A Snapshot: The State of STEM in Florida

A Snapshot: The State of STEM in Florida January 2010 FloridaCenterforResearchinScience,Technology,Engineering,andMathematics

Forward InJanuaryof2009,EnterpriseFlorida sstrategycouncilissuedadiscussionpaperthatoutlineditsfindingsrelativetothecurrentstateofstem science, technology,engineeringandmathematics educationandtheneedforastemproficientworkforcetoadvanceflorida sinnovationeconomy.thefindings indicatethat15ofthe20fastestgrowingjobsthrough2014willrequiresubstantialmathandsciencepreparation,andthatflorida,aswellastheunited Statesmoregenerally,isfailingtodevelopanadequatesupplyofSTEM capableworkers.florida sincreasinglyknowledge basedeconomyisdrivenby innovation,whichhasasitsfoundationadynamicandwell educatedworkforceequippedwithstemknowledgeandskills. Whiletheeconomycallsfora largerandmoreproficientstemworkforce,enrollmentandsuccessinthosecoursesisdeclining.asastateandnation,wearelosingground. Inresponsetothisinformation,leadersfromthebusiness,education,policy,andresearchcommunitieshavepledgedtoworkcollaborativelytocreateand implementabusiness led,evidence based,stemplanthatwillpositionfloridaasaleaderinmarketrelevantstemtalentdevelopmentandretention.this planwilllinktheneedsoftargetedindustrieswitheducationandtrainingtocreateandsustainaseamlesssystemforstemeducationinflorida. WesubmitthisreportofthecurrentstateofSTEMinFloridatoserveasaresourcedescribingachievementandperformancebaselinedatatobeusedinthe developmentofastrategicstemplan.asaresultofadvancementsintechnologyandanincreasinglyglobaleconomy,floridianstodaycompeteinan internationaljobmarket.therefore,webeginthisreportbycomparingtheperformanceofk 12studentsinournationtothatofstudentsinothernations, usingfindingsfromboththetrendsininternationalmathematicsandsciencestudy(timss)andtheprogrammeforinternationalstudentassessment(pisa). SourcesofinformationontheachievementofFlorida sk 12studentsincludetheNationalAssessmentofEducationalPrograms(NAEP),theFlorida ComprehensiveAssessmentTest(FCAT),studentenrollmentinupperlevelcourses,andstudentachievementonAdvancedPlacement(AP)exams.Withinthe FloridaStateUniversitySystem(SUS)andIndependentCollegesandUniversitiesofFlorida(ICUF),weexaminemetricsincludingcourseenrollment,majors chosen,anddegreesawardedacrossavarietyofstemfields.additionally,weutilizethesesourcesforevidenceregardingtherelativeperformanceoffemales andminorities.inordertoadvanceourstate seconomy,wemustfocusonimprovingthestemproficiencyofallfloridians.toachievethisaim,floridahas adoptedthenextgenerationsunshinestatestandards,identifyingthedeepcontentknowledgeandskillsthateachstudentmustdemonstrate,andisrevising thefcataccordingly.finally,weindicatesourcesofinformationfordescribingthecurrentstemworkforceinflorida.scienceandengineeringindicators 2010,producedbienniallybytheNationalScienceBoard,containsstatetrendsinscienceandtechnology.TheseindicatorsareusefulinexaminingFlorida s STEMprogress,andindeterminingitsnationalrankings.WehopethatthisSTEMeducationandworkforceinformationmaybeofusetobusinessleadersas theydefinetheregionalandstatewideneedsofflorida thedemandsideoftheworkforceequation. SubmittedbyLauraB.Lang,Ph.D.*,MabryGaboardi,Ph.D.,FrankFuller,Ph.D.,&ChristineJohnson,M.S. *Primarycontact(llang@fsu.edu,850 980 5034) 2

Contents USAComparedtoOtherNations... 4 TIMSSScience... 5 TIMSSMathematics... 6 PISAScience... 7 PISAMathematics... 8 Florida:ANationalandInternationalComparison... 9 NAEPScience2005... 10 NAEPMathematics2009... 11 FloridaandOtherNations:Science... 12 FloridaandOtherNations:Math... 13 AccesstoChallengingCourses... 14 AdvancedPlacement(AP)Scores... 15 PublicPerceptionaboutSTEM... 16 TheStateofSTEMinFlorida... 17 FCATScience... 18 FCATMathematics... 19 FCATMathematics:HigherPerformers... 20 FCATMathematics:Districts... 21 StateProficiencyStandards:Grade4Math... 22 StateProficiencyStandards:Grade8Math... 23 FemalesinScience:K 12... 24 FemalesinMathematics:K 12... 25 FemalesinSTEM:K 12... 26 MinoritiesinMath:FCAT... 27 HighSchoolGraduationRates... 29 CollegeFreshmen... 30 STEMBachelor sdegrees(sus)...31 STEMAdvancedDegrees(SUS)...32 STEMBachelor sdegrees(icuf)...33 STEMAdvancedDegrees(ICUF)... 34 STEMDegrees:FloridaandtheUS... 35 FemalesinSTEM:Degrees... 36 MinoritiesinSTEM:Degrees... 38 NGSSStandards... 40 SecondaryTeacherCertification... 41 K 12Education:Funding... 42 StateUniversities:Funding... 43 STEMintheWorkforce... 44 STEMAcademicOutput... 45 STEMinBusiness... 46 R&DFunding... 47 WorkforceInformationSources... 48 HighestWageOccupations... 49 Florida seconomicdashboard... 50 Florida stalentsupplychain... 51 RoadmaptoFlorida sfuture... 52 References... 53 Notes... 56 MinoritiesinMath:NAEP... 28 3

USAComparedtoOtherNations ThestudiesbelowprovideevidenceforcomparingK 12ScienceandMathematics achievementofstudentsintheusatothatofstudentsinothercountries. TheUSAandGlobalization Asubstantialportionofourworkforcefindsitself indirectcompetitionforjobswithlower wage workersaroundtheglobe,andleading edge scientificandengineeringworkisbeing accomplishedinmanypartsoftheworld....workersinvirtuallyeverysectormustnowface competitorswholivejustamouse clickawayin Ireland,Finland,China,India,ordozensofother nationswhoseeconomiesaregrowing. NationalAcademyofSciences,NationalAcademyof Engineering,andInstituteofMedicine.(2007). RisingAbovetheGatheringStorm:Energizingand EmployingAmericaforaBrighterEconomicFuture,p.1. InternationalStudiesofStudentPerformance TrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS) AdministeredbytheInternationalAssociationfortheEvaluation ofeducationalachievement. TIMSSdatahavebeencollectedeveryfouryearssince1995, withmostrecentdatacollectedin2007. ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA) AdministeredbytheOrganisationforEconomicCo operation anddevelopment. PISAassessmentshavebeencarriedoutin2000,2003and2006. thetimss2007assessmentwasadministeredtocarefullydrawnprobabilitysamplesof studentsfromthetargetpopulationsineachcountry.thetargetpopulationswere studentsenrolledinthefourthgradeoreighthgradeofformalschooling... TIMSS&PIRLSInternationalStudyCenter.(2008). ForadditionalinformationaboutTIMSS,seehttp://nces.ed.gov/timss/faq.asp#7 4

TIMSSScience TheUSAandGlobalization TrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS)primarily measuresthedegreetowhich4 th and8 th gradestudentshavelearned mathematicsandscienceconceptsandskillslikelytohavebeentaughtinschool. TIMSSScience2007:NationsSurpassingtheUSA Becauseothernationshave,andprobablywill continuetohave,thecompetitiveadvantageofa lowwagestructure,theunitedstatesmust competebyoptimizingitsknowledge based resources,particularlyinscienceandtechnology, andbysustainingthemostfertileenvironmentfor newandrevitalizedindustriesandthewell paying jobstheybring. NationalAcademyofSciences,NationalAcademyof Engineering,andInstituteofMedicine.(2007). RisingAbovetheGatheringStorm:Energizingand EmployingAmericaforaBrighterEconomicFuture,p.4. Grade 4 Science Avg. Score Grade 8 Science Avg. Score TIMSS scale average 500 TIMSS scale average 500 Singapore 587 Singapore 567 Chinese Taipei 557 Chinese Taipei 561 Hong Kong SAR 554 Japan 554 Japan 548 Korea, Rep. of 553 Russian Federation 546 England 542 England 542 Hungary 539 United States 539 Czech Republic 539 Slovenia 538 Hong Kong SAR 530 Russian Federation 530 United States 520 28 countries scored below the USA 37 countries scored below the USA AveragescoresofnationssurpassingtheUSAwhenassessedforScienceaspartofthe TIMSS.Shadingindicatesstatisticalsignificance(p<.05). DataSource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).HighlightsfromTIMSS2007. 5

TIMSSMathematics EducationandtheEconomy IftheUnitedStateshadinrecentyearsclosed thegapbetweenitseducationalachievement levelsandthoseofbetter performingnations suchasfinlandandkorea,gdpin2008could havebeen$1.3trillionto$2.3trillionhigher. Thisrepresents9to16percentofGDP. Therecurringannualeconomiccostofthe internationalachievementgapissubstantially largerthanthedeeprecessiontheunited Statesiscurrentlyexperiencing. TrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS)primarily measuresthedegreetowhich4 th and8 th gradestudentshavelearned mathematicsandscienceconceptsandskillslikelytohavebeentaughtinschool. Grade 4 Mathematics TIMSSMathematics2007:NationsSurpassingtheUSA Avg. Score Grade 8 Mathematics Avg. Score TIMSS scale average 500 TIMSS scale average 500 Hong Kong SAR 607 Chinese Taipei 598 Singapore 599 Korea, Rep. of 597 Chinese Taipei 576 Singapore 593 Japan 568 Hong Kong SAR 572 Russian Federation 544 Japan 570 England 541 Hungary 517 Netherlands 535 England 513 United States 529 Russian Federation 512 United States 508 25 countries scored below the USA 39 countries scored below the USA AveragescoresofnationssurpassingtheUSAwhenassessedforMathematicspartofthe McKinsey&Company.(2009). TIMSS.Shadingindicatesstatisticalsignificance(p<.05). TheEconomicImpactoftheAchievementGapin America'sSchools,p.5 6. DataSource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).HighlightsfromTIMSS2007. 6

