Journal of Archaeological Science

Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Transition from hunting to animal husbandry in Southern, Western and Eastern Finland: new dated osteological evidence Auli Bläuer a,b, *, Juha Kantanen b a Department of Archaeology, 20014 University of Turku, Finland b MTT Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland article info abstract Article history: Received 27 August 2012 Received in revised form 30 October 2012 Accepted 30 October 2012 Keywords: Zooarchaeology Animal husbandry Finland Corded Ware Kiukainen Culture Bronze Age Early Metal Period Bone material Domestic animals Radiocarbon-dating The beginning of animal husbandry in Finland is one of the most debated topics in Finnish archaeology. For this study a total of 69 bone materials from archaeological sites in Southern, Western and Eastern Finland, dating from the Middle Neolithic to the Early Metal Period, were analysed: 52 represented identifiable animal bones. These data were complemented with those from previously analysed bone materials. A total of 19 domestic animal bones were radiocarbon-dated to determine their connection with a particular cultural period. However, 13 of them proved to belong to the historical and not the prehistoric period, emphasizing the importance of radiocarbon-dating and context awareness when interpreting prehistoric bone materials. Among the radiocarbon-dated material were the oldest dated sheep, cattle and horse bones in Finland. The oldest radiocarbon-dated domestic animal bone in Finland, from sheep or goat, derives from the Late Stone Age Kiukainen Culture site, while cattle and horse bones date to the Bronze Age. This is later than expected. However, the available material does not exclude the possibility that some animal husbandry was practised in Finland earlier. Nevertheless, domestic animal bones are rare in samples dated to the cultural periods studied, while hunting and fishing represented important subsistence activities. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Farming and animal husbandry in Western Eurasia originated around 10,000 years ago along the Fertile Crescent in the Near East and spread across Europe, reaching the Southern Baltic area and Scandinavia approximately 6000 years ago (e.g. Price, 2000a; Bellwood, 2005; Barker, 2006). In Middle Sweden and Estonia, areas adjacent to Finland, animal husbandry was practised at least ca. 4000 BC and 2900 BC, respectively (Maldre, 1996; Price, 2000b: 284; Lõugas et al., 2007; Hallgren, 2008: 123). In Åland, an archipelago between Sweden and Finland, the earliest domestic animal bones date to the Late Neolithic Period, ca. 2000 BC (Storå, 2000: 70e1). 1 Neolithicization was a complex process, not only involving changes in people s subsistence but also in the social structure and * Corresponding author. Department of Archaeology, 20014 University of Turku, Finland. E-mail addresses: auli.blauer@utu.fi (A. Bläuer), juha.kantanen@mtt.fi (J. Kantanen). 1 Even though Åland is part of modern Finland, it is excluded from this study as during prehistory it was culturally closely connected with Sweden (Dreijer, 1983). modes of thought e the way they saw the world (e.g. Barker, 2006: 379e85; Barnard, 2007; Finlayson, 2009). To define the MesolithiceNeolithic border is difficult, especially in Northern countries like Finland, where the change from mobile hunting and gathering to sedentary agricultural societies took thousands of years. The transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in Finland was a process that started with adoption of pottery making by local hunteregatherers ca. 5100 BC (so-called Sub-Neolithic Period) (Meinander, 1961; Carpelan, 1999: 253; Huurre, 1998: 14; Taavitsainen et al., 1998). It is possible that already during the Sub- Neolithic Period some hunteregatherer peoples in the more favourable habitats were, at least partly, sedentary (Edgren, 1998: 71; Lavento, 2001: 141e143; Mökkönen, 2010). On the other hand, hunting and fishing as a component of subsistence had economical importance in certain parts of Finland still during the postmedieval period (Talve, 1997: 72e3). Burnt animal bone material from Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites consists mainly of bones of seal (Phocidae sp. in coastal region), European elk (Alces alces), European beaver (Castor fiber) and wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) (Ukkonen, 1993d). How, when and from where animal husbandry and cereal cultivation spread into Finland is one of the most debated topics in 0305-4403/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.033

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1647 Finnish prehistory. Despite accumulating evidence about the past economy through osteological analysis of bone materials in Finnish prehistory, domestic animal bones are scarce and their interpretation is difficult without radiocarbon-dating (Mannermaa and Deckwirth, 2010; Tourunen, 2011). The introduction of animal husbandry into Finland has often been connected with the Corded Ware culture (3200/2900e2350 BC), 2 though recently older dates have been suggested based on pollen evidence alone (Mökkönen, 2010). As Corded Ware culture was agricultural and/or pastoralist elsewhere in Europe, this has been assumed to be the case also in Finland, even in the absence of dated environmental evidence (domestic animal bones, macrofossil grain, cereal pollen, grain impressions in pottery) to support this view (e.g. Kivikoski, 1961: 71e2; Carpelan, 1999; Nunez, 1999: 137e8; Huurre, 2003: 27; Mökkönen, 2010). Some researchers have adopted a more critical view of possible animal husbandry among the local Corded Ware groups (e.g. Zvelebil, 1981: 162e3; Edgren, 1984; Matiskainen, 1994; Purhonen and Ruonavaara, 1994: 92). The subsequent Kiukainen Culture (2400e1900/1500 BC) has been seen as comprising a mixed foragingefarming community (Huurre, 2003: 28e29; Asplund, 2008: 67; Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 218). Pollen data indicate that some cereal cultivation was practised during this period in Finland (Vuorela, 1999: 146e7; Asplund, 2008: 190), but no domestic animal bones dating to this period have been found. The oldest dated cereal grains in Finland derive from a Kiukainen Culture site, but they date to the Early Bronze Age (1900e1000 calbc, 3200 170 years BP (Ua-338); Pihlman and Seppä-Heikka, 1985; Vuorela and Lempiäinen, 1988; Asplund et al., 1989; Asplund 2008: 292). The subsequent Western Finnish Bronze Age (1700e500 BC) has been considered increasingly agrarian (Edgren, 1998: 138e9; Carpelan, 1999: 271e2; Holmblad, 2010: 138). Domestic animal bones of cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep or goat (Ovis aries/capra hircus) were found at a Bronze Age settlement site, Rieskaronmäki in Nakkila, and from burial cairns in the same area, but none of the bones were radiocarbon-dated and some were interpreted as being modern intrusions (Lahtiperä, 1970: 203; Vormisto, 1985: 152). The earliest radiocarbon-dated domestic animal bone (cattle) belongs to the Early Iron Age (460e310 calbc, 2339 35 years BP, (Hela-1228); Lesell, 2007: 72). During the Pre-Roman Period (500 BCe0 AD) signs of farming were becoming common in Southern Finland (Edgren, 1999: 326). All these cultures were limited to Western and Southern Finland and, especially Kiukainen and Bronze Age culture, near the coastline. In the Finnish inland areas different asbestostempered and textile ceramics cultures continued hunting and gathering from the Late Stone Age to the Early Metal Period, 3 but pollen data indicate that there was also some sporadic cereal cultivation (Carpelan, 1999: 266e71; Vuorela, 1999: 147; Lavento, 2001; Taavitsainen et al., 2007). These cultures had different cultural networks and contacts to the neighbouring areas. The Finnish Corded Ware culture spread to Finland from the Baltic area (Carpelan, 1999: 261e2), the Kiukainen Culture and the western Finnish Bronze Age were mainly influenced by Scandinavian cultures (Edgren, 1998: 110,141; Carpelan, 1999: 266e7, 271) and the Finnish inland Bronze Age had connections to the eastern areas in modern Russia (Edgren, 1998: 2 Stone Age chronology according to Asplund (2008) and Carpelan (1999) in calbc. 3 Early Metal Period is a term often used in Finland for the Bronze Age and Pre- Roman Iron Age (ca. 1700 BCe1 BC) (e.g. Asplund, 2008: 69). However, in this study the term Early Metal Period is used for both the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age period (until ca. 500 AD). This makes it possible to compare coastal (western) and inland material, with different cultural development and chronology, and to include sites of uncertain date generally dating to this period. 148; Carpelan, 1999: 268e271). Thus, if animal husbandry started in Finland during the Corded Ware Period, the origin and genetic composition of the domestic animals would be different than if animal husbandry were initially introduced to Finland at a later date. The aim of this article is to examine the origin and development of animal husbandry in Southern, Western and Eastern Finland 4 from the Middle Neolithic to the Early Metal Period through osteological material. For this study, a total of 69 bone assemblages were analysed (Appendix A, Figs. 1 and 2) from archaeological sites across Finland associated with Corded Ware, Kiukainen or Early Metal Period material. During analysis species and anatomical elements were identified. A total of 52 assemblages provided identifiable bone fragments. In addition, a total of 54 previously analysed bone materials were included in the study (Appendix B, Fig. 2). The stratigraphic context of the bones was also evaluated. A total of 19 bones were radiocarbon-dated to link the domestic animal bones securely to a specific cultural period (Table 1). 2. Previous work Fig. 1. The location of the study area. Several bone materials relevant to this study were analysed previously. Numerous (mostly unpublished) Osteological Reports have been written by Finnish osteologists 5 and were used during this study (full list in Appendix B). Published studies are scarce. Lahtiperä (1970) analysed Early Metal Period burial and settlement material from Satakunta. Ukkonen (1996) reviewed Eastern Finnish domestic animal bone finds. Deckwirth (2008) analysed several Early Metal Period bone samples. Mannermaa and Deckwirth (2010) presented data on domestic animal bones in unpublished Osteological Reports. Domestic animal bones have been found from several archaeological sites dating to the period of interest and also from one site dating to the Mesolithic and Early Comb Ceramic Period (7300e3200 BC) (Pälsi, 1913; Fortelius, 1980k). None of these bones were previously radiocarbon-dated and their connection to the main period of use of the site remains uncertain 4 Geographical area covered here consists of provinces of Southern, Eastern and Western Finland. One site, aah, is located in the province of Oulu. 5 Mikael Fortelius, Tarja Formisto, Ann Forsten, Jukka Jernvall, Pirkko Ukkonen, Kristiina Mannermaa, Kati Salo and Niklas Söderholm.

