by a great deal of evidence is called a: a) hypothesis b) controlled experiment c) technology d) theory e) fact 2. A scientific statement that can be proven or disproven is called a: a) hypothesis b) controlled experiment c) technology d) theory e) fact 3. An experiment that can be compared to a standard is called a: a) hypothesis b) controlled experiment c) technology d) theory e) fact 4. 5. 6. 7. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps, from beginning to end, in the Scientific Method? a) hypothesis > controlled experiment > inferences > conclusions b) conclusions > controlled experiment > observations > hypothesis c) controlled experiment > inferences > deductive proof > hypothesis d) observations > hypothesis > controlled experiment > conclusions e) conclusions > observations > alter observations to fit conclusions > future research grants and awards Dr. Smith is stressed about waking up and making it on time to the airport in order to catch his plane. He sets the alarm on his digital watch (reads to 1/100 of a second!) and arrives at 7:00:00.00 a.m. Unfortunately, every other clock on the airplane terminal reads about 7:20. Dr. Smith is unable to make it through security in time and misses his flight. Which of the following is a correct statement about Dr. Smith s watch? a) it is precise, but not accurate b) it is accurate, but not precise c) it is neither accurate nor precise d) it is both accurate and precise e) it is a lousy time piece A scientist is testing the factors that lead to the growth of larger tomatoes. In one particular series of experiments, she holds the moisture and the amount of fertilizer constant, but varies the soil type and measures the resulting changes in tomato weight. Which of the following is the independent variable in these experiments? a) moisture b) amount of fertilizer c) tomato weight d) amount of sunlight e) soil type Inductive proof: a) is speculative b) is based on hypotheses c) begins with specific observations d) begins with generalizations e) is absolute 13
8. 9. Deductive proof: a) is speculative b) is based on hypotheses c) requires that the premises be true d) requires that the reasoning be foolproof e) produces new knowledge Unlike the Ancient Greek philosophers who developed a theoretical approach to science by asking why?, modern scientists asked how does it work. What method of thinking was developed as a result of this approach? a) the modern method of science b) the theory c) the hypothetical method d) the scientific method e) method of validity 10. Premise: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. Premise: The line from A to B is the shortest distance between points A and B. Conclusion: Therefore, the line from A to B is a straight line. The above syllogism is an example of a) a scientific proof b) a hypothesis c) inductive reasoning d) deductive reasoning e) a scientific fact 11. A scientist wishes to test the effects of different amounts of water and fertilizer on yields of corn. In a series of test fields, she varies the supply of water and the amount of fertilizer applied to a given strain of corn and measures the weight of the crop that results. In this experiment, which is/are the dependent variable(s)? a) corn yield and variety of corn strain b) water supply and supply of fertilizer c) corn yield d) water supply and effect of climate e) supply of fertilizer and variety of corn strain 12. Using the Scientific Method in conducting an experiment is useful because: a) following a standardized procedure allows a scientist to compare his/her data with the results of other scientists b) observations should only be done in a laboratory c) when using the Scientific Method, it is not necessary to conduct controlled experiments d) the results will always be useful quantitative data e) the Scientific Method allows scientists to determine what their results will be before actually doing any experiments 13. Science is the search for of the natural world, while technology is implemented for the natural world for human benefit. a) control; damage to b) understanding; manipulation of c) improvement; damage to d) improvement; manipulation of e) control; use of *** CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE*** 14
14. You weigh flour on a scale to find out how much you need for baking cookies according to your recipe. But yesterday the scale fell from the counter onto the floor and is now off by 10.00 grams. Your scale still reads two decimal places (for example (90.02 g), so it still gives a (n) measurement of the amount of flour a) accurate b) deductive c) inductive d) estimated e) precise 15. You weigh flour on a scale to find out how much you need for baking cookies according to your recipe. But yesterday the scale fell from the counter onto the floor and is now off by 10.00 grams. If you do not correct for the effect of the fall, your cookies will come out like bricks because the scale does not give a (n) measurement. a) accurate b) deductive c) inductive d) estimated e) precise 16. Scientists at Deoxyribotech, a biotechnology company, believe that their new pet microorganism can, under the right conditions, digest oil spilled into ocean water. They test this in a tank of oily water, where they hold salinity constant, vary water temperature, and measure the amount of oil present after two-days time. The results show that the most oil is consumed at water temperatures between 25 and 30 C. The scientists conclude that the microorganism would be useful in fighting oil spills in tropical oceans. Identify the following in the example above: A - the independent variable in the experiment: B - the dependent variable in the experiment: C - the hypothesis: D - the inference: E - the fact: 15