PISAScience ImportanceofQualitySTEMEducation TheBureauofLaborStatisticsprojectsthat employmentinscienceandengineering occupationswillgrow70percentfasterthan theoverallgrowthforalloccupations. TappingAmerica spotential.(2008). GainingMomentum,LosingGround,p.4. Theconclusionofastudyof50countries: PISAseekstomeasurehowwellyoungadultsatage15canusetheirknowledge andskillstomeetreal lifechallenges,ratherthanmerelytheextenttowhichthey havemasteredaspecificschoolcurriculum. PISAScience2006 600 550 Average Score 500 450 400 350 300 Educationalquality measuredbywhat peopleknow haspowerfuleffectson individualearnings,onthedistributionof income,andoneconomicgrowth. Hanushek&Wößmann(2007). TheRoleofEducationQualityin EconomicGrowth,p.76 OECDnationsscoringmeasurablyabovetheUSAaveragescore(p<.05). DataSource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2007).HighlightsfromPISA2006. 7

PISAMathematics PISAseekstomeasurehowwellyoungadultsatage15canusetheirknowledgeandskillsto meetreal lifechallenges,ratherthanmerelytheextenttowhichtheyhavemastereda specificschoolcurriculum. PISAMathematics2006 STEMAchievementandthe Economy 600 Averagetestscoresin mathematicsandsciencethat arelargerbyonestandard deviation areassociated withanaverageannual growthrateingdppercapita thatistwopercentagepoints higherovera40 yearperiod (1960 2000). AverageScore 550 500 450 400 350 300 Hanushek&Wößmann(2007). TheRoleofEducationQualityin EconomicGrowth,p.32. OECDnationsscoringmeasurablyabovetheUSAaveragescore(p<.05). DataSource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2007).HighlightsfromPISA2006. 8

Florida:ANationalandInternationalComparison TheState sroleinstemeducation Manystateshaveadoptedeffective innovationpractices ifnotyeta comprehensiveinnovationagenda by makinginvestmentsink 12educationand raisingscience,technology,engineering, andmath(stem)standards;usingtheirrole asthemainfundersofhighereducationto improvetheseinstitutions productionof mathandscience relateddegrees;and linkingresearchanddevelopmenttokey industrial,economic,andlaborandskills targets. NationalGovernorsAssociation, InnovationAmerica:AFinalReport,p.2. TheevidencebelowallowsustocompareK 12ScienceandMathematics achievementofstudentsinfloridatothatofstudentsintherestofthenation. NationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP) AdministeredbytheNationalAssessmentGoverningBoardandtheU.S. DepartmentofEducation Representativesampleofstudentsassessed. Resultsarereportedatthestatelevelforgrades4and8. Mostrecentscienceassessmentreleasedin2005.Mostrecentmathematics assessmentreleasedin2009. SinceNAEPassessmentsareadministereduniformlyusingthesamesetsoftest bookletsacrossthenation,naepresultsserveasacommonmetricforallstates... NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/ StudentEnrollmentinUpperLevelCourses ReportedbytheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation. StudentAchievementinAdvancedPlacementExams SourcesofInformationonStudentPerformance AdministeredbytheCollegeBoard. 9

NAEPScience2005 Florida sscienceperformancerelativetootherstates FourthgradestudentsinFloridaperformonparwiththeirnationalpeers,while8 th grade studentsinfloridaperformbelowthenationalaverage. 4 th Grade 8 th Grade Statesperformingabovethenationalaverage Statesperformingabovethenationalaverage Statesperformingatthenationalaverage Statesperformingbelowthenationalaverage InsufficientData Thenationalaveragescorewas149. 150 141 Statesperformingatthenationalaverage Statesperformingbelowthenationalaverage InsufficientData Thenationalaveragescorewas147. DataSource:NationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress.(NAEP).2005istheonlyyearforwhichNAEPSciencedataforFloridaareavailable. 10 Websites:4 th grade:http://nationsreportcard.gov/science_2005/s0107.asp 8 th grade:http://nationsreportcard.gov/science_2005/s0107.asp?tab_id=tab2&subtab_id=tab_1#chart

NAEPMathematics2009 Florida smathematicsperformancerelativetootherstates FourthgradestudentsinFloridaslightlyoutperformtheirnationalpeers,while8 th gradestudents infloridaperformslightlybelowthenationalaverage. 4 th Grade 8 th Grade State/JurisdictionperformancerelativetoFlorida: 7scoredhigher 23scoredlower 21notsignificantlydifferent 31scoredhigher 12scoredlower 8notsignificantlydifferent Nationalaveragescore:239 Nationalaveragescore:282 AverageofFlorida sstudents:242 AverageofFlorida sstudents:279 Datasource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).NAEPMathematics2009StateSnapshotReports.AdditionalNAEPMathematicsDatafrom 11 2003,2005,and2007areavailableinNotes,SectionA. Floridafrom2003,2005,and2007.Florida sscoresandthenationalaveragesareasfollows(nationalaverage,florida):

FloridaandOtherNations:Science AcomparisonbetweenscienceachievementofFlorida sstudentsandstudentsinothernationsis possiblebystatisticallylinkingnaepandtimss. Percentofstudentsatoraboveproficientonscienceachievementtests Comparisonbetweengrade82005NAEPstatescienceresultsforFloridaandgrade82003TIMSSnationalscienceresultsforthepercentatandabove proficientbasedonnaepachievementlevelsprojectedontothetimssscale DataSource:Phillips,G.W.(2007).ChanceFavorsthePreparedMind:MathematicsandScienceIndicatorsforComparingStatesandNations,p.35. SeeNotes,SectionBforinformationonthelinkingofNAEPandTIMSS. 12

FloridaandOtherNations:Math Althoughthereisconsiderablevariationinstateperformance,statesarenotasvariableasnations.Eventhe highestachievingstateswithintheunitedstateswerestillsignificantlybelowthehighestachievingcountries, andthelowestperformingstateswerestillsignificantlyhigherthanthelowestachievingcountries. Phillips,G.W.(2007).ChanceFavorsthePreparedMind:MathematicsandScienceIndicatorsforComparingStatesandNations,p.1,2. Percentofstudentsatoraboveproficientonmathematicsachievementtests Comparisonbetweengrade82007NAEPstatemathematicsresultsforFloridaandgrade82003TIMSSnationalmathematicsresultsforthepercentat andaboveproficientbasedonnaepachievementlevelsprojectedontothetimssscale DataSource:Phillips,G.W.(2007).ChanceFavorsthePreparedMind:MathematicsandScienceIndicatorsforComparingStatesandNations,p.35. 13 SeeNotes,SectionBforinformationonthelinkingofNAEPandTIMSS.

AccesstoChallengingCourses Comparedtostatesthatratethehighestintermsofpreparingstudentsfor college,farfewerstudentsinfloridaareenrolledinupper levelmathematicsand sciencecourses. RaisingtheBarforSTEMEducation Percentofstudentsenrolledincourseswithchallengingsubjectmatter CollegestudentswhotookAlgebraIIorhigher inhighschoolaremorethantwiceaslikelyto feelpreparedformathexpectationsincollege Florida 1 (60%feelwellprepared)thanstudentswho 9thto12thgraderstakingatleastoneupperlevelmathcourse 2 42% didnottakealgebraii(26%feelwell prepared). 9thto12thgraderstakingatleastoneupperlevelsciencecourse 3 27% Also,non collegestudentswhotookalgebraii orhigherarefarmorelikelytosaytheyare TopStates 4 preparedforthemaththeywillfaceatwork 9thto12thgraderstakingatleastoneupperlevelmathcourse 2 64% (68%)thannon collegestudentswhodidnot takealgebraii(46%). 9thto12thgraderstakingatleastoneupperlevelsciencecourse 3 40% Achieve,Inc.(2005). RisingtotheChallenge:AreHighSchool 1 Dataoncoursetakingingrades9 12werenotupdatedforFloridainthe2008Measuring GraduatesPreparedforCollegeandWork? UpReport,sothe2006reportdata(for2003 04)areshown. 2 UpperlevelmathcoursesareGeometry,Algebra2,Trigonometry,orhigher. 3 UpperlevelsciencecoursesareChemistry,Physics,oradvancedLife,Physical,orEarth Otherstateshavealreadyraisedthebarfor Sciences. highschoolgraduationrequirementsin 4 Topstates=medianoftop5performingstatesoneachindicator. mathematics. DataSource:TheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation.(2006).MeasuringUp2006: Seehttp://www.achieve.org/StateProfiles. TheStateReportCardonHigherEducation,Florida. 14

AdvancedPlacement(AP)Scores TheNeedforQualifiedSTEMTeachers Researchindicatesthatahighlyqualified teacherisoneofthemostimportantfactorsin raisingstudentachievement,yetaccordingto thebureauoflaborstatistics,schooldistricts acrossthecountryhavedifficultyhiring qualifiedmathandscienceteachers. FloridaexceedsthenationalaverageinoverallperformanceonAdvanced Placementexams,scoringhigherthanthenationalaverageonmostsubjects EXCEPTmathematicsandscience. Percentofall2008highschoolgraduatesscoring3orabove ononeormoreapexams Language Science TappingAmerica spotential.(2008). GainingMomentum,LosingGround,p.4. STEM Math USA TheNeedforHighExpectations English Florida Fouroutoffivecollegestudents(82percent) andnon collegestudents(80percent)saythat SocialScience theywouldhaveworkedharderiftheirschools Allexams haddemandedmoreofthem,sethigher academicstandards,andraisedexpectations 0 5 10 15 20 ontheamountofcourseworkandstudying requiredforadiploma. Percent Achieve,Inc.(2005). DataSource:CollegeBoard.(2009).The5 th AnnualAP ReporttotheNation: RisingtotheChallenge:AreHighSchool FloridaSupplement. GraduatesPreparedforCollegeandWork? 15 Art