1648 A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 Fig. 2. The location of the sites mentioned in text. a. Mesolithic and Comb Ceramic site and Corded Ware sites b. Kiukainen Culture sites c. Western Early Metal Period sites d. Eastern Early Metal Period sites. White circles and underlined site number/letter ¼ prehistoric radiocarbon-dated domestic animal bone. (Deckwirth, 2008; Mannermaa and Deckwirth, 2010). This paper is the first attempt to systematically analyse, evaluate and radiocarbon-date domestic animal bone finds from Corded Ware, Kiukainen Culture and Early Metal Period sites in Finland. 3. Material and methods A total of 69 bone materials from archaeological sites across Southern, Western and Eastern Finland were analysed during this study (Appendix A, Fig. 2). The sites ranged from large sedentary settlement sites to small campsites. Some of the sites were excavated, but also sites with only trial excavations or surveyed sites were included to improve both spatial and temporal coverage. Some areas or cultural periods were better represented due to active research. These include the Corded Ware Period in the municipality of Lapinjärvi in Southern Finland (active survey and excavation activity during early 20th century), Bronze Age Satakunta in Western Finland (Unto Salo excavations, e.g. Salo, 1970) and the municipality of Kemiönsaari in Southwest Finland (PhD by Asplund, 2008). The total number of sites included in this study was 123. Bone assemblages analysed during this study were numbered from 1 to 69. In addition, further 54 sites with previously analysed assemblages were included in the study. These sites and the corresponding osteological reports are referred to by letters from a e aaj and the references are listed in Appendix B. At six sites only part of the bone material was included in a previous analysis and the unanalysed component was examined in this study. These sites are referred to by both number and letter. Material from site 33/v was completely re-analysed due to difficulties in separating unanalysed and analysed parts of the material. 6 In some cases identifications different from those of the original reports are presented in this study. Such bones were re-analysed when selecting bones for radiocarbon-dating and are specifically indicated in the tables and text. Most bone material in this study was burnt (in the Finnish acidic soil unburnt bone rapidly decays e see Tourunen, 2011 for the full discussion). Therefore, unburnt bones from prehistoric sites are often interpreted as being later intrusions (e.g. Vormisto, 1985: 151e152; Tourunen, 2011). Burnt bone is usually highly fragmented, which creates difficulties in identifying the species, and most of the fragments remain unidentified (Mannermaa and Deckwirth, 2010: 66e7; Tourunen, 2011). Moreover, many fragments will only allow uncertain identification. Analysing and interpreting burnt bone samples is challenging, but burnt bone assemblages are useful in examining the economies of past societies (Ekman and Iregren, 1984; Ukkonen, 2001; Tourunen, 2011). The bone reports do not always state clearly whether the bone in question was burnt or unburnt. In unclear cases the bones were marked as burnt in the tables with the exception of teeth, which were marked unburnt as tooth enamel e especially of adult, full- 6 This was due to a mistake in labelling the material.

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1649 Table 1 Radiocarbon-dates from domestic animal bones from Corded Ware, Kiukainen Culture and Early Metal Period Finland. The dates published here have been calibrated according to Reimer et al. (2009). Site code Species Bone Preservation Archive number Date code Radiocarbondate BP 2s cal (95,4% probability) Published in 3 Sheep/goat C2þ3 Burnt NM 10173:127 Ua-43043 3679 33 2200e1950 BC 6 Cattle Mandibular molar Unburnt NM 13407:67 Hela-2528 408 30 1430e1625 AD Tourunen, 2011 23 Pig Metacarpal III Unburnt NM 4570:11 Ua-43125 64 30 1690e1920 AD 26 Sheep Tibia Burnt NM 20120:671 Hela-2527 200 30 1645e1955 AD Tourunen, 2011 37 Sheep/goat Centrotarsal Burnt NM 29689:2 Ua-43041 2408 30 740e390 BC 41 Sheep/goat Pelvis Burnt NM 27027:24 Ua-43044 1952 30 40 BCe130 AD 47 Sheep/goat Ulna Burnt NM 19263:36 Ua-43040 443 30 1410e1490 AD 30/s Cattle Sesamoid bone Burnt TMM 14122:128 Ua-43126 166 30 1660e1960 AD 33/v Sheep Metacarpal Burnt SatM 17102:105 Ua-42074 2580 37 820e550 BC 33/v Horse a Mandible Burnt SatM 17102:101 Ua-42073 2578 43 830e540 BC 33/v Cattle Phalanx 2 Unburnt SatM 17102:78 Hela-2691 188 30 1645e1955AD a Sheep Femur Burnt NM 6355:3 Ua-43047 167 30 1660e1960 AD j Cattle Tibia Unburnt NM 28382: 2993 Ua-43048 158 30 1660e1960 AD j Cattle T2þ3 Burnt NM 28065:8065 Ua-43049 107 30 1680e1940 AD k Sheep/goat Talus Burnt NM 30464:14585 Ua-43128 247 30 1520e1960 AD y Pig Ulna Burnt NM 25354:46 Ua-34127 382 30 1440e1640 AD ar Cattle Maxillary molar Unburnt TYA 169:7 Hela-2496 3086 30 1430e1290 BC av Cattle Rib Burnt NM 36694:790 Hela 1228 2339 35 460e310 BC Lesell, 2007:72 ax Cattle Metatarsal Unburnt TYA 597:102 Hela-2587 1814 44 84e330 AD Tourunen, 2011 ay Cattle Rib Unburnt N/A St 9854 2100 210 429 BCe79 AD Formisto, 1993: 140 b az Sheep N/A Burnt TYA 105:267 Ua-36962 1855 45 50e260 AD Mäntylä-Asplund and Storå, 2010: 62 aac Sheep/goat Maxillary molar Unburnt NM 14980:1 Ua-43042 238 30 1520e1960 AD aai Sheep Phalanx 1 Burnt NM 19239:234 Ua-43046 185 30 1650e1960 AD aai Horse Carpal Unburnt NM 19239:223 Ua-43045 117 30 1680e1940 AD aaj Cattle Phalanx 1 Unburnt NM 18200:120 Ua-43039 53 30 1690e1960 AD a Published by the courtesy of Satakunta museum. b No details of the used calibration given. grown teeth e is often destroyed by fire because of the brittleness that accompanies hardness (Gejvall, 1947: 41). Data are given as NISP (Number of Identified SPecimens). This study concentrates on the main domestic farm animals e cattle, sheep, goat, pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and horse (Equus caballus). 7 Dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felis catus), wild mammals, birds and fish are included in the tables to create a general picture of the material and the subsistence base (Appendices CeF). Birds and fish are not given to species level. 8 The Mustelidae (weasel family) include both fragments identified as European pine marten (Martes martes) and fragments only identified as Mustelidae. 4. Dating of the sites and bones Prehistoric archaeological sites in Finland often cover settlement activity over thousands of years at one site. Some sites included in this study were used during several cultural periods under examination and therefore a single site can be represented in several tables. There is usually no clear stratigraphy at the sites that separates different phases of use because the cultural layers are thin and/or mixed (e.g. Europaeus, 1929; Tourunen, 2011). The sites themselves were dated according to radiocarbon results, archaeological evidence and shoreline displacement data based on land upheaval caused by former glacial processes, using the interpretation available in excavation reports and the literature (full list of references in Appendices A and B). Samples for radiocarbon 7 The dog was introduced into Finland already during the Mesolithic period (Ukkonen, 2001:16). 8 More data about birds in Finnish prehistory can be found e.g. in Mannermaa (2003). The identified fish species in the 69 analysed materials include Northern pike (Esox lucius), perch (Perca fluviatilis), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), burbot (Lota lota), codfish (Gadidae), salmonids (Salmonidae) and carp fish species (Cyprinidae). Fragments identified only as bird or fish and not to species level are included in the tables, but only mammals identified to species level are presented. analysis taken from the sites often reveal a period of use not visible in the preserved archaeological evidence (e.g. Raike and Seppälä, 2005; Mäntylä-Asplund and Storå, 2010; Asplund, 2011: 44; Tourunen, 2011). Therefore, dating of the sites based on material evidence alone must be considered preliminary. It is often difficult to connect a single bone to a specific period of use and the prehistoric sites sometimes included bone material also from younger periods (Tourunen, 2011). Moreover, historical land use is not always considered to be a cultural period in archaeological reports, but unspecified disturbance. Dating of early domestic animal bones has been made possible by the introduction of AMS dating of burnt bone (Lanting et al., 2001). The method has proven to be reliable (Olsen et al., 2008), but some factors like burning at low temperature or contamination can cause errors in the results (Olsen et al., 2008; Van Strydonck et al., 2009). As a rule, Finnish bones samples are well cremated and charred or incompletely burnt bone has deteriorated in the acidic soil. Bones selected for radiocarbon-dating were dated in the Helsinki University Laboratory of Chronology and the Tandem Laboratory in Uppsala University. The material was divided according to the main period of interest for the purpose of this study. The examined periods were Corded Ware (ca. 3200/2900e2350 BC), Kiukainen Culture (ca. 2400e1900/1500 BC) and Early Metal Period (ca. 1700 BCe500 AD). When possible, Early Metal Period was divided into Bronze Age (ca. 1700 BCe500 BC) and Early Iron Age (500 BCe500 AD). As most of the sites are multi-period, in Tables 2e7 material was further divided according to the periods of use (used only during a specific period or used also earlier/later/both earlier and later than a certain period). Sites presented here were dwelling sites (Tables 2e5a, b and 7) and cemetery sites (Table 6). Dwelling sites represent both small sites, most likely hunting camps but also large, complex sites that could have been used as base camps. However, in many cases there is not enough data to make further conclusions about the nature of the site.