NOTES 1-3: LIMITS OF SCIENCE 16
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SG 1-3: LIMITS OF SCIENCE 1. Dr. Smith is stressed about waking up and making it on time to the airport in order to catch his plane. He sets the alarm on his digital watch (reads to 1/100 of a second!) and arrives at 7:00:00.00 a.m. Unfortunately, every other clock on the airplane terminal reads about 7:20. Dr. Smith is unable to make it through security in time and misses his flight. Which of the following is a correct statement about Dr. Smith s watch? a) it is precise, but not accurate b) it is accurate, but not precise c) it is neither accurate nor precise d) it is both accurate and precise e) it is a lousy time piece 2. Science and technology are often confused with each other. Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding science and technology? a) science cannot be advanced without technology b) technology leads to scientific discoveries c) science is limited by the technology available d) science leads to new technological advances e) science is the search for understanding the natural world 19
3. 4. 5. You measure the lengths of worms for your PhD dissertation. Your ruler is marked every millimeter (10 marks per cm). One worm goes from the zero mark exactly to the 3.1 cm mark. The measurement should be recorded as: a) 3 cm b) 3.0 cm c) 3.1 cm d) 3.10 cm e) 3.100 cm You weigh flour on a scale to find out how much you need for baking cookies according to your recipe. But yesterday the scale fell from the counter onto the floor and is now off by 10.00 grams. Your scale still reads two decimal places (for example (90.02 g), so it still gives a (n) measurement of the amount of flour a) accurate b) deductive c) inductive d) estimated e) precise You weigh flour on a scale to find out how much you need for baking cookies according to your recipe. But yesterday the scale fell from the counter onto the floor and is now off by 10.00 grams. If you do not correct for the effect of the fall, your cookies will come out like bricks because the scale does not give a (n) measurement. a) accurate b) deductive c) inductive d) estimated e) precise 6. a. A teacher gives five students each a metal bar and asks them to measure the length. The measurements obtained are 5.03, 4.99, 5.02, 4.96, and 5.00 cm. How can you explain the variability in the measurements? Are these systematic or random errors? b. The next day, the teacher gives the students the same bars but tells them that the bars have contracted because they have been in the refrigerator. In fact, the temperature difference would be too small to have any measurable effect on the length of the bars. The students measurements, in the same order as in part (a), are 5.01, 4.95, 5.00, 4.90, and 4.95 cm. Why are the students measurements different from those of the day before? What does this illustrate about science? *** CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE*** 20
8. What is fallacious about each of the following conclusions? a. A fortune cookie contains the statement A happy event will occur in your life. Four months later, you find a $100 bill. You conclude that the prediction was correct. b. A person claims that aliens visited Earth in prehistoric times and influenced the cultural development of humans. As evidence, the person points to ideas among many groups of people about beings that came from the sky and performed amazing feats. c. A person observes that light-colored animals almost always live on light-colored surfaces, whereas dark forms of the same species live on dark surfaces. The person concludes that the light surface causes the light color of the animals. d. A person knows three people who have had fewer colds since they began taking vitamin C on a regular basis. The person concludes that vitamin C prevents colds. 10. Read the article Clue Found in the Deformed Frog Mystery by Michael Conlon on page 36 in the Botkin/Keller text, and answer the following questions. a. What is the major claim made in the article? b. What evidence does the author present to support the claim? c. Is the evidence based on observations, and is the source of the evidence reputable and unbiased? d. Is the argument for the claim, whether or not based on evidence, logical? e. Would you accept or reject the claim? Why? 21