PublicPerceptionaboutSTEM WhatParentsSay IncreasingthenumberandqualityofmathandsciencecourseswouldimprovehighschooleducationintheUSA (67%). STEMPublicAwareness Asleadersingovernment, businessandeducation moveforwardtoaddress thisissue,astheybuilda strongleadership consensustoact,theymay bewelladvisedtoreach outtoparentsand studentsdirectlyaswell. PublicAgenda.(2006). RealityCheck2006,p.2. It scrucialformostoftoday sstudentstolearnhigher levelmathskillslikeadvancedalgebraandcalculus the gatewaytosuccessincollegeandwork(62%). HOWEVER: 57%saytheirchildtakesenoughmathandsciencenow. Thepercentageofparentswhoseeaseriousproblemintheirownpublicschoolsnotteachingenoughmathand sciencedeclinedbetween1996(52%)and2006(32%.) Moststudentsingrades6 12wantschoolstopreparethemforgoodjobsinacompetitiveworld. HOWEVER: WhatStudentsSay Only50%saystrongmathandscienceskillsareabsolutelyessentialfortheirfuture. Only28%thinkkidsarenottaughtenoughmathandscience. Almost4in10saytheywouldbe reallyunhappy inacareerthatrequired doingalotofmathorscience. Source:PublicAgenda.(2006).Realitycheck2006,Issueno.1:AreParentsandStudentsReadyforMoreMathandScience? 16

TheStateofSTEMinFlorida FloridaandEducation Florida sunderperformanceineducatingits youngpopulationcouldlimitthestate saccess toacompetitiveworkforceandweakenits economyovertime.asthewell educatedbaby boomergenerationbeginstoretire,the diverseyoungpopulationthatwillreplaceit doesnotappearpreparededucationallyto maintainorenhancethestate spositionina globaleconomy. TheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigher Education.(2006).Measuringup2006:TheState ReportCardonHigherEducation,Florida.p.3. K 12 TheinformationsourcesbelowallowustoevaluateK 12scienceand mathematicsachievementofstudentsinflorida,including: OverallSTEMperformance PerformanceinparticularSTEMareas Gender specificperformance Ethnicity specificperformance SourcesofInformationonStudentSTEMPerformanceinFlorida FloridaComprehensiveAssessmentTest(FCAT) o AdministeredbytheFloridaDepartmentofEducation NationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP) o AdministeredbytheNationalAssessmentGoverningBoardandtheU.S. DepartmentofEducation Courseenrollment/completion AdvancedPlacement(AP)examinations o AdministeredbytheCollegeBoard HigherEducation Collegereadiness Collegedegreesawarded 17

FCATScience TheFCATisacriterion referencedtestthatmeasureshowwellfloridastudentsaremeetingthesunshine StateStandards,adoptedbytheFloridaBoardofEducation. PercentofstudentsatorabovegradelevelonFCATScience 55 Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 11 55 Percent, % 50 45 40 35 30 29 28 28 33 35 32 42 38 37 43 40 38 46 41 37 Percent, % 50 45 40 35 30 46% 2009 41% 37% 25 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 25 5 8 11 School Year Grade MajorFindings: Therehavebeenconsiderableimprovementsinperformanceatgrades5and8since2003, butmuchmoreimprovementisneeded. Currentlylessthan50%ofFlorida sstudentsperformatorabovegradelevelinscience. Performancelevelsdeclinefromgrades5to11. DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009d).ScienceScores:StatewideComparisonfor2003to2009. 18

FCATMathematics TheFCATisacriterion referencedtestthatmeasureshowwellfloridastudentsaremeetingthesunshine StateStandards,adoptedbytheFloridaBoardofEducation. PercentofstudentsatorabovegradelevelonFCATMathematics Percent, % 85 75 65 55 Grade 3 Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 10 78 76 74 72 63 59 60 59 60 55 56 56 52 53 52 52 68 65 65 64 63 63 63 59 60 59 57 57 69 69 67 66 61 62 Percent, % 100 80 60 40 20 78% 75% 62% 2009 55% 60% 66% 68% 69% 45 48 48 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 School Year Grade MajorFindings: Thepercentofstudentsscoringatorabovegradelevelhasincreasedforallgrades.Floridaismovingintherightdirection. Thesizeoftheincreasewasgreatestintheelementarygrades.Moremomentumisneeded,especiallyintheuppergrades. Florida sstudentsscorehigherinmathematicsthaninscience,butmanystudentsarestillbelowgradelevel. DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009c).MathematicsScores:StatewideComparisonfor2001to2009,http://fcat.fldoe.org/fcinfopg.asp 19 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

FCATMathematics:HigherPerformers MajorFindings: Forallyearsshown,a greaterpercentof10 th gradestudentsscoredat advancedlevelsthandid 4 th or8 th gradestudents. Thepercentofstudents scoringattheadvanced levelsincreasedbetween 2002and2008foreach grade.thegreatest increase(15percentage points)occurredinthe4 th grade. Percent, % 100 80 60 40 20 0 19 20 Grade 4 26 27 31 31 34 32 34 37 38 36 37 36 24 23 21 21 19 18 18 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 22 24 26 26 27 29 32 31 32 31 32 33 34 35 22 22 21 20 20 19 19 School Year School Year Percent, % 100 80 60 40 20 0 FCATPerformance:PercentofstudentsperformingatBasic,Proficient, andadvancedlevels 35 36 Grade 10 38 36 39 37 41 25 24 26 27 26 28 28 21 20 21 22 19 20 19 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 School Year 20 Percent, % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Grade 8 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Advanced,FCATLevels4&5 Proficient,FCATLevel3 Basic,FCATLevel2 BelowBasic(FCATLevel1)notshown DataSource:CenteronEducationPolicy.(2009).StateTest ScoreTrendsthrough2007 08.AreAchievementGapsClosing andisachievementrisingforall?

FCATMathematics:Districts Grades3 10performingongradelevelandabove (FCATMathematics2009) Concern:ThemajorityofschooldistrictsinFloridaare facingchallengesinteachingmathematics. In2009,over2/3ofthedistrictsinFloridahadfewer than68%oftheirgrade3 10studentpopulation performingongradelevelandaboveinmathematics. Only8districtshadatleast74%oftheirGrade3 10 studentpopulationperformingongradeleveland aboveinmathematics. Forthetenschooldistrictswiththehigheststudent enrollment,accountingfor~60%ofprek 12student enrollment,thepercentagesofstudentsatgradeleveland aboveareasfollows: %AtGrade LevelandAbove Districts Percent of student population at grade level or above Percentofstudentswhoscored3oraboveontheFloridaComprehensive AssessmentTest(FCAT)inmathematicsineachschooldistrict Dade, Duval, Polk 47-63 Hillsborough, Lee, Orange, Pinellas 63-68 DataSources:FloridaDepartmentofEducation,http://fcat.fldoe.org; Broward, Palm Beach 68-74 FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2010).MembershipinFlorida spublicschools,fall2009. Brevard 74-79 21

22 Basic(214) Proficient(249) NAEPscaleequivalentscoresforthestategrade4mathematicsstandardsforproficientperformance,bystate,2007 DataSource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).MappingStateProficiencyStandardsOntoNAEPScales:2005 2007,Figure3. FordetailsonthelinkingofstateassessmentsandtheNAEP,andadefinitionofbasicandproficientlevels,seeNotes,SectionC. 254 245 245 240 239 239 238 237 236 236 234 233 231 230 229 229 228 226 226 225 225 224 224 223 223 222 220 220 220 220 219 219 219 217 217 217 216 216 213 213 213 208 206 205 204 204 201 198 180 230 280 330 Massachusetts Missouri South Carolina Washington Vermont New Hampshire Hawaii Minnosota Rhode Island Maine Montana New Mexico North Carolina Florida Kentucky Arkansas Indiana North Dakota California Delaware Ohio South Dakota Nevada Pennsylvania Louisiana Wisconsin Connecticut Oregon New Jersey Iowa Virginia New York Kansas Idaho Texas West Virginia Wyoming Alaska Arizona Georgia Oklahoma Illinois Maryland Alabama Mississippi Michigan Colorado Tennessee NAEP Score StateProficiencyStandards:Grade4Math Stateassessmentsineachofthe50stateshaveaproficiencystandard,a"cut off"scoreindicatingthelevelof achievementrequiredtobeconsideredproficientinaparticulargradeandsubject.statesdeveloptheirowntests (e.g.,fcatinflorida)andsettheirownproficiencystandards,whichvaryconsiderably.naepprovidesacommon metricforcomparingthis cut off score,orbar,setbyeachstate.onlymassachusettssetsthebarhigherthan thenaepproficientstandardinboth4thand8thgrademathematics.thevastmajorityofstates,including Florida,setthebarbetweenNAEPBasicandProficientstandards. Comparisonbetweengrade4staterequirementsforproficiencyinmathematics,projectedontotheNAEPscale Basic(214) Proficient(249)

StateProficiencyStandards:Grade8Math Stateassessmentsineachofthe50stateshaveaproficiencystandard,a"cut off"scoreindicatingthelevelof achievementrequiredtobeconsideredproficientinaparticulargradeandsubject.statesdeveloptheirowntests (e.g.,fcatinflorida)andsettheirownproficiencystandards,whichvaryconsiderably.naepprovidesacommon metricforcomparinghowhighdifferentstatessetthebar.floridasetsthebarhigherin4thgraderelativeto otherstates,butlowerthanmanyotherstatesinthe8thgrade. Comparisonbetweengrade8staterequirementsforproficiencyinmathematics,projectedontotheNAEPscale NAEP Score 330 280 230 312 302 294 289 286 286 286 285 284 282 281 279 279 279 279 278 277 273 272 272 271 271 270 270 268 268 267 267 266 266 265 Proficient(299) 265 265 264 262 Basic(262) 262 262 260 259 259 253 253 252 251 249 243 234 180 South Carolina Massachusetts Hawaii Missouri Washington Minnesota Maine New Mexico Vermont New Hampshire Montana Wyoming Rhode Island Kentucky North Dakota Maryland Arkansas New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania South Dakota Kansas North Carolina Texas Arizona Louisiana Nevada Indiana Florida Alaska Ohio Idaho Iowa Oregon Mississippi Wisconsin Michigan Colorado Virginia West Virginia Alabama Connecticut Illinois Oklahoma Georgia Tennessee California NAEPscaleequivalentscoresforthestategrade8mathematicsstandardsforproficientperformance,bystate,2007 DataSource:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).MappingStateProficiencyStandardsOntoNAEPScales:2005 2007,Figure3. 23 FordetailsonthelinkingofstateassessmentsandtheNAEP,andadefinitionofbasicandproficientlevels,seeNotes,SectionC.