1650 A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 5. Results Table 2 Bone material from site a dating to Mesolithic and Comb Ceramic period. Species/Site a Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 a Pig (Sus scrofa) 1 Elk (Alces alces) 2 Beaver (Castor fiber) 7 Fish 2 Total 13 a Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Originally identified as sheep or goat. 5.1. Mesolithic and Comb Ceramic site Burnt sheep bone (originally identified as sheep or goat) and a possible pig bone were found from a site dating to the Mesolithic and Comb Ceramic Period (Table 2). The site was used as a potato field during the historical period (Pälsi, 1913). The sheep bone was radiocarbon-dated to the historical or modern period (1660e1950 calad, 167 30 years BP, (Ua-43047)) (Table 1). 5.2. Corded Ware Several sites with Corded Ware finds included unburnt (5, 6, 8, 19/h, e, j, k, l, m) and burnt (g, j, k, l) domestic animal bones (Table 3). None of the sites was a pure Corded Ware site and most included signs of later periods of use. A total of four bones from sites 6, j (two bones) and k were radiocarbon-dated. A cattle tooth from site 6 dated to the late medieval or post-medieval period, 1430e1625 calad (408 30, Hela-2528) (Tourunen, 2011: 64e5). Sites jem were all situated in the same area of the municipality of Vantaa (Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 255). This area was intensively used during prehistorical and historical periods and in all sites there was recent human activity: the sites are situated in fields, gardens or near houses. Both burnt and unburnt domestic animal bones were recovered from these sites. A burnt cattle tarsal bone was recovered from site j from the uppermost layer. It was radiocarbon-dated to the historical or modern period (1680e1940 calad, 107 30 years BP (Ua-43049)). Some of the unburnt domestic animal bones from this site were interpreted as being modern, but one cattle tibia was in a context interpreted as being free from modern disturbance (Katiskoski,1994: 13). This bone was radiocarbon-dated, but nevertheless derives from the historical or modern period (1660e1960 calad, 158 30 years BP (Ua-43048)). Unburnt domestic animal bones from site k were interpreted as being modern (Söderholm, 1998; Ukkonen, 1998d). Burnt sheep or goat bone from this site dated to the historical or modern period (1520e1960 calad, 247 30 years BP (Ua-43128)). Unburnt bones were found at site m, especially in the lowermost layers of the excavation (Fast, 1993: 7). Cattle bones from interesting contexts, which were interpreted as being free from disturbance, were unfortunately only preserved as tooth enamel fragments, which could not be radiocarbon-dated. 9 The fragments were so tiny that even if at least some of them probably derived from cattle, secure identification was difficult 10. At site l all the domestic animal bones were found from the upper layers and were interpreted as belonging to the historical period (Katiskoski, 1996: 19; Ukkonen, 1997c). 9 KM 28203:2535 was sent for radiocarbon-dating by Petro Pesonen, but it could not be dated. Pesonen s email to author 3.11.2011. 10 This applies especially to KM 28203: 2467, which cannot be, in the author s opinion, securely identified as cattle. Table 3 Bone material from Corded Ware sites. Site dating P P P D D D D ASB ASB ASB/E L L L L L L L L L P E E E E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L Total Site 1/b 2 3 a 4 5 6 c 7 8 d 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 e f 17 18 g 19/h 20 21 i j k l m Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) 1 b 1 4þ2 1 1 b þ12 b 3 11 6 42 Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 1 Goat (Capra hircus) 1þ2 3 Sheep/goat 1 4 1 6 1 b þ4 1þ3 21 (Ovis/Capra) Horse (Equus 1 1 caballus) Domestic pig 4 4 1 2 11 (Sus scrofa) Other domestic 1 2þ1 5 1 2 2 1 1 16 animals Wild mammals 3 1 2 3þ1 1 13þ2 446 1þ1 187þ13 16þ12 2 2þ1 15 14þ1 7þ1 15þ5 1 39 1 1 26þ1 21þ1þ3 2 1 50þ3 63 1042 867 104 2991 Human (Homo 1 3þ4þ8 1 1 1 19 sapiens) Bird 2 27 3 2 1 21 65 80 34 235 Fish 55 2 8 88 1103 27 1 3 26 3 7 3 4 2 21 339 486 562 307 3047 Total 3 1 57 6 2 29 567 17 1307 55 2 4 18 41 11 28 1 1 45 1 1 2 48 35 2 1 74 447 1603 1527 451 6387 Sites 1e21 previously published in Bläuer (forthcoming).p ¼ Pure Corded Ware site, D ¼ Material dominated by Corded Ware, ASB ¼ Corded Ware and Asbestos Ceramics, L ¼ Corded Ware is the latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ Corded Ware is the earliest identified culture on the site. E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites (P) 53. Loimaa, Kalamäki and (E) 54 Siuntio Dalamalm no identified specimens. Only material from excavation area I. Other domestic animals ¼ dog (Canis familiaris), Canis sp. (could also include wolf or fox specimens), cat (Felis catus) and chicken (Gallus domesticus). b Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ Unburned specimen, italics ¼ Uncertain identification. For closer description of other domestic animals and wild mammals, see Appendix C. a

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1651 Table 4 Bone material from Kiukainen Culture sites. Site dating P P P P P P P P L L E E E E E E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L Total Site 22 23 24 25 26 n o 3 a 27 p 28 29/q b r 30/s t 6 19/h 20 31 32 i u Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) x d 2 c,e 1 e 1 11 D 2 17þx Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 e 1 2 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 3 1 e Horse (Equus caballus) 1 1 2 Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) 1 e 1 2 Other domestic animals 1þ1 2 2 2 8 1þ1 81 2 17þ6 22þ1 15þ3 3 13þ2 21þ1D3 2 1 1 50þ3 707 Wild mammals 3þ1 3þ1 14þ1 1 3 407 7 17 Human (Homo sapiens) 1 1 2 Bird 11 1 2 2 1 17 Fish 88 1 609 9 8 3 8 2 28 7 21 818 34 Total 4 5 103 1 5 1027 8 4 92 2 34Dx 23 23 3 28 35 2 31 8 74 14 1578Dx 52 P ¼ Pure Kiukainen Culture site, L ¼ Kiukainen Culture is latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ Kiukainen Culture is the earliest identified culture on the site, E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites 55. Vöyri (Oravainen), Gamla-Paljak (P) and 56. Närpiö, Pörtom-Langbacken (E) no identified specimens. Only material from excavation area II. b Figures based partly on MNI (Minimum number of individual counts) as NISP was not available in Asplund et al. (1989). Cattle bones originally identified as possible cattle and artiodactyla by Ukkonen (1997a). d Unburnt cattle bones 80,8 g, no NISP (Asplund et al., 1989). Other domestic animals ¼ dog (Canis familiaris), Canis sp. (could also include wolf or fox specimens) and cat (Felis catus). Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification. For closer description of other domestic animals and wild mammals, see Appendix D. a c e Unburnt cat bone from site 5 is likely to be recent as wildcat was not present among the Finnish Stone Age fauna (Ukkonen, 1993d: 253). An unburnt and well-preserved cattle toe-bone from site 8 was recovered from the upper layers of the excavation area, which was previously used as a field (Kankkunen, 2009; Tourunen, 2011: 16). A badly preserved unburnt sheep or goat maxillary molar was recovered from site f. It was not suitable for radiocarbon-dating as no root or dentine was preserved. The site was located in a modern field and near a settlement (Sarkamo, 1964). The layers were disturbed and included iron nails and porcelain (Luho, 1967: 71). The tooth was recovered from the first excavation layer and the Stone Age dating for the tooth has been questioned (Zvelebil, 1981: 60). At sites 19/h and g the metal period and historical period were strongly represented and Corded Ware material represented a minority of the finds (Meinander, 1954b: 48e60; Strandberg, 2002). For example, from site g all seven radiocarbon-dates indicated activities later than the Corded Ware Period (Strandberg, 1998a). 5.3. Kiukainen Culture Domestic animal bones, both burnt and unburnt, were found from Kiukainen Culture sites and four of these were radiocarbondated (Table 4). A burnt sheep or goat carpal bone from site 3 was radiocarbon-dated to the Kiukainen-Period, 2200e1950 calbc (3679 33 years BP (Ua-43043)). This is currently the oldest radiocarbon-dated domestic animal bone from Finland. The site was located in the river mouth and was ideal for marine resources exploitation; the possible sedentary character of the habitation is not known. One burnt sheep distal tibia fragment from site 26 was radiocarbon-dated and proved to be historical or modern, 1645e 1955 calad (200 30 years BP, (Hela-2527) (Tourunen, 2011). In this study, one sesamoid bone previously identified as possibly coming from cattle at site 30/s was re-examined. The bone was positively identified as coming from cattle, as for a toe-bone previously identified as Artiodactyla (even toed ungulate) (Ukkonen, 1997a). The sesamoid bone dated to the historical or modern period (1660e1960 calad, 166 30 years BP, (Ua-43126)). An unburnt, well-preserved pig bone from site 23 derived from a mixed layer where there was a nearby settlement during the modern period (Rinne, 1905). The bone was radiocarbon-dated to the historical or modern period (1690e1920 calad, 64 30 years BP, (Ua-43125)). Also some unburnt domestic animal bones were present at Kiukainen Culture sites (6, 19/h, 27, o, u). Domestic animal bones from sites 6 and 19/h were already discussed in the Corded Ware section. A sheep or goat tibia from site 27 was not found in the proper excavation area but near the excavation trench. It derived from a large individual and was cut with a saw. Unburnt probable horse tooth fragments were recovered from site o. Site u was located in an old field (Väänänen, 1967). Several structures were found under the cultivation layer, which were interpreted to be from an undisturbed context. Some included unburnt domestic animals bones (Väänänen, 1967: 5) connected to the Early Metal Period of use rather than to the Kiukainen-Period (Edgren, 1998: 156). 5.4. Western Finnish Bronze Age Three Western Finnish Bronze Age settlement sites (33/v, x, y) included identifiable animal bones (Table 5a and b). Site 33/v was already excavated in the 1960s and part of the bone material analysed (Salo, 1965, 1981; Lahtiperä, 1970: 64e91). Remains of a house were found in the excavations and the site has been interpreted as being a sedentary settlement site (Salo, 1981: 64e 91). All bone material from this site was analysed and re-analysed

1652 A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 Table 5 A and B. Bone material from Coastal Early Metal Period-sites. A Phase BA BA BA LBA/EIA PRO PRO PRO PRO PRO PRO/RO EM EM EM EM EM Total Site dating P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Site 33/v x y 34 35/z 36 aa ab ac ad 37 38 ae af ag Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) 4þ2þ1 h 1 1þ1 1 11 Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 h 1 Goat (Capra hircus) 2 2 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 3 3 1 h 7 Horse (Equus caballus) 1 h 1 Cattle/Sheep/Goat 8 1 9 Cattle/Horse 1 1 2 Domestic pig 1 b,h 1 (Sus scrofa) Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 3 5 Dog family 7 3þ1 11 (Canis sp./canidae) f Wild mammals Arctic hare 1 2 3 (Lepus timidus) European beaver 2 1 3 (Castor fiber) European elk (Alces alces) 1 1 2 Elk/Reindeer 1 1 Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 1 1 4þ2 8 Seal (Phocidae) 2 25 45 1 27 1 282þ32 415 Aves 8 2 23 33 Fish 11 2 34 64 111 Total 26 19 2 1 1 25 13 53 2 27 1 1 3 38 414 626 B Phase BA BA Total Site dating E E E E L L L L L L L L L L L L L E&L Site 39 40/ah ai aj 17 28 29/q a 30/s 31 32 41 e g t u ak al 19/h Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 3þ1 d 46þ35 g 2 c,h 4þ2 11 þ2 1 109 Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 1 Goat (Capra hircus) 1þ2 3 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 3 e 6 1 h 4 1 16 Horse (Equus caballus) 2 1 3 Cattle/Sheep/Goat 2þ2 4 Domestic pig 1 1 2þ4 4 1 13 (Sus scrofa) Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 2 Dog family 6 (Canis sp./canidae) f Cat (Felis catus) 1 1 Wild mammals Arctic hare 1 2 1 4 (Lepus timidus) European beaver 1 1 17þ1 20 (Castor fiber) European elk (Alces alces) 1 1 2 Pine marten 1 1 (Martes martes) Seal (Phocidae) 1 3 2 15þ6 15þ3 1 2þ1 15þ12 8 3 3 1 21þ1þ3 116 Human (Homo sapiens) 8 1 1 1 11 Aves 1 3þ1 1 6 Fish 8 3 28 7 27 4 4 2 83 Total 4 11 9 110 1 2 34 23 30 8 5 55 48 3 14 4 5 35 401 BA ¼ Bronze Age, PRO ¼ Pre-Roman Iron Age, RO ¼ Roman Iron Age, EM ¼ Early Metal Period, IA ¼ Iron Age. P ¼ pure Coastal Early Metal Period site, L ¼ Coastal Early Metal Period is latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ Coastal Early Metal Period is the earliest identified culture on the site, E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites (L) 56. Närpiö, Pörtom-Langbacken, (P) 57. Espoo, Dåvits, (P) 58. Espoo, Kirskunmäki, (P) 59. Laihia, Kullerinmäki, (P) 60. Laihia, Luhtalanmäki, (P) 61. Maalahti, Brännskogen-Viitala, (P) 62. Raasepori, Camillaskog, (P) 63. Raasepori, Katajamäki, (L) 64. Rösbacken, Länsi-Turunmaa and (L) 65. Pyhtää, Kaarlinsaari, no identified specimens. a Figures based partly on MNI (Minimum number of individual counts) as NISP was not available in Asplund et al. (1989). b Pig bone originally identified as possible pig. c Cattle bones originally identifies as possible cattle and artiodactyla by Ukkonen 1997. d In authors opinion none of the cattle bones can be reliably identified as cattle. e In authors opinion only one sheep or goat bone can be identifies as possible sheep or goat. f Canis sp. could also include wolf or fox specimes. g Unburnt cattle bones 80,8 g, no NISP (Asplund et al., 1989). h Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification.

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1653 Table 6 Sites with cattle, sheep or goat, pig and horse bone finds from Early Metal Period burial contexts. Site dating BA BA BA BA BA BA BA/PRO BA/PRO RO RO RO RO, IA, ME PRO, RO, IA EM Total Site am an ao ap aq ar as at au av ax a ay az aaa Cattle (Bos taurus) 1 1 7 c 1 1 1 c þ4 2 c 32 c 1 51 Sheep (Ovis aries) 8 c 8 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 1 5 1 91 99 Horse (Equus caballus) 3 3 101 x b 107þx Dog (Canis familiaris) 31 7 1 8þ18 65 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 1 1 Total 34 1 1 3 1 7 2 1 5 5 9 136 126 x 331þx BA ¼ Bronze Age, PRO ¼ Pre-Roman Iron Age, RO ¼ Roman Iron Age, EM ¼ Early Metal Period, IA ¼ Iron Age. a The examined material includes only part of the total material. b Exact number of fragments not given. c Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. for this study, and in addition to cattle and sheep or goat bones already identified in the earlier study (Lahtiperä, 1970), horse and sheep were also identified. A sheep metacarpal bone and a horse mandible fragment were radiocarbon-dated and confirmed as belonging to the Late Bronze Age (2580 37 years BP (Ua-42074), and 2578 43 years BP (Ua-42073) respectively). The horse bone currently represents the oldest radiocarbon-dated horse in Finland. However, an unburnt cattle toe-bone from the same site was dated to the historical or modern period (1645e1955 calad,188 30 years BP (Hela-2691)). A fragment of horn core from cattle, sheep or goat was recovered from site x. Due to uncertain species identification it was not selected for radiocarbon-dating. The site has been interpreted as being a sedentary farming site and two cereal grains from this site were dated to Late Bronze Age or Pre-Roman Iron Age (Holmblad, 2010: 127). In an earlier study probable cattle and pig bones were found at site y (Ukkonen, 1990). In this study, the identification of the pig bone was confirmed, while the cattle bone remained identified only as probably coming from cattle. 11 These bones were found in a fireplace in the upper layers of the site (Kankkunen, 1990: 6). The site is located beside a field where there are burial cairns and probably a 16th century house stood near the site (Kankkunen, 1990: 5). The pig bone dated to the medieval or historical period, 1440e1640 calad (382 30 years BP, (Ua-43127)). Even if settlements and related bone material from the Bronze Age are scarce, a new site type becomes evident e burial cairns. They are common (there are at least 10,000 cairns in the coastal area of Finland), although some of them belong to the Iron Age and not to the Bronze Age (Salo et al., 1992; Asplund, 2008: 71e2). Burnt and unburnt horse, cattle and sheep or goat bones were found from six Bronze Age cairns excavated in Satakunta (Table 6, am-ar). Some of the unburnt bones from these cairns were interpreted as being later intrusions (Lahtiperä, 1970: 203; Vormisto, 1985: 152) and indeed, later disturbance of the cairns can be difficult to detect (Tourunen, 2011: 65). Also, the material in a cairn can be deposited during several prehistoric events and the bones and finds do not necessarily belong to the same period (Asplund, 2011: 44). One unburnt cattle tooth from a cairn located at site ar was radiocarbon-dated to the Early Bronze Age, 1430e1290 calbc, (3086 30 years BP (Hela- 2496)). This is the oldest radiocarbon-dated cattle bone in Finland. 5.5. Western Finnish Early Metal Period The Early Metal Period includes sites dating to the Early Iron Age, sites which have not been dated more precisely than the Bronze Age/Early Iron Age and sites that were used during both the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Domestic animal bones were 11 With the help of Dr. Jan Storå from Stockholm University, Osteoarchaeological research laboratory. found from 15 sites dating at least partly to this period (Table 5a and b). A total of three Early Iron Age sites included domestic animal bones. Burnt domestic animal bones (cattle, goat, sheep or goat, dog) were found from site aa and unburnt teeth fragments of cattle or horse from sites 35/z and ac. Two sites with domestic animal bones dated generally to the Early Metal Period. A burnt sheep or goat tarsal bone (centrotarsal) was identified in the bone material from site 37. According to radiocarbon-dating, the bone belongs to the Late Bronze Age or Pre-Roman Iron Age (740e390 calbc, 2408 30 years BP (Ua-43041)). The excavated area on this site was too small to reveal the character of the settlement, but pollen diagrams in the area exhibit evidence of forest clearance and burning during Late Bronze Age or Pre-Roman Iron Age (Miettinen, 1998). An unburnt cattle tooth from site 38 was found in a depression that had been used as a modern dump (Sarvas, 1978). Other sites with domesticates were multi-period. The Early Metal Period was the earliest detected occupation phase at sites 39, 40/ah, ai and aj. Burnt cattle, sheep or goat and pig bones were identified from sites ai 12 and aj 13 and a possible pig bone from site 40/ah, and unburnt domestic animal bones from sites 39 and aj. Site 39 was used also during the historical period and there were finds belonging to the historical period (e.g. iron nails) mixed deep in the layers (Moisanen, 1993b). The Early Metal Period represents the latest phase at sites 30/s, 41 and g, with burnt cattle, goat and sheep or goat bones, and at sites 29/q, g and u, with unburnt cattle and pig bones. At site 19/h (discussed earlier) there was both earlier and later activity. A burnt sheep or goat pelvis fragment was identified in the bone material from site 41. Only trial excavation had been carried out on the site so the character of the site remains uncertain. However, there is evidence suggesting the presence of a house or hut (Moisanen, 1991). According to radiocarbon-dating, the bone belongs to the Pre-Roman or Early Roman Period, 40 BCe130 calad (1952 30 years BP (Ua-43044)). There are some domestic animal bones from cemeteries dating to the Early Iron Age. An unburnt cattle rib from site ay was radiocarbon-dated to 429 calbce79 calad (2100 210 years BP (St 9854)) (Formisto, 1993: 140). 14 A burnt sheep bone 15 from site az dated to the Roman Iron Age, 50e260 calad (1855 45 years BP (Ua-36962)) (Mäntylä-Asplund and Storå, 2010: 62). An unburnt cattle rib from site av dated to 415e345 calbc (2339 35 years BP 12 In the author s opinion none of the domestic animal bones from the site could be securely identified. 13 Only material from the settlement part of the site aj was included in this study. Material from the cemetery was excluded as it dated to a period later than the scope of this article (Starvar, 2002: 153). 14 New calibrated results of this date, 800 calbce400 calad were published in Asplund (2008: 294). 15 Type of the bone unknown.

Table 7 Bone material from inland Early Metal Period-sites. P P P P P P P E E L L L L L L L L L L E&L E&L E&L E&L Total Site 42 43 44 45 46 aab aac 47 a aad 20 21 48 49 50 aae aaf aag aah aai b 6 51 52 aaj Domestic animals: Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 18þ5 1þ3 1 f 1þ2 f 35 Cattle/Horse 2 2 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 c 2 f þ1 1þ1 c 5 11 Sheep (Ovis aries) 2 1 d, f 3 Horse (Equus caballus) 1 f 1 Pig (Sus scrofa) 3 6 9 Other domestic animal e 16þ2 8þ2 2 2 32 Wild mammals 31þ5 1 7 16þ1 2 1 7þ4 1 1 320þ7 5 132 102þ58 7þ2þ1þ1 13þ2 97þ1 1 25þ1 852 Human (Homo sapiens) 91þ25 116 Bird 1 38 6 5 7 2 2 186 3 250 Fish 1 10 1 3 20 3 23 1þ1 197 1 1398 255 389 16 952 8 3429 862 61 7631 Total 1 10 1 36 4 20 11 69 31 2 1 208 1 2 1773 266 528 183 1098 28 3713 863 93 8942 P ¼ pure inland Early Metal Period site, L ¼ inland Early Metal Period is latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ inland Early Metal Period is the earliest identified culture on the site, E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites (P) 66. Iisalmi, Käänninniemi, (P) 67. Tammela, Vaihijoki 2, (L) 68. Lappeenranta, Rutola-Sahalahti and (L) 69. Nastola, Herneniemi, no identified specimens. Other domestic animals ¼ dog (Canis familiaris) and Canis sp. (could also include wolf or fox specimens). Excluding Area III with Comb Ceramic dating. b In this material unburnt and burnt bones has been separated by author. Uncertain identification by author. d Sheep bone originally identified as sheep or goat (Fortelius, 1980j). a c Canis sp. could also include wolf or fox specimes. Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification. f 1654 A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 e (Hela-1228)) (Lesell, 2007: 72). An unburnt cattle metatarsal fragment from site ax dated to 84e330 calad (1814 years BP 44 (Hela-2587) (Tourunen, 2011). In addition, yet undated domestic animal bones were found in Early Metal Period cairns. Cattle and sheep or goat bones were found in cairns as and at, dating to the late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age (Lahtiperä, 1970: 205, 211; Salo, 1970: 140e1). Sheep or goat bones were found in a cairn dating to the Roman Period (site au) (Lahtiperä, 1970: 212; Salo, 1970: 82e 3) and horse bones from an Early Metal Period cairn (site aaa) (Tuovinen, 2002: 173; site info in Asplund, 2008: 478). 5.6. Finnish inland Early Metal Period One unburnt sheep or goat maxillary molar was identified in Early Metal site aac, found in a hearth (Björkman, 1960; Ukkonen, 1993b) (Table 7). The radiocarbon-dating confirmed the original estimation made by Ukkonen (1993b): it dated to 1520e1960 calad (238 30 years BP (Ua-43042)) and does not belong to the Early Metal phase of the site. At two sites (47 and aad) the Early Metal Period was the oldest recorded period of occupation. From site 47 both burnt and unburnt bones of domestic animals were found: one burnt sheep or goat ulna was radiocarbon-dated to the medieval period, 1410e1490 calad (443 30 years BP (Ua-43040)). The historical period of use was also present in the find material (Lavento, 2001: 263). A burned bone fragment 16 from site aad was initially identified as sheep or goat bone and stratigraphically dated to the Early Metal Period or Iron Age (Kirkinen, 1997; Ukkonen, 1998a). However, this identification could not be verified in this study and the bone was marked as unsecure identification in Table 6. The other bones are likely to derive from a younger period (Kirkinen, 1997). At site aai the Early Metal Period represents the youngest prehistoric period of use. Burnt and unburnt cattle, sheep, sheep or goat, horse and pig bones were found, but they were interpreted as being more recent than the rest of the find material (Katiskoski, 2004: 113). The domestic animal bones were found in a cluster (excavations squares AeB, 6e7), in topsoil or the first layer (Räty, 1974). In addition, some of the domestic animal bones from this site were found on the surface of the nearby road after rain. All but one of the domestic animal bones proved to be unburnt. This was a burnt sheep 17 first phalanx that was radiocarbon-dated, in addition to an unburned horse carpal bone, both of which derived from the historical or modern period (1650e1960 calad, 185 30 years BP (Ua-43046); 1680e1940 calad, 117 30 years BP (Ua-43045)). Two sites with identified domestic animal bones were used both before and after the Early Metal Period (6, aaj). A cattle tooth recovered from site 6 was discussed earlier. Site aaj included unburnt cattle bone and tooth. The site was used from the Mesolithic to the historical period (Saarvola, 1971; Lavento, 2001: 230). The excavation area was partly located on a field and it also included an old tar kiln. The cattle tooth was recovered from near this structure (Saarvola, 1971). An unburnt cattle phalanx was radiocarbon-dated and belonged to the historical or modern period of use (1690e1960 calad, 53 30 years BP (Ua-43039)). 6. Discussion Among the radiocarbon-dated material presented in this study are the oldest dated sheep, cattle and horse bones in Finland. The earliest domestic animal bone in Finland derives from sheep or goat 16 NM 30484:320. 17 Originally identified as sheep or goat by Fortelius (1980j).