FemalesinScience:K 12 Thescienceachievementgapbetweenmalesandfemalesbeginsinelementaryschool andwidensintheuppergrades.malesconsistentlyoutperformfemalesinallgrade levelstested. PercentofstudentsatorabovegradelevelonFCATScience "Thejobsofthefuturearegoingtorequireof theworkersabasicunderstandingofthe fundamentalprinciplesofmathematicsand science.ifwedonotinsomewaypersuade girlstostudysuchsubjectsinelementaryand secondaryschool,theyareautomatically cuttingthemselvesoutofagreatmanyjob opportunities." Percent, % 50 40 30 20 Female Male - U.S. Representative Vernon Ehlers (R-Michigan) Nuclear physicist and member of the House Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, AAAS. (2009). TestifyingbeforeU.S.House Subcommittee,LeshnerDetailsGenderGapin ScienceandEngineering. 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 11 Percentofstudentswhoscored3oraboveontheFloridaComprehensive AssessmentTest(FCAT)inscience 24 DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducation,http://fcat.fldoe.org

FemalesinMathematics:K 12 ThereisminimaltonogendergapinaverageachievementrelativetoFlorida smathematics standardsasmeasuredbythefcat.malesandfemalesperformsimilarlyatallgradelevels. Averagegenderdifferencesaresmallor nonexistent,andoursociety sfocuson themhasdivertedattentionfromthe essentialtaskofraisingthescoresofboth boysandgirls. PercentofstudentsatorabovegradelevelonFCATMathematics 100 80 NationalMathematicsAdvisoryPanel.(2008). FoundationsforSuccess:TheFinalReportofthe NationalMathematicsAdvisoryPanel,p.32. Percent, % 60 40 20 Female Male 0 06 07 08 06 07 08 06 07 08 06 07 08 06 07 08 06 07 08 06 07 08 06 07 08 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Percentofstudentswhoscored3oraboveontheFCATinmathematics DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducation,http://fcat.fldoe.org 25

FemalesinSTEM:K 12 MalesconsistentlyoutperformfemalesonAdvancedPlacementexamsin mathematicsandscience. PercentofFloridaAPtest takersineachgendergroupscoring3orabovein2008 Ingeneral,researchershavefoundthatgirls andwomenhavelessconfidenceintheirmath abilitiesthanmalesdoandthatfromearly adolescence,girlsshowlessinterestinmathor sciencecareers. However,itisimportanttonotethatnotall girlshavelessconfidenceandinterestin mathematicsandscience,andthatgirls,as wellasboys,whohaveastrongself concept regardingtheirabilitiesinmathorscienceare morelikelytochooseandperformwellin electivemathandsciencecoursesandto selectmath andscience relatedcollege majorsandcareers." InstituteofEducationSciences.Encouraging GirlsinMathandScience,(2007).p.6 Computer Science AB Computer Science A Calculus BC Calculus AB Environmental Science Physics Chemistry Biology Females Males Overall 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent, % PercentofFloridastudentswhoscored3oraboveonAdvancedPlacementExams DataSource:CollegeBoard(2009).The5 th AnnualAP ReporttotheNation:FloridaSupplement. 26

MinoritiesinMath:FCAT InFlorida,achievementgapsbetweenWhite,Hispanic,andAfricanAmericanstudentsinFCAT MathematicspersistacrossK 12gradelevelsbuthavedecreasedovertime.Gapsappearinelementary gradesandincreaseinmiddleandhighschool. Potentialforeconomicgainsby improvingeducationforall Floridians Ifthegapbetweenblackand Latinostudentperformanceand whitestudentperformancehad beensimilarlynarrowed,gdpin 2008wouldhavebeenbetween $310billionand$525billion higher,or2to4percentofgdp. Themagnitudeofthisimpactwill riseintheyearsaheadas demographicshiftsresultinblacks andlatinosbecomingalarger proportionofthepopulationand workforce. PercentofstudentsatorabovegradelevelonFCATMath:Grades3 10 Percent, % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 63 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 77 41 42 26 27 46 31 Percentofstudentswhoscored3oraboveontheFlorida ComprehensiveAssessmentTest(FCAT)inMathematics White-African American Achievement Gap by Grade in 2009 Grades 3-5 25% Grades 6-8 30% Grades 9 & 10 32% McKinsey&Company(2009).The EconomicImpactoftheAchievement GapinAmerica'sSchools,p.5 6. DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducation,MathematicsGrade3 10AchievementLevelGraphs, http://fcat.fldoe.org/fcinfopg.asp 27 49 34 53 37 56 58 41 43 61 62 46 48 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year White AfricanAmerican AchievementGap29% White Hispanic African American

MinoritiesinMath:NAEP OntheNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP),themathematicsachievementgap betweenflorida swhite,black,andhispanicstudentsisnarrowingbutstillpersists. 300 4 th Grade 8 th Grade 300 270 28 points 22 points 270 Average Score 240 210 Average Score 240 210 37 points 25 points White 180 180 Black 150 2003 2005 2007 2009 Hispanic 150 2003 2005 2007 2009 MajorFindings: StudentperformanceinmathematicsincreasedovertimeforBlack,Hispanic,andWhitestudentsinboth4thand8thgrades. Inboth4thand8thgrades,theachievementgapisgreatestbetweenBlackstudentsandWhitestudents. BlackstudentsimprovedmorethanWhitestudentsinboth4 th and8 th grades;theachievementgapnarrowedfrom2003to2009. In8thgradethegaphasnarrowedmore(12points)thaninthe4thgrade(6points). However,the8 th gradegap(25points)remainshigherthanthe4 th gradegap(22points). 28 DataSource:NAEPDataExplorer,http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/

HighSchoolGraduationRates ThoughhighschoolgraduationrateshaveimprovedinFlorida,gapspersistbetweenWhite,Hispanic, andafricanamericanstudents. (a)excludinggeds Percentofhighschoolstudentsgraduating (b)includinggeds 100 100 90 90 80 80 Percent, % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 State White African American Hispanic Percent, % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 State White African American Hispanic 0 0 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 School Year School Year Theaboverateswerecalculated(a)usingtheNationalGovernorsAssociation s(nga)recommendedmethod,mandatedbythefloridalegislature in2006(standardandspecialdiplomasincluded;gedsexcluded),and(b)usingflorida sregularmethodincludingstandarddiplomas,special diplomasandgeds. DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009b).FloridaPublicHighSchoolGraduationRates,2007 08. 29

30 CollegeFreshmen AmongincomingfreshmenintheUSA,EngineeringandBiologicalSciencesarethemost popularchoicesforstudentstemmajors.mathematicsandphysicalsciencesaretheleast popular,whileinterestincomputersciencehasvariedconsiderablyduringthelastthree decades. Floridahighschoolgraduatesin2007 whorequiredremediationatpostsecondaryinstitutionsbasedonentryleveltests(cpt,sat I,ACT): GraduatesenteringFlorida scommunity colleges: 44%inmathematics 32%inreading 27%inwriting GraduatesenteringFlorida sstate universities: 3%inmathematics 2%inreading 2%inwriting FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009a). FloridaPublicHighSchoolGraduates:State SummarybyTypeofInstitutionAttended. DataSource:HigherEducationResearchInstitute.(2009).TheAmericanFreshman:NationalNorms forfall2008. IntendedmajorofincomingUSAfreshmen 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Percent, % Year Engineering Biological Science Computer Science Physical Science Mathematics

STEMBachelor sdegrees:sus WithinFlorida sstateuniversitysystem(sus),thehighestnumberofbachelor sdegreesin STEMfieldsareawardedinHealthProfessions/ClinicalSciencesandEngineering.The fewestdegreesareawardedinmathematicsandphysicalsciences. STEMBachelor sdegreesawardedinflorida sstateuniversitysystem STEMmajorsaccountedfor14 percentofallundergraduates enrolledinu.s.postsecondary 4,500 Health Professions educationin2003 04and15 4,000 and Clinical percentof2003 04highschool Sciences graduateswhowereenrolledin postsecondaryeducationin2006. 3,500 Engineering 3,000 Roughlyone thirdofstudents 2,500 Biological & whoenteredastemfieldduring Biomedical thefirstyearswitchedtoanon 2,000 Sciences STEMfieldoverthenext6years. Computer & 1,500 Information Science NationalCenterforEducation 1,000 Physical Sciences Statistics.(2009).StudentsWhoStudy 500 Science,Technology,Engineeringand Mathematics(STEM)inPost 0 SecondaryEducation,pp.17 18. Mathematics & 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 Statistics School Year DataSource:FloridaBoardofGovernors,InteractiveUniversityDatabase,http://www.flbog.org/resources/iud/ ForadefinitionofHealthProfessionsandClinicalSciences,seeNotes,SectionD. 31 Number of degrees awarded

STEMAdvancedDegrees:SUS IntheStateUniversitySystem(SUS),thenumberofmaster'sdegreesawardedhasrisenoverthelast decadeinengineeringandthehealthprofessions,whilethenumberofmaster'sdegreesinotherstem fieldshaveremainedaboutthesame.thenumberofdoctoratesawardedinstemfieldshasrisenoverthe lastdecadeinthephysicalsciences,biological/biomedicalsciences,andparticularlyinengineeringandthe HealthProfessions.However,thenumberofdoctoratesawardedinMathematicsand Computer/InformationScienceshaveremainedaboutthesame. STEMmaster sdegreesawardedinflorida ssus STEMdoctoratedegreesawardedinFlorida ssus Number of degrees awarded 2,000 1,600 1,200 800 400 0 Health Professions & Clinical Sciences Engineering Biological & Biomedical Sciences Computer & Information Sciences Physical Sciences Number of degrees awarded 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Mathematics & Statistics DataSource:FloridaBoardofGovernors,InteractiveUniversityDatabase,http://www.flbog.org/resources/iud/ ForadefinitionofHealthProfessionsandClinicalSciences,seeNotes,SectionD. 32