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1655 and dates to the Late Stone Age, to the Kiukainen Culture Period. Cattle have been present in Finland at least from the early Bronze Age onwards, horses and sheep from the Late Bronze Age onwards. In this study, no prehistoric pig or goat bones were found and the early history of these species in Finland remains uncertain. The radiocarbon-dating results indicate that the Finnish archaeological bone material should be interpreted with care. Both burnt and unburnt domestic animal bones found at prehistoric sites often date to a much younger period than the prehistoric find material from the sites. When interpreting bone assemblages it is important to be aware of the context of the material. Thus, this study emphasises the importance of source criticism and identification of formation processes for the material. Moreover, not only should the prehistoric settlement history of the site be considered, but also possible historical or even modern activities. Bone material can occur as a result of activities spanning thousands of years. Without radiocarbon-dating, it is difficult to estimate the age of a particular bone fragment. There is no dated animal bone evidence for the presence of animal husbandry in Finland during the Corded Ware Period. However, there are no large, securely dated bone samples that would allow detailed analysis of the subsistence activities in Finland during this period. Even if many settlement sites are known, there are very few hut remains or hearths, and the settlement pattern and possible sedentarism is poorly understood (Edgren, 1998: 87). Nevertheless, it seems likely that hunting and gathering were at least part of the Corded Ware way of life as beaver, bear, seal and fish bones were linked with Corded Ware (Appendix C, Bläuer, forthcoming). The available material does not exclude the possibility that some animal husbandry was practised in Finland during this period, but it seems unlikely that it was the main component of the subsistence activities. The situation seems to be similar in the other northern regions where Corded Ware culture spread, in that hunting and gathering remained important in the forest zone and the subsistence activities of this group seem to have been adapted to the local environment (Daugnora and Girininkas, 1995: 45e46; Dolukhanov, 1996: 84e90; Lõugas et al., 2007; Kriiska and Tvauri, 2007: 80e81). The oldest dated domestic animal bone, a burnt sheep or goat carpal bone, was found at the Kiukainen Culture site. This site is one of the most northern sites where Kiukainen culture finds have been recovered in Finland, located on a river mouth (Äyräpää, 1935; Edgren, 1998: 108). Seal is the most common identified animal in Kiukainen culture sites (Appendix D). Kiukainen period sites are typically situated in a narrow zone near the coast, with good access to the marine environment, and the location of the sites resembles those of the earlier Comb Ceramic Period (Edgren, 1998: 108; Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 217; Tiitinen, 2011: 74). The find material from these sites includes hunting implements, and it has been suggested that Kiukainen culture was increasingly reliant on seal hunting (Zvelebil, 1981: 160; Edgren, 1998: 112), a conclusion supported in this study. However, there are also other aspects to the Kiukainen culture subsistence. Pollen records indicate sporadic cereal cultivation, the first stone sickles appear in the find material and there are some indications that during Kiukainen culture there were changes towards a more sedentary settlement pattern (Edgren, 1998: 110e 2; Asplund, 2008: 191). It is possible that the excavated sites to date represent only the marine aspect of this culture and the mainland sites, based on different modes of subsistence, are yet to be found (cf. Hallgren, 2008: 116). The sheep or goat bone belonging to this period was found on the outskirts of the excavation area, not directly associated with the seal and fish bones. It is possible that domestic animals were handled in separate, rather than central, areas that have not yet been excavated. Moreover, seals are likely to be overrepresented in the identifiable burnt bone fraction as their bones have very characteristic shapes and structures (Ukkonen, 2002: 5). Thus, the importance of domestic animals in Kiukainen Culture could be higher than is evident in the present material. Nevertheless, seal hunting was still obviously of major importance. During the Bronze Age more domestic animals emerge into the assemblages; cattle, sheep and horse bones were identified and dated to this period. Domestic animal bones (dated and undated) from the Early Metal Period have been found on sites of sedentary character and house remains (33/v, x, g, possibly 41) and from burial sites. Even then, the bones of domesticates are scarce and seal hunting continued to be of importance (c.f. Deckwirth, 2008). Only at two sites of Early Metal Period occupation were seal and domestic animal bones found together (33/v, ac). Five sites exhibit only domestic animal bones (excluding bones with later radiocarbon dates) (x, y, 35/z, 37, 38) and five only seal bones (36, ab, ad, ae, ag). The number of investigated sites is too small to draw definite conclusions, but two possible interpretations are presented here. Either there were separate sites for sealing and animal husbandry used by a single population, indicating different environmental requirements for sealing and animal husbandry or, as the youngest phase of Kiukainen culture is contemporary with Early Bronze Age (Asplund, 2008: 66), two parallel populations relying on different subsistence strategies is possible. Evidence of domestic animals was only found in the coastal region. It is likely that hunting and gathering remained the main subsistence strategy in Finnish inland areas during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Also inland pollen data indicate sporadic cultivation from the Late Neolithic Period onwards, which has been interpreted as experiments in slash and burn-cultivation (Lavento, 2001: 139; Taavitsainen et al., 2007: 114e5). At the beginning of this period the settlement pattern indicates increasing mobility compared to the Late Neolithic Period, and as change in the pottery tradition occurs at the same time, population discontinuity has been suggested (Lavento, 2001: 141e3). The cause of this change is unknown: it could relate to a sedentary way of life entering into a crisis, perhaps due overpopulation, changing environmental conditions or conflicts (Lavento, 2001: 141e3). There are similarities in the cultural development during the Neolithic and Early Metal Period in Northeastern Europe. Some Neolithic innovations, like pottery, were adopted and spread over vast areas without significant immigration (Dolukhanov, 1996: 73e 75; Carpelan, 1999: 253). During the (sub)neolithic Period, cereal cultivation and/or animal husbandry was known by the different cultures in northern Sweden, Estonia and the Russian taiga forest belt, yet hunting and gathering still remained the main subsistence system (Burenhult, 1991: 37e41; Dolukhanov, 1996: 71e73; Rimantiené, 1998: 217; Taavitsainen et al., 1998; Welinder et al., 1998: 21e25, 103e106; Vuorela et al., 2001; Lõugas et al., 2007: 29; Kriiska and Tvauri, 2007: 74). In the Finnish coastal area, settlement site types and their location in the landscape remain largely similar during the Stone Age: it is only during the Bronze Age that a different pattern emerges (Zvelebil, 1981: 144; Asplund, 2008: 67). The earliest signs of animal husbandry in Finland are from cultures influenced by Sweden and Scandinavia. Significant change seems to have occurred around the Eastern Baltic Sea during the Bronze Age when Scandinavian Bronze culture influences spread into the coastal areas of Northern Sweden, Finland and Estonia (Salo, 1981: 424e37; Broadbent, 1991: 45; Edgren, 1998:110,141;Kriiska and Tvauri, 2007:97;Holmblad, 2010:7e9), either by immigration or by cultural adaptation (for the discussion concerning Finland, see Tuovinen, 2002: 57e8). The subsistence activities on this coastal area varied from fully agricultural in Southern Sweden to mixed