STEMBachelor sdegrees:icuf IndependentCollegesandUniversitiesof Florida(ICUF) Florida'sIndependentCollegesand Universitiesconsistof28private,non profit educationalinstitutionsaccreditedbythe SouthernAssociationofColleges&Schools (SACS).Asof2008 09,sixoftheseinstitutions offeredbachelor'sdegreesinengineering,with thelargestnumberawardedatembry Riddle AeronauticalUniversity,FloridaInstituteof TechnologyandUniversityofMiami.Thesame year,22ofthe28institutionsoffered Computer/InformationSciencebachelor's degrees,withst.leouniversity,florida InstituteofTechnologyandNovaSoutheastern Universityofferingthelargestnumber.Ten institutionsofferedbachelor'sdegreesin Nursing,withFloridaHospitalCollegeof HealthSciences,JacksonvilleUniversity,Barry UniversityandNovaSoutheasternUniversity accountingforthelargestnumber. AtFlorida's28IndependentCollegesandUniversities,thenumberofbachelor'sdegreesin nursingisontherise,whiledegreesinengineeringhaveshownnochange.degreesin computer/informationsciencevaryyeartoyear,andshownonetincrease. STEMbachelor sdegreesawardedattheindependentcollegesand UniversitiesofFlorida(ICUF) Number of degrees 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Nursing Engineering Computer & Information Sciences DataSource:Atherton,B.(2009).2008 2009AccountabilityReport:Quality,Productivity, Diversity,andAccess.p.36.http://www.icuf.org/_resources/publications/2008 2009%20Final%20Accountability%20Report%20PDF.pdf 33

STEMAdvancedDegrees:ICUF IndependentCollegesandUniversitiesofFlorida(ICUF)reportgraduatedegreesawardedinNursing, EngineeringandComputer/InformationSciences.InNursing,thenumberofmaster sdegreesawarded hasgenerallyrisen,whilethenumberofdoctorateshasdeclined.master sdegreesin Computer/InformationScienceshaveremainedaboutthesame.Othertrendsaredifficulttointerpret becauseofyear to yearvariations,resultinginpartfromthesmallnumberofdegreesawarded. STEMmaster sdegreesawardedattheicuf STEMdoctoratedegreesawardedattheICUF 300 60 Number of degrees 250 200 150 100 50 0 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Nursing Engineering Computer & Information Sciences Number of degrees 50 40 30 20 10 0 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 DataSource:Atherton,B.(2009).2008 2009AccountabilityReport:Quality,Productivity,Diversity,andAccess.p.36. http://www.icuf.org/_resources/publications/2008 2009%20Final%20Accountability%20Report%20PDF.pdf 34

STEMDegrees:FloridaandtheUS Relativelyfew18 24year oldsinfloridaholdbachelor sdegreesinthenaturalsciencesand Engineering(NS&E) 1 comparedto18 24yearoldsintherestofthenation.Floridacompares morefavorablytootherstatesandthenationonthepercentofns&edegreesawardedatthe MajorFindings: advancedlevel(master sanddoctoratedegrees). FloridaisbelowtheUSaverage, Florida's States States with Quartile US performing belowthestateswiththelargest Indicator Florida largest (1=highest, Average economies 2 highest on economies,andbelowthestates 4=lowest) NAEP 3 withthehighestnaepachievement in: ThenumberofNS&E Bachelor's degrees in NS&E conferred bachelor sdegrees per 1,000 individuals 18-24 years old 4th 5.8 8.1 7.1 11.0 conferredrelativetothe populationofcollege age NS&E degrees as share of higher individuals,and education degrees conferred 3rd 15.8% 17.6% 18.1% 18.4% Thepercentoftotal degreesconferredinns&e Advanced NS&E degrees as share of NS&E degrees conferred 2nd 24.6% 25.0% 27.2% 21.5% (includingbachelor s master sanddoctorate 1.ForthelistingofdegreesincludedinNaturalSciencesandEngineering,seeNotes,SectionE. degrees). 2.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. 3.Averageofdatafrom10stateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009mathand2005 About1/4ofallNS&Edegrees Science;Massachusetts,NewHampshire,Vermont,NorthDakota,Montana,Minnesota,SouthDakota,Maine,Wisconsin, conferredinfloridaareatthe NewJersey). advancedlevel.thisisonparwith DataSource:2007Data.OriginalSources:a NationalCenterforEducationStatisticsandb USCensusBureau.Reported thenationalaverageandonly in:nationalscienceboard.(2010).scienceandengineeringindicators2010. slightlybelowotherstateswiththe largesteconomies. 35

FemalesinSTEM:Degrees PercentofSTEMbachelor sdegreesawardedtofemalescomparedtomales 100% Engineering S s 100% Computer/InformationScience MajorFindings: 80% 80% InEngineeringmalesfar outnumberfemalesandthe gaphasremainedconstant overtime. 60% 40% 20% 0% 19% 20% 20% 24% 22% 21% 22% 21% 19% 19% 60% 40% 20% 0% 29% 30% 28% 28% 28% 24% 24% 18% 17% 14% InComputer/Information Sciencemalesfaroutnumber femalesandthegaphas increasedsince2000. 100% Schoolyear PhysicalSciences SchoolYear 80% Males InthePhysicalSciences, Females malesoutnumberfemales, 60% 40% 43% 43% 44% 47% 46% 39% 43% 46% 40% butthegapissmallerthanin 40% Engineeringor DataSource:FloridaBoardofGovernors,Interactive 20% Computer/Information UniversityDatabase,http://www.flbog.org/resources/iud/ Science. 0% DataSource: SchoolYear 36

FemalesinSTEM:Degrees Thenumberofbachelor sdegreesawardedtofemalesinbiologicalandbiomedicalsciences outnumbersthebachelor sdegreesawardedtomales.inthehealthprofessionsandclinicalsciences, thegapisevenwider.forbothfields,thegapisincreasingovertime. STEMProfessionsandtheJob MarketForecast PercentofSTEMbachelor sdegreesawardedtofemalesascomparedtomales S s Healthcaretopsthelistof industrysubsectorsforecastedto accountfor86%ofjobgrowth through2016. 100% 80% Biological/BiomedicalSciences 100% 80% HealthProfessions/ClinicalSciences 60% 46% 44% 42% 39% 40% 38% 39% 33% 38% 37% 60% ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident, CouncilofEconomicAdvisors.(2009). PreparingtheWorkersofTodayfor thejobsoftomorrow. 40% 20% 0% 40% 20% 0% 20% 17% 17% 15% 13% 14% 13% 14% 14% 15% SchoolYear SchoolYear Males Females DataSource:FloridaBoardofGovernors,InteractiveUniversityDatabase,http://www.flbog.org/resources/iud/ ForadefinitionofHealthProfessionsandClinicalSciences,seeNotes,SectionD. 37

MinoritiesinSTEM:Degrees Percentofbachelor sdegreesinstemfields,byethnicity, relativetoundergraduateenrollment Comparedtothepercentof undergraduateenrollment (graybars): InbothEngineeringand Computer/InformationScience: Asiansandnon resident aliensareoverrepresented; BlacksandWhitesare underrepresented. InBiological/Biomedical Sciences: Asiansare overrepresented; BlacksandWhitesare underrepresented. 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Engineering White Hispanic Black Asian Non res. Alien Biological/BiomedicalSciences 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% White Hispanic Black Asian Non res. Alien Bachelor sdegreesawardedin2007 2008bytheStateUniversitySystem Undergraduateenrollment(allfields) inthestateuniversitysystemin2007 White Hispanic Black Asian Non res. DataSource:FloridaBoardofGovernors,Interactive Alien UniversityDatabase,http://www.flbog.org/resources/iud/ 38 Computer/InformationScience

MinoritiesinSTEM:Degrees Percentofbachelor sdegreesinstemfields,byethnicity, relativetoundergraduateenrollment Comparedtothepercentof undergraduateenrollment (graybars): InthePhysicalSciences: Asiansare overrepresented; Blacksare underrepresented InMathematics: WhitesandAsiansare overrepresented; HispanicsandBlacksare underrepresented. InHealthProfessions/Clinical Sciences: Blacksare overrepresented; 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PhysicalScience White Hispanic Black Asian Non res. Alien HealthProfessions/ClinicalSciences White Hispanic Black Asian Non res. Alien White Hispanic Black Asian Non res. Alien WhitesandHispanicsare ForadefinitionofHealthProfessionsandClinicalSciences,seeNotes,SectionD. 39 underrepresented. 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Mathematics Bachelor sdegreesawardedin2007 2008bytheStateUniversitySystem Undergraduateenrollment(allfields) inthestateuniversitysystemin2007 DataSource:FloridaBoardofGovernors,Interactive UniversityDatabase,http://www.flbog.org/resources/iud/

NGSSStandards RecentlyFloridaadoptedtheNextGenerationSunshineStateStandards(NGSSS),which requireallstudentstodemonstrateagreater,in depthproficiencyinmathandscience. AnewlyrevisedFCATwilltesttheperformanceofstudentsrelativetothesestandards. WhatwillFlorida snewstandardsrequireof students? Learningimportanttopicsandconceptsin depth. Morecriticalthinkingandreasoning:compare, contrast,explain,justify,estimate,evaluate, analyze,synthesize. NextGenerationSunshineStateStandards(NGSSS): RevisedK 12contentstandardsidentifyingwhatFloridastudentsneedtoknow andbeabletodoateachgradelevel. AlignedwithnationalinitiativesoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancement ofscience,thenationalcouncilofteachersofmathematics,andachieve,inc. Developedbyteachers,districtspecialists,anduniversityfacultywithinputfrom thepublicandbusinesscommunity. Masteringspecificmathematicsandscience contentateachgradelevel;lessgrade to grade repetition. WhatwillFlorida snewstandardsrequireof teachers? Deepercontentknowledgeinscienceand mathematics. AdoptedinSept2007(Mathematics)andFeb2008(Science). WebsitefortheNGSSS:http://www.floridastandards.org/index.aspx RevisingtheFCAT:TheFCATwillmeasurestudentachievementrelativetothenew,more rigorousngsssin2011formathematics,2012forscience.inthemeantime,schooldistricts arerequiredtoincorporatethenewstandardsintotheircurricula. MeasuresforassessingtheimpactoftheNGSSS: Increasedknowledgeandskillinmathematics DevelopingEnd of CourseExams:StudentstakingrequiredcoursesinMathematicsand andscienceteaching. Sciencewillbeexpectedtopassanend of coursetest.thesetestsarecurrentlybeing developed.thefield testingofthefirstexam,algebrai,willoccurinmayof2010. Newwaystoassessstudentperformanceandto helpallstudentsmaximizetheirlearning. ForacomparisonofFlorida sstandardswiththosefromotherstates/nations,seenotes, 40 SectionF.

SecondarySTEMTeacherCertification MiddleGradesOnly(5 9): MiddleGradesIntegratedCurriculumCertification: o 12semesterhoursineachmathematicsand science. MiddleGradesMathematicsCertification: o 18semesterhoursinmathematics,including thefollowingdisciplines: calculus,precalculus,or trigonometry; geometry;and probabilityorstatistics. MiddleGradesGeneralScienceCertification: o 18semesterhoursinscience,includingthe following: biologicalscience; chemistryorphysics;and earth spacescienceorearthscience. InFlorida,collegegraduatesmaybecomecertifiedtoteachmathematicsorscienceiftheyhavethe appropriateeducationtrainingandatleastthefollowingcourseworkinmathematicsandscience: ElementaryEducation(K 6): STEMcreditsarenotrequiredforstatecertificationofelementaryteachers, althoughspecificteacherpreparationprogramsmayrequirethem. MiddleandUpperGrades(6 12): CertificationinMathematics: o 30semesterhoursinmathematics,including: 6semesterhoursincalculus, creditingeometry, creditinprobabilityorstatistics, creditinabstractorlinearalgebra;or o specializationrequirementscompletedforphysics,plus21 semesterhoursincludingtheabovelist. CertificationinSeparateAreasofScience(biology,chemistry,earthspacescience,orphysics): o 30semesterhoursinscience,including21semesterhoursin theareawithassociatedlaboratoryexperience;or o specializationrequirementscompletedforanothersciencearea (biology,chemistryearth spacescience,orphysics)plus18 semesterhoursinareaofcertification. DataSource:FloridaDepartmentofEducationhttp://www.fldoe.org/edcert/subjlist.asp 41 AdditionalinformationaboutcredentialsofFlorida scurrentsecondarypublicschoolteachershasbeenrequestedfromthefloridadepartmentofeducation.

K 12Education:Funding MajorFindings: Floridalagsbehindmostofthe nationin: Salariesforpublicschool teachers, SpendingonK 12public schoolsasashareofthe grossdomesticproduct,and Perstudentexpendituresin K 12publicschools. Publicschoolteachers salaries,expendituresfork 12publicschoolsasashareofGDP,and perstudentexpendituresaremuchlowerinfloridathaninotherlarge economystatesorin statesthatperformthehighestonthenaep. Indicator Florida's Quartile (1=highest, 4=lowest) Florida US Average States with largest economies 1 States performing highest on NAEP 2 Public school teacher salaries 3rd $45,308 $50,816 $55,691 $46,800 Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as a share of gross domestic product 4th 3.09% 3.48% 3.42% 3.89% Onaveragestatesthatperformthe highestonthenaepreportthe highestper pupilspendingonk 12 education. Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools 3rd $8,567 $9,683 $10,783 $11,121 1.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. 2.Averageofdatafrom10stateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009mathand2005 Science;Massachusetts,NewHampshire,Vermont,NorthDakota,Montana,Minnesota,SouthDakota,Maine,Wisconsin, NewJersey). DataSource:2007Data.Originalsources:a NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,b USBureauofEconomicAnalysis, andc NationalPublicEducationFinancialSurvey.Reportedin:NationalScienceBoard.(2010).ScienceandEngineering Indicators2010. 42

StateUniversities:Funding Recentchangestostatestudentaidas reportedbythefloridacouncilof100: StateUniversitiesinFloridahavelowerundergraduatecoststhanmostinthe nation,whileper studentstateexpendituresonstudentaidareamongthe highest. In2009,theFloridaLegislaturepassed SenateBill762,whichallowstheboard oftrusteesofeachuniversityto establishadifferentialtuitionhigher thanthebaseratechargedtothe undergraduates.thedifferentialisnot toexceed15%eachyear,maynotbe higherthanthenationalaverage,and mustbeapprovedbytheboardof Governors.Thetuitiondifferentialcan bevariablebyuniversity,college,or program. Indicator Florida's Quartile (1=highest, 4=lowest) Florida US Average States with largest economies 1 States performing highest on NAEP 2 Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions 3 4th $10,709 $13,424 $13,800 $14,623 State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student 4 1st $1,393 $1,029 $1,259 $579 1.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. 2.Averageofdatafrom10stateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009math and2005science;massachusetts,newhampshire,vermont,northdakota,montana,minnesota,southdakota, AlthoughBrightFutureswillcontinue Maine,Wisconsin,NewJersey). tocoverbasetuition,itwillnotcover DataSource:3 2008Data.4 2007Data.Originalsources:a NationalAssociationofStateStudentGrantandAid theextratuitiondifferential. Programsandb NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Reportedin:NationalScienceBoard.(2010).Science andengineeringindicators2010. FloridaCouncilof100.(2009).Closing thetalentgap:abusinessperspective. 43

STEMintheWorkforce FloridaranksbelowmostotherstatesintermsofthenumbersofSTEMprofessionalsinthe workforce,laggingbehindstateswiththelargesteconomiesandthosewiththehighestnaep achievement. AccordingtotheWashington EconomicGroup,Inc.,a$1billion investmentinhighereducationin Florida: Indicator Florida's Quartile (1=highest, 4=lowest) Florida US Average States with largest economies 1 States performing highest on NAEP 2 woulddirectlyresultinthe creationof16,025jobs,about 89%ofwhichwouldbehighwageandintheknowledgebasedservicessector;and wouldgeneratepotential incomefromahighereducatedworkforce,which woulddirectlycreateanother ~16,000jobs,~97%ofwhich wouldalsobehigh wageand intheknowledge based servicessector. Engineers as share of workforce 3rd 0.75% 1.06% 1.11% 0.93% Life and physical scientists as share of workforce 4th 0.24% 0.40% 0.40% 0.49% Computer specialists as share of workforce 3rd 1.53% 2.08% 2.09% 1.81% Total individuals in science and engineering (S&E) 3 occupations as share of workforce 4th 2.69% 3.75% 3.88% 3.74% 1.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. 2.Averageofdatafrom10stateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009mathand 2005Science;Massachusetts,NewHampshire,Vermont,NorthDakota,Montana,Minnesota,SouthDakota,Maine, Wisconsin,NewJersey). WashingtonEconomicGroup,Inc.(2008).The 3.ForthelistingofdegreesincludedunderScience&Engineering,seeNotes,SectionE. CriticalRoleofEnhancedEducational InvestmentandOutcomesontheEconomic DataSource:2008Data.OriginalSource:USBureauofLaborStatistics.Reportedin:NationalScienceBoard.(2010). DevelopmentofFlorida:TheSocialReturnon ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010. 44 Investment(ROI)ofIncreasedPublicFundingof HigherEducation.

STEMAcademicOutput AccordingtotheWashington EconomicGroup,Inc.,a$1billion investmentinhighereducationin Florida: woulddirectlyresultina totaleconomicimpact FloridaisamongthemostproductivestatesinthenationintermsofSTEMacademicoutput,as measuredbythenumberofscienceandengineering(s&e) 1 doctoratedegreesconferred, publicationsproduced,andpatentsawardedannually. Indicator Florida's Quartile (1=highest, 4=lowest) Florida US Average States with largest economies 2 States performing highest on NAEP 3 S&E doctorates conferred annually per 1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders 4 (Indicates the rate of training new doctorates) 1st 58.6 46.9 49.2 36.6 estimatedatjustover $1.937billion. wouldgeneratepotential Annual academic S&E article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia 5 1st 592 577 642 454 Academic S&E article output per $1 million of academic R&D 6 2nd 3.57 3.24 3.06 3.06 incomefromahighereducatedworkforce,which Academic patents awarded woulddirectlygenerate annually per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia 4 1st 17.8 11.6 16.0 9.0 another$289million. 1.ForthelistingoffieldsincludedunderScience&Engineering,seeNotes,SectionE. 2.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. WashingtonEconomicGroup,Inc.(2008). 3.Averageofdatafrom10stateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009mathand TheCriticalRoleofEnhancedEducational 2005Science;Massachusetts,NewHampshire,Vermont,NorthDakota,Montana,Minnesota,SouthDakota,Maine, InvestmentandOutcomesontheEconomic Wisconsin,NewJersey). DevelopmentofFlorida:TheSocialReturn DataSource:4 2006Data.5 Calculatedusingdoctorateholderdatafor2006andpublicationdatafor2008.6 2008 oninvestment(roi)ofincreasedpublic Data.OriginalSource:a NationalScienceFoundation,DivisionofScienceResourceStatistics,b ThomsonReuters, FundingofHigherEducation. ScienceCitationIndexandSocialSciencesCitationIndex,andc ThePatentBoard.Reportedin:NationalScience 45 Board.(2010).ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010.

STEMinBusiness Floridahasarelativelyhighpercentageofhigh technologybusinessescomparedtomostother states.however,thesebusinessesemployfewerpeopleandproducefewerpatents,onaverage, thanotherstates. Floridahasthefourthlargest economyinthenation. Whencomparedtotheother economicpowerhouses,new York,California,andTexas, thediscrepancyinstem innovationisparticularly large.comparedtoflorida, thosestates: Producemorethan twiceasmanypatents per1,000scientistsand engineers Employabout50% moreindividualsin high technology establishments. Indicator Florida's Quartile (1=highest, 4=lowest) Florida US Average States with largest economies 1 States performing higher on NAEP 2 Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in S&E 3 occupations 3rd 8.2 13.4 17.2 14.6 High-technology 4 share of all business establishments 2nd 8.46% 8.35% 8.79% 7.39% Employment in high-technology establishments as share of total employment 3rd 8.21% 11.45% 12.29% 10.61% 1.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. 2.Averageofdatafrom10stateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009mathand 2005Science;Massachusetts,NewHampshire,Vermont,NorthDakota,Montana,Minnesota,SouthDakota,Maine, Wisconsin,NewJersey). 3.ForthelistingoffieldsincludedunderScience&Engineering,seeNotes,SectionE. 4.Foradefinitionofhigh technologyindustries,seenotes,sectiong. DataSource:2006datausedforhigh technologyindicators.2008datausedforpatentindicator.originalsources:a PatentandTrademarkOffice,b BureauofLaborStatistics,andc CensusBureau.Reportedin:NationalScienceBoard. (2010).ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010. 46