1656 A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 hunting and farming e with probable emphasis on hunting e in the more northern areas (Burenhult, 1991: 74; Tuovinen, 2002: 273). Bronze Age animal husbandry in coastal Finland could relate to increasing contacts with farming cultures or to immigrants that kept to their old subsistence. Unlike cereal cultivation, which was according to pollen data sporadically practised in both coastal and inland Finland from Late Neolithic period onwards, animal husbandry was only adopted in the limited coastal zone. This could relate to climate and environmental resources, which have a clear impact on agriculture in Northern Europe. Modern Finland is situated at the ultimate northern limit of cultivation: cultivation of crops is only possible because of the warming effect of Gulf-Stream (Orrman, 2003: 68). The first signs of animal husbandry in Finland are from areas with abundant shore meadows that could provide sufficient fodder for animals. It seems likely that a significant factor in the process of adoption of animal husbandry in Finland was difficulty in winter feeding domestic grazing animals. Even in the warm Neolithic climate, Finland and corresponding latitudes in Sweden were not suitable natural habitats for grazers like auroch or wild horse (Ekman and Iregren, 1984: 23, 32; Liljegren and Lagerås, 1993: 38; Ukkonen, 2001: 26). Later historical records also emphasise difficulties in gathering enough winter fodder for the animals (Säihke, 1963: 48). 18 Adoption of animal husbandry in Finland was a long process. The very beginning of animal husbandry and its reasons remain uncertain as the material is scarce. The Bronze Age increase in domestic animal bones is likely to be related to influences and possible immigration from Scandinavia, where farming was well established by this time. In Finland, however, it is only during the Early Iron Age that finds of domestic animals become more common in the coastal area. From the first domestic animals it took thousands of years before animal husbandry spread to Finnish inland areas and replaced hunting and fishing as the main subsistence activities. 7. Conclusions The domestic animal bone material from prehistoric Finland is mostly burnt, scarce and often difficult to interpret due to mixing of historical material in the layers. Hunting and fishing were an important part of the subsistence system during the cultural periods examined. From the available data it is difficult to ascertain the period when the first domestic animals arrived in Finland. The earliest radiocarbon-dated domestic animal bone dates to the Late Stone Age. During the Early Metal Period domestic animals are found more regularly, but there is no evidence of animal husbandry away from the coastal area. The majority of the bones found at the examined sites derive from wild mammals, and wild resources remained of great importance in Finland long after the initial adoption of domestic animals. Acknowledgements We would like to thank MTT Agrifood Research Finland, The Department of Archaeology at the University of Turku and their joint FinnARCH project (SA 128451), funded by the Academy of Finland for supporting the writing of this paper. Professor Jussi- Pekka Taavitsainen and Henrik Asplund gave us useful comments 18 Written historical records reveal that during the 16th century cattle were kept inside and fed with winter fodder (hay, straw, leaves) 31 weeks every year in Turku castle, located in Southwest Finland, which is climate-wise the most favourable area of Finland (Säihke, 1963: 48). during the writing process. Special thanks to Dr Jan Storå from Stockholm University Osteoarchaeological Laboratory for helping to identify some bones, Satakunta museum and to Carita Tulkki, who gave the permission to publish the Rieskaronmäki horse bone dating. The National Museum of Finland and especially Leena Ruonavaara helped us to get access to bone material and reports. We would also like to thank all the zooarchaeologists and archaeologists who gave us access to relevant research material and reports, especially Henrik Asplund, Päivi Kankkunen, Taisto Karjalainen, Tuija Kirkinen, Kristiina Korkeakoski-Väisänen, Kristiina Mannermaa, Petro Pesonen, Simo Vanhatalo and Pirkko Ukkonen. Proofreading was done by Jonathan Robinson. Appendix A List of sites. Cultural period: ASB ¼ Asbestos ceramics, BA ¼ Bronze Age, CC ¼ Comb ceramics, CW ¼ Corded Ware, EM ¼ Early metal, H ¼ historical (medieval & post-medieval), IA ¼ Iron Age, JÄ ¼ Jäkärlä ceramics, KIE ¼ Kierikki ceramics, KIU ¼ Kiukainen Culture, LN ¼ Late Neolithic, ME ¼ Mesolithic, MO ¼ Morby ceramics, SA ¼ Stone Age, TX ¼ Textile ceramics. Nr: Site number as referred in text. Catalogue number: NM: National Museum, TYA: University of Turku, Archaeological department, SatM ¼ Satakunta Museum. Cultural period Nr Site name, catalogue number and references CW 1 Hämeenlinna Perkiö NM 18047 (Edgren, 1970: 92e96; Koskimies, 1970) CW 2 Kirkkonummi Tengo Nyåker NM 8709, NM 21501 (Europaeus, 1926; Edgren and Edgren, 1982) CW, KIU 3 Pedersöre Kvarnabba NM 10173 (Äyräpää, 1935; Meinander, 1954b: 40e42, Edgren, 1970: 99) CC, CW 4 Lapinjärvi Malm NM 9101, NM 17745, NM 32248 (Cleve, 1930; Pohjakallio, 1968; Edgren, 1970: 70; Karjalainen, 2000) CC, CW 5 Kangasala Huutijärvi Sepänjärvi II NM 18002 (Koskimies, 1969; Lavento, 2001: 264) CC, CW, KIU, MO, TX, IA 6 Pälkäne Saksala Isosaari NM 12883, NM 12884, NM 13407 (Kankkunen, 2005b) CW, ASB 7 Seinäjoki Troihari NM 13664, NM 17201 (Kopisto, 1955; Edgren, 1970: 100; Tourunen and Troy, 2011) CW, ASB 8 Seinäjoki (Ylistaro) Isosaari NM 37443, NM 37969 (Kankkunen, 2009) ME, CW 9 Kirkkonummi Sikunsuo NM 6472, NM 6789, NM 7102, NM 7135 (Ailio, 1916) ME, CW 10 Lapinjärvi Backmansbacken NM 9106 (NBA online register 31.5. 2011: Lapinjärvi, Backmansbacken 407010014) CC, CW 11 Lapinjärvi Fällismalm NM 8954, NM 9088 (Europaeus, 1927; Europaeus, 1929; Edgren, 1970: 69) CC, CW 12 Lapinjärvi Hannusbacken NM 9404 (Cleve, 1931; Edgren, 1970: 71) CC, CW 13 Lapinjärvi Heimåsa NM 9493 (Leppäaho, 1932; Edgren, 1970: 72) CC, CW 14 Lapinjärvi Kronhaga/Heimbacken NM 8967, NM 9090, NM 9100 (Cleve, 1929; Edgren, 1970: 69) ME, CW 15 Lapinjärvi Strandas NM 9349 (NBA online register 31.5. 2011: Lapinjärvi,Strandas 407010002) JÄ, CW 16 Mynämäki Aisti NM 15511, NM 16078 (Edgren, 1970: 86) CW, EM 17 Espoo Mäntymäki NM 16288 (Edgren, 1970)