R&DFunding Floridaspendsfarlessonresearchanddevelopment(R&D)thandomostotherstatesinthe nation,inboththebusinessandacademicsectors. U.S.R&Disdominatedbydevelopment expenditures,largelyperformedbythe businesssector,andmostbasicresearchis conductedatuniversitiesandcolleges. Indicator Florida's Quartile (1=highest, 4=lowest) Florida US Average States with largest economies 1 States performing highest on NAEP 2 Universitiesandcollegeshistoricallyhave beenthemainperformersofu.s.basic research,anestimated56%oftotalu.s. basicresearchin2008.thefederal governmenthasbeentheprimesourceof basicresearchfunding,accountingfor57% ofthenation stotalin2008. DevelopmentintheUnitedStatesischiefly abusinesssectoractivity,whichperformed 90%ofthetotaldevelopmentin2008and provided84%ofthefunding.mostofthe restofthedevelopmentfundingisprovided bythefederalgovernment. NationalScienceBoard.(2010).Science andengineeringindicators2010.p.4 4. R&D as share of gross domestic product 3 4th 0.96% 2.62% 2.43% 2.74% Business-performed R&D as a share of private-industry output 3 3rd 0.70% 2.20% 2.16% 2.24% Academic R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product 4 4th 2.14% 3.66% 3.46% 4.11% 1.AverageofdatafromCalifornia,NewYork,andTexas. 2.AverageofdatafromstateswithhighestNAEPscores(averageof4 th and8 th gradescoresfrom2009mathand 2005Science;Massachusetts,NewHampshire,Vermont,NorthDakota,Montana,Minnesota,SouthDakota, Maine,Wisconsin,NewJersey). DataSource:3 2007Data.4 2008Data.OriginalSources:a NationalScienceFoundation,andb USBureauof EconomicAnalysis.Reportedin:NationalScienceBoard.(2010).ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010. 47

WorkforceInformationSources LaborMarketStatistics (LMS),undertheAgency forworkforceinnovation (AWI),provides timely andreliablelaborstatistics toimproveeconomic decision making. These statisticsarelocatedinthe online,searchableflorida ResearchandEconomic Database(FRED). Informationwithinthissite canbeviewedbylabor market,area,industry,or occupationalprofile. Websites: http://www.labormarketinfo.com/ http://fred.labormarketinfo.com/ 48

HighestWageOccupations 1 Nineofthe10highestpayingjobsinthestateofFloridaarewithinSTEMfields, accordingtothebelowsearchonfred. PercentofdegreesinSTEMfields,byethnicity HighestwageoccupationsinFlorida 3 2 Website:http://fred.labormarketinfo.com/ 49

Florida seconomicdashboard Florida seconomicdashboard isprovidedbytheflorida ChamberFoundationasan ongoingmonitorofthestate s economy.indicatedwithinthe dashboardarethestate s positionsforeachofthesix drivers.thescreenshotofthe dashboardtotherightwas retrievedondecember22, 2009. Website:http://www.fldashboard.com/ 50

Florida stalentsupplychain CreatingtheStrategyforToday sneedsandtomorrow stalent WorkforceFlorida,Inc.,(WFI) hascreatedaplantodevelop Florida stalentsupplychain. TheWFIBoardcommissioned itsstrategycouncil,chairedby DavidArmstrong,tomanage theprocessandpreparethe planreleasedinjanuary2010. TheStatementofIntent, GuidingPrinciples,information abouttheprocess,and updatescanbefoundonthe websitetotheright. Website:http://www.workforceflorida.com/strategy/index.htm 51

RoadmaptoFlorida sfuture TheRoadmaptoFlorida sfutureisa5 yearstrategicplanforeconomic developmentthatprovidesanactionagendatotransformfloridaintoaleaderin the21stcenturyinnovationeconomy.theenterprisefloridaboardofdirectors ischargedwithdevelopingthestrategicplanandsubmittingittothegovernor andlegislature.every3yearsanewroadmapiscreated,withthelatestrelease injanuary2010.progressreportsareproducedinsubsequentyearstotrackplan implementationandaddressemergingissuesandchangingconditions. 52

References AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.(2009,July).TestifyingbeforeU.S.Housesubcommittee,Leshnerdetailsgendergapin scienceandengineering.washington,dc:retrieveddecember15,2009,from http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2009/0724leshner_women.shtml Atherton,B.(2009).2008-2009 Accountability report: Quality, productivity, diversity, and access. Tallahassee, FL: The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida. Retrieved February 1, 2010 from: http://www.icuf.org/_resources/publications/2008-2009%20final%20accountability%20report%20pdf.pdf Baldi,S.,Jin,Y.,Skemer,M.,Green,P.J.,&Herget,D.(2007).HighlightsfromPISA2006:PerformanceofU.S.15 year oldstudentsinscienceand mathematicsliteracyinaninternationalcontext.(nces2008 016).Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Retrieved November20,2009,fromhttp://nces.ed.gov/PUBSEARCH/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2008016 BandieradeMello,V.Blankenship,C.,andMcLaughlin,D.H.(2009).MappingstateproficiencystandardsontoNAEPscales:2005 2007(NCES 2010 456).Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.RetrievedFebruary3,2010from http://enlacefl.usf.edu/media/economicimpactstudy Villamil.pdf CarnegieCorporationofNewYork.(2009).Theopportunityequation:Transformingmathematicsandscienceeducationforcitizenshipandthe globaleconomy.newyork:author.retrievedjune25,2009,fromhttp://www.opportunityequation.org/theopportunityequation.pdf Chen,X.(2009).Studentswhostudyscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)inpostsecondaryeducation.Washington,DC: NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,U.S.DepartmentofEducation.RetrievedDecember15,2009,from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2009161 Chudowsky,N.,Chudowsky,V.,&Kober,N.(2009).Statetestscoretrendsthrough2007 08:Areachievementgapsclosingandisachievement risingforall?washington,dc:centeroneducationpolicy.retrievedoctober14,2009,from http://www.cep dc.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=document_ext.showdocumentbyid&nodeid=1&documentid=292 CollegeBoard.(2009).The5 th annualap reporttothenation:floridasupplement.retrievednovember20,2009,from http://www.collegeboard.com/html/aprtn/state_reports.html EnterpriseFlorida(n.d.)2007 2012RoadmaptoFlorida sfuture:appendixa.orlando,fl:author.retrievedjanuary6,2010from http://www.eflorida.com/floridas_future.aspx?id=7722 EnterpriseFlorida.(2009).RoadmaptoFlorida sfuture:2009progressreport.orlando,fl:author.retrievedjanuary6,2010from http://www.eflorida.com/intelligencecenter/reports/2009_progress_report.pdf ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident,CouncilofEconomicAdvisors.(2009,July).Preparingtheworkersoftodayforthejobsoftomorrow.Retrieved November20,2009,fromhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Jobs_of_the_Future.pdf 53

FloridaCouncilof100.(2009).Closingthetalentgap:Abusinessperspective.Tampa,FL:Author.RetrievedJanuary20,2010from: http://www.onevoiceforflorida.com/media/46b50cc2 7501 4da8 80b7 64fe551b65fc.pdf FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009a).Floridapublichighschoolgraduates:Statesummarybytypeofinstitutionattended.Tallahassee,FL: Author.RetrievedDecember16,2009,fromhttp://www.fldoe.org/articulation/perfCPT/default.asp FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009b).Floridapublichighschoolgraduationrates,2007 08.Tallahassee,FL:Author.RetrievedDecember15, 2009,fromhttp://fldoe.org/eias/eiaspubs/word/gradrate0809.doc FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009c).Mathematicsscores:Statewidecomparisonfor2001to2009.Tallahassee,FL:Author.Retrieved December15,2009,fromhttp://fcat.fldoe.org/fcinfopg.asp FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2009d).Sciencescores:Statewidecomparisonfor2003to2009.Tallahassee,FL:Author.RetrievedDecember 15,2009,fromhttp://fcat.fldoe.org/scinfopg.asp FloridaDepartmentofEducation.(2010).MembershipinFlorida spublicschools,fall2009.series2010 12D.Tallahassee,FL:Author.Retrieved February2,2010,fromhttp://www.fldoe.org/eias/eiaspubs/default.asp Halpern,D.F.,Aronson,J.,Reimer,N.,Simpkins,S.,Star,J.R.,&Wentzel,K.(2007).Encouraginggirlsinmathandscience.IESPracticeGuide. RetrievedDecember15,2009,fromhttp://dww.ed.gov/topic/?T_ID=18 Hanushek,E.A.,&Wößmann,L.(2007).Theroleofeducationqualityineconomicgrowth.(WorldBankPolicyResearchWorkingPaper4122). RetrievedNovember20,2009,fromhttp://wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/01/29/000016406_20070129113447/Rendered/PDF/wps4122.pdf McKinsey&Company.(2009).TheeconomicimpactoftheachievementgapinAmerica'sschools.RetrievedJuly29,2009,from http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/social_sector/our_practices/education/knowledge_highlights/economic_impact.aspx NationalAcademyofSciences,NationalAcademyofEngineering,andInstituteofMedicine.(2007).Risingabovethegatheringstorm:Energizing andemployingamericaforabrightereconomicfuture.washington,dc:nationalresearchcouncil.retrievednovember20,2009,from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309100399 NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2006).NAEPScience2005statesnapshotreports.(NCESNo.2006467).Washington,DC:Author. RetrievedNovember20,2009,fromhttp://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2006467 NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).NAEPMathematics2009statesnapshotreports.(NCESNo.2010454).WashingtonDC:Author. RetrievedNovember2009,fromhttp://nces.ed.gov/PUBSEARCH/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2010454 NationalGovernorsAssociation.(n.d.).InnovationAmerica:Afinalreport.Washington,DC:Author.RetrievedNovember20,2009,from http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.1f41d49be2d3d33eacdcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b1da18bd4bae0110vgnvcm1000001a 01010aRCRD NationalMathematicsAdvisoryPanel.(2008).Foundationsforsuccess:ThefinalreportoftheNationalMathematicsAdvisoryPanel.Washington, DC:U.S.DepartmentofEducation.RetrievedDecember15,2009,fromhttp://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/mathpanel/index.html NationalScienceBoard.(2010).ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010.Arlington,VA:NationalScienceFoundation(NSB10 10).Retrieved January22,2010fromhttp://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind10/ 54

Olson,J.F.,Martin,M.O.,&Mullis,I.V.S.(Eds.)(2008).TIMSS2007technicalreport.ChestnutHill,MA:TIMSS&PIRLSInternationalStudy Center,BostonCollege.RetrievedNovember20,2009,fromhttp://timssandpirls.bc.edu/TIMSS2007/techreport.html PeterD.HartResearchAssociates/PublicOpinionStrategies.(2005).Risingtothechallenge:Arehighschoolgraduatespreparedforcollegeand work?washington,dc:achieve,inc.retrievednovember20,2009,fromhttp://www.achieve.org/files/pollreport_0.pdf Phillips,G.W.(2007).Chancefavorsthepreparedmind:Mathematicsandscienceindicatorsforcomparingstatesandnations.Washington,DC: AmericanInstitutesforResearch.RetrievedJanuary26,2010,from http://www.air.org/publications/documents/phillips.chance.favors.the.prepared.mind.pdf Pryor,J.H.,Hurtado,S.,DeAngelo,L.,Sharkness,J.,Romero,L.C.,Korn,W.S.,&Tran,S.(2009).TheAmericanfreshman:Nationalnormsforfall 2008.LosAngeles:HigherEducationResearchInstitute,UCLA.RetrievedJanuary11,2010from http://www.heri.ucla.edu/pr display.php?prqry=28 PublicAgenda.(2006).Realitycheck2006,Issueno.1:Areparentsandstudentsreadyformoremathandscience?RetrievedNovember20, 2009,fromhttp://www.publicagenda.org/files/pdf/rc0601.pdf. Schmidt,Houang,&Cogan(2002).Acoherentcurriculum:Thecaseofmathematics.AmericanEducator,26(2),10 26. Schmidt,W.H.,Wang,H.C.,&McKnight,C.C.(2005).Curriculumcoherence:AnexaminationofU.S.mathematicsandsciencecontent standardsfromaninternationalperspective.journalofcurriculumstudies,37(5),p.525 559. Schoen&Erbilgin(2010).Developingarobustandreplicablemethodforcomparingstateandnationalmathematicscurriculumstandards. Manuscriptinpreparation. TappingAmerica spotential.(2008).gainingmomentum,losingground.retrievednovember20,2009,fromhttp://www.tap2015.org/. TheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation(2006).Measuringup2006:Thestatereportcardonhighereducation,Florida.San Jose,CA:Author.RetrievedNovember2009,from http://measuringup.highereducation.org/reports/stateprofilenet.cfm?myyear=2006&statename=florida&cat=pre WashingtonEconomicGroup,Inc.(2008).Thecriticalroleofenhancededucationalinvestmentandoutcomesontheeconomicdevelopmentof Florida:Thesocialreturnoninvestment(ROI)ofincreasedpublicfundingofhighereducation.CoralGables,FL:Author.Retrievedon February3fromhttp://enlacefl.usf.edu/media/EconomicImpactStudy Villamil.pdf Williams,T.,Ferraro,D.,Roey,S.,Brenwald,S.,Kastberg,D.,Jocelyn,L.,Smith,C.,&Stearns,P.(2009).TIMSS2007U.S.technicalreportanduser guide.(nces2009 012).Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.RetrievedDecember15,2009,from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009012.pdf Williams,T.,Jocelyn,L.,Roey,S.,Kastberg,D.,&Brenwald,S.(2009).HighlightsfromTIMSS2007:MathematicsandscienceachievementofU.S. fourth andeighth gradestudentsinaninternationalcontext.washington,dc:nationalcenterforeducationstatistics,u.s.departmentof Education.RetrievedDecember15,2009,fromhttp://nces.ed.gov/Pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2009001 55

Notes SectionA:NAEPSciencedataforFloridaareavailableonlyfor2005andarereportedonpage10ofthisreport.For Florida,longitudinaldataforNAEPMathematicsareavailablefor2003,2005,2007,and2009.Nationalaveragesand Florida sscoresareasfollows: NAEP Math Scores 2003 2005 2007 2009 4th Grade Florida 234 239 242 242 National Average 235 238 240 240 8th Grade Florida 271 274 277 279 National Average 278 279 281 283 DataSource:http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/ SectionB:Linkingisastatisticalprocedurethatprovidesa cross walk forexpressingtheresultsofonetest(naep)intermsof themetricofanother(timss).timsswasintentionallydesignedtobelinkabletonaep.forexample,bothtestsareadministeredin thesamegrades(4and8),usethesamesamplingtechniques,andcoversimilarcontentstandards.byexpressingtimssandnaep inthesamemetric,wecancomparestatesnotonlytootherstates,butalsotoothercountries.technicalappendixainphillips,g. W.(2007),ChanceFavorsthePreparedMind,providesadetaileddescriptionofthestatisticallinkingprocedure(see http://www.air.org/publications/documents/phillips.chance.favors.the.prepared.mind.pdf). SectionC:TheNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP)providesacommonmetricforcomparinghowhighdifferentstatesset thebar.naep"proficient"isdefinedas"competencyoverchallengingsubjectmatter."naep"basic"isdefinedas"partialmasteryoftheskills necessaryforproficientperformance."eachstate'sproficiencystandardwas"mapped"ontonaepbyfindingthenaepscalescoreabovewhich theestimatedpercentageofstudentswithhighernaepscalevaluesmatchesthepercentageofstudentsreportedbythestateasachievingthe 56

state'sstandard.specifically,thefollowingstepswerefollowed.first,foreachschoolinthenaepsample,thepercentageofstudentsmeetingthe stateproficiencystandardonthestateassessmentwasidentified.second,thepercentageofstudentsmeetingthestateproficiencystandardwas estimatedfromthenaepschools,usingnaepschoolweights.third,theweighteddistributionofscoresonthenaepwereestimatedforthestate asawhole,basedonthenaepsampleofschoolsandstudents.fourth,thenaepequivalentscoreforeachstateproficiencystandardwas identifiedbyfindingthepointonthenaepscaleabovewhichthepercentageofstudentsequalsthepercentageofstudentsinthestatewhomeet thestateproficiencystandard. Source:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.(2009).MappingStateProficiencyStandardsOntoNAEPScales:2005 2007. SectionD:TheBoardofGovernorsusestheClassificationofInstructionalPrograms(CIP)forthereportingoftheirdata.CIPwasoriginally developedbytheu.s.departmentofeducation'snationalcenterforeducationstatistics(nces)in1980andhassinceundergonethreerevisions. Itprovidesataxonomicschemetosupporttheaccuratetracking,assessment,andreportingoffieldsofstudyandprogramcompletionsactivity. HealthProfessionsandClinicalSciencesincludes:healthscience(e.g.,audiology),dentistry,healthandmedicaladministration,healthand medicalassistants,healthandmedicaldiagnosticandtreatmentservices,healthandmedicallaboratorytechnologies,healthandmedical preparationprograms,mentalhealthservices(e.g.,alcoholanddrugcounseling),nursing,optometry,pharmacy,podiatry,publichealth, rehabilitation/therapeuticservices,veterinarymedicine,miscellaneoushealthaidesandprofessions(e.g.,dietetics),alternativeand complementarymedicalsupportservices(e.g.,naturopathy),andotherhealthprofessionalandrelatedsciences(e.g.,healthpolicyresearch). Psychology(includingclinicalandcounselingpsychology)andsocialsciencesarenotincludedinthiscategory.Thosecompriseseparatecategories inthecipcodesystem. Source:http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/cip2000/ SectionE:AsdefinedbytheNationalScienceBoard: Naturalsciencesandengineering(NS&E)fieldsincludethephysical,earth,ocean,atmospheric,biological,agricultural,andcomputersciences; mathematics;andengineering.ns&efieldsexcludesocialsciencesandpsychology. S&E(scienceandengineering)fieldsincludethephysical,earth,ocean,atmospheric,biological,agricultural,computer,andsocialsciences; mathematics;engineering;andpsychology. NationalScienceBoard.(2010).ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010.p8 40and8 42. 57

SectionF:CurriculumStandards:ComparisonofFloridawithotherstatesandhigh performingtimssnations. Mathematicscurriculumstandardsinthe50states,includingFlorida sformer1996sunshinestatestandards,havehistoricallybeencriticized as amilewideandaninchdeep withmanytopicspergradelevelandahighdegreeofrepetitionacrossthegradelevels.accordingtoa large scaleinternationalstudy,curriculumstandardsinthehighestperformingcountriesontimsshavetheoppositecharacteristics:few topicspergradelevelandlittlerepetitionacrossthegrades.thisstudyindicatesthatitisnottheadoptionofcurriculumstandardspersethat isimportant,butratherthefocusandcoherenceofthosestandardsthatismostcriticaltostudentachievement. GradeLevel Florida srevised2007mathematicsstandardsforgradesk 8havemovedtowardmorefocus,greater coherence,andalignmentoftopicswiththeworld shighestperformingnations.thenumbersoftopics andrepetitionshavebeenreducedsubstantially,particularlyintheearlygrades.the2007standards emphasizemasteryofthemostimportantmathematicalconceptsateachgradelevel. Highperforming nation composite NumberofMathematicsTopics U.S.State Composite 1996Florida Standards 2007Florida Standards K 13 5 1 5 22 16 7 2 9 23 18 15 3 12 25 23 14 4 16 26 23 22 5 21 28 25 22 6 20 30 30 17 7 22 29 29 16 8 21 28 29 15 Totalrepetitionoftopicsinsubsequentgradelevels K 8 53 102 134 84 DataSources: Schmidt,Houang,&Cogan(2002).ACoherentCurriculum: TheCaseofMathematics. Schmidt,Wang,&McKnight(2005).CurriculumCoherence: AnExaminationofUSMathematicsandScience ContentStandardsfromanInternational Perspective. Schoen&Erbilgin(2010).DevelopingaRobustand ReplicableMethodforComparingStateand NationalMathematicsCurriculumStandards. 58

SectionG:AccordingtotheNationalScienceBoard: High technologyindustriesaredefinedasthoseinwhichtheproportionofemployeesintechnology orientedoccupations isatleasttwicetheaverageproportionforallindustries.statesoftenconsidersuchindustriesdesirable,inpartbecause theytendtocompensateworkersbetterthanotherindustriesdo. NationalScienceBoard.(2010).ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2010.p8 100. 59

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