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1657 (continued) Cultural period Nr Site name, catalogue number and references CW, EM, H 18 Raasepori Hagnäs II NM20872, NM 21682 (Heikkurinen, 1980; Heikkurinen and Suominen, 1982; Lavento, 2001: 278) CC, CW, KIU, EM CC, CW, KIU, ASB, MO, EM, TX CC, CW, MO, TX 19 Turku (Maaria) Kärsämäki NM 12686, NM 12882 (Salmo, 1951; Salmo, 1952; Meinander, 1954b: 48e60) 20 Sastamala Liekolankatu NM 18251 (Kehusmaa, 1996) 21 Vihti Pinolahti NM 11530, NM 12341, NM 29770 (Luho, 1946; Pesonen, 1996) KIU 22 Kemiönsaari (Dragsfjärd) Knipäng NM 11721 (Meinander, 1954b: 64e66; Asplund, 2008: 458) KIU 23 Harjavalta Saamanmäki NM 4570, NM 35299 (Rinne, 1905; Meinander, 1954b: 25 e28, Kankkunen, 2005a) KIU 24 Kotka Tampsan kansakoulu NM 17543, NM 18185 (NBA online register 31.5. 2011: Kotka, Tampsan kansakoulu 285010001) KIU 25 Kristiinankaupunki Langäng NM 12563 (Edgren, 1998: 108) KIU 26 Turku Kanttorinmäki NM 17804, NM 19808, NM 20120 (Sarkki, 1977) CC, KIU 27 Inkoo Vahrs NM 16285, NM 16713 (Edgren, 1998: 108) KIU, EM 28 Närpiö Pörtom-Raineåsen NM 12221, NM 12545 (Meinander, 1950; Meinander, 1954b: 32e40) KIU, BA 29 Turku Niuskala TYA 220, TYA 297, TYA 385, TYA 446, TYA 489, TYA 582 (Pihlman, 1983; Pihlman, 1985; Korkeakoski-Väisänen, 1988; Asplund et al., 1989; Korkeakoski- Väisänen, 1989; Korkeakoski-Väisänen, 1990; Korkeakoski-Väisänen, 1991) KIU, BA 30 Kemiönsaari (Dragsfjärd) Jordbro NM 11720, 16544 (Meinander, 1954b: 60e64; Asplund, 2008: 197) CC, KIU, EM 31 Espoo Finns NM 8230, NM 16714, NM 25884, NM 34742 (Europaeus, 1924; Meinander, 1954b: 67e71; Siiriäinen, 1965; Gestrin, 1990; Jansson and Latikka, 2006) CC, KIU, EM 32 Espoo Stenkulla, Finns NM 8345 (Europaeus, 1924) BA 33 Nakkila Rieskaronmäki, SatM 17102 (Salo, 1965; Salo, 1981: 64e91) EM 34 Raasepori Sjösäng NM 28070 (Moisanen, 1993a) EM 35 Rauma Tahtmaa NM 36093 (Raike, 2006) EM 36 Vaasa Djupkärrsbacken NM 25322 (Fast, 1990; Fast, 1995) EM 37 Laihia Välikorpi NM 29689 (Miettinen, 1998) IA 38 Raasepori Borgmästars NM 20243, NM 29025 (Sarvas, 1978) EM, H 39 Siuntio Marsbacken NM 27423 (Moisanen, 1993b) IA 40 Salo Ketohaka NM 20252, NM 20562, NM 20838 (Carpelan and Uino, 1978; Carpelan et al., 1979; Carpelan et al., 1980; Uino, 1986) LN, EM 41 Raasepori Bergvalla NM 27027 (Moisanen, 1991) EM 42 Heinola Kiviniemenvuori NM 33984 (Poutiainen, 2003) EM 43 Jyväskylä Oittila Raidanlahti NM 25198 (Find catalogue of NBA archives) EM 44 Kerimäki Nunnaniemi b NM 26623 (Sepänmaa, 1992) EM 45 Lestijärvi Yli-Lesti NM 17487 (Siiriäinen, 1978; Holmblad, 2010: 145) EM 46 Sysmä Majutsaari NM 34562 (Jussila and Poutiainen, 2004) (continued) Cultural period Appendix B Nr Site name, catalogue number and references EM, H 47 Kangasala Huutijärvi Autio-Lunden NM 13433 NM 19263 (Meinander, 1954a; Lavento, 2001: 263) CC, KIE, EM 48 Joensuu Kesälampi 3 NM 37920 (Vanhatalo, 2009) EM, MO, TX 49 Loppi Kuitikas NM 21728 NM 23083 NM 23132 (Saukkonen, 1983; Lavento, 2001: 267) SA, EM 50 Savonlinna Multamäki NM 29546 (Bilund, 1996) CC, ASB, EM, IA 51 Kesälahti Hiidenniemi NM 36423 (Pesonen, 2007) CC, EM, IA 52 Rautalampi Hämeenniemi NM 37919 (Vanhatalo, 2010) CW 53 Loimaa Kalamäki NM 4273 (Ailio, 1903; Edgren, 1970: 87) CW, IA 54 Siuntio Dalamalm NM 21142 (Edgren, 1998: 88; NBA online register 1.6., 2011: Siuntio Dalamalm 755010017) KIU 55 Vöyri (Oravainen) Gamla-Paljak NM 20180 (Sarvas, 1977; Edgren, 1998: 108) KIU, EM 56 Närpiö Pörtom-Langbacken NM 14439 (Paloniemi, 1959) EM 57 Espoo Dåvits NM 19431 (Schauman- Lönnqvist, 1974) VM 58 Espoo Kirskunmäki NM 25144 NM 28435 (Mikkola, 1994; Jussila, 1994) MO, EM 59 Laihia Kullerinmäki NM 23018 NM 23234 (Miettinen, 1990) MO, EM 60 Laihia Luhtalanmäki NM 27242 NM 28001 NM 28415 (Kankkunen, 1994) EM 61 Maalahti Brännskogen-Viitala NM 19823 NM 20158 (Miettinen, 1994) EM 62 Raasepori Camillaskog NM 29019 (Moisanen, 2000a) EM 63 Raasepori Katajamäki NM 28069 NM 29022 (Moisanen, 2000b) LN, EM 64 Rösbacken Länsi-Turunmaa TYA 857 TYA 859 (Asplund, 2009) SA, EM 65 Pyhtää Kaarlinsaari NM 33592 (Kykyri, 2002) EM 66 Iisalmi Käänninniemi NM 34237 (Jussila, 2003) EM 67 Tammela Vaihijoki 2 NM 36292 (Pesonen, 2006) SA, EM 68 Lappeenranta Rutola-Sahalahti NM 31247 (Jussila, 1998) SA, EM 69 Nastola Herneniemi NM 35296 (Malinen, 2005) List of sites with previous osteological analysis. Cultural period: ASB ¼ Asbestos ceramics, BA ¼ Bronze Age, CC ¼ Comb ceramics, CW ¼ Corded Ware, EM ¼ Early metal, IA ¼ Iron Age, KIU ¼ Kiukainen Culture, LN ¼ Late Neolithic, ME ¼ Mesolithic, MET ¼ metal period (Bronze Age and Iron Age), MO ¼ Morby, PRO ¼ Pre-Roman, RO ¼ Roman, TX ¼ Textile ceramics. Site code: Site code as referred in text. Catalogue number: NM: National Museum, TYA: University of Turku, Archaeological department, SatM ¼ Satakunta Museum. Cultural period Nr Site name, catalogue number and references ME, CC a Urjala, Palomäki NM 6355 (Pälsi, 1913; Fortelius, 1980k) CW b Hämeenlinna, Perkiö NM 17073, 17281, 17693 (Fortelius, 1980d) (continued on next page)

1658 (continued ) A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 (continued ) Cultural period Nr Site name, catalogue number and references ME, CW, KIU, EM c Vantaa, Jönsas NM20087, NM 18836, NM 19274, NM 19275, NM 19383, NM 19397, NM 19661, NM 19913, NM 19914, NM 21604, NM 23532, NM 23719(Forsten and Blomqvist, 1977; Purhonen and Ruonavaara, 1994) CW, ASB, EM d Seinäjoki, Aapraiminmäki NM 28829 (Seppälä, 1995; Ukkonen, 1995b) ME, CW e Kerava, Pisinmäki NM 15432 (Sarkamo, 1964; Edgren, 1970: 75; Forsten, 1972) CW, ME f Tammela, Uusi-Markkula NM 37643 (Karjalainen, 2009; Salo, 2009) CW, EM g Porvoo, Böle (Ukkonen, 1997b; Strandberg, 1998a; Strandberg, 2002) KIU h Turku, (Maaria) Kärsämäki TYA 194, TYA 208 (Vormisto, 1985: 163e165) CC, CW, KIU, MO, BA, MET i Askola Taka-Piskolan Ruoksmaa NM 12599, NM 12929, NM 13067, NM 13303 (Edgren, 1970; Jernvall, 1987a; Lavento, 2001: 277-8) CC, CW, ASB j Vantaa Jokiniemi NM 28065, NM 28382 (Katiskoski, 1994; Ukkonen, 1994; Ukkonen, 1995c; Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 255e6, 310e3) CC, CW, ASB k Vantaa Maarinkunnas NM 19992, NM 30464 (Fortelius, 1980l; Söderholm, 1998; Ukkonen, 1998d; Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 253e4, 310e3) CC, CW, ASB l Vantaa Stenkulla NM 20660, NM 29954 (Fortelius, 1980m; Katiskoski, 1996; Ukkonen, 1997c; Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 252e3, 310e3) CC, CW, ASB m Vantaa Sandliden NM 19397, NM 28203 (Fortelius, 1980n; Fast, 1993; Ukkonen, 1993c; Leskinen and Pesonen, 2008: 254e5, 310e3) KIU n Eurajoki Etukämppä NM 17274, NM 33828, NM 34005 (Fortelius, 1980a; Ukkonen, 2003&, 2004; Lehtonen, 2005) KIU o Kirkkonummi Pappila NM 16289 (Meinander, 1954b; Fortelius, 1980f) CC, KIU p Harjavalta Lyytikänharju NM 13554, NM 13842 (Meinander, 1956; Fortelius, 1980c) KIU, EM q Turku Niuskala TYA 239 (Vormisto, 1983; Asplund et al., 1989) KIU, BA r Harjavalta Kaunismäki NM 11594, NM 12816 (Meinander, 1954b: 17e25; Fortelius, 1980b) KIU, BA s Kemiönsaari (Dragsfjärd) Jordbro TMM14122 (Ukkonen, 1997a; Asplund, 2008: 197e198) LN, BA t Vöyri Vitmossen NM 23341 (Kotivuori, 1987a; Kotivuori, 1987b) CC, KIU, EM u Espoo Lillguss (Siltapirtti) NM 17170 (Väänänen, 1967; Fortelius, 1980i; Edgren, 1998: 156) BA v Nakkila Rieskaronmäki SatM 17102 (Salo, 1965; Lahtiperä, 1970; Salo, 1981: 64e91) BA x Laihia Alatalo NM 36011 (Stavrum and Storå, 2008; Holmblad, 2010) BA y Kruunupyy Borgbacken NM 25354 (Kankkunen, 1990; Ukkonen, 1990) EM z Rauma Tahtmaa NM 34674 (Raike, 2004; Deckwirth, 2008) PRO aa Kaarina Moisio TYA 392, TYA 444, TYA 644, TYA 658 (Formisto, no year; Ukkonen, 1995a, 1998b; Saarinen, 1999; Asplund, 2008: 199) PRO ab Korsnäs Trofastbacken NM 22866 (Formisto, 1987; Seger, 1987; Vormisto, 1987) PRO ac Kemiönsaari Tappo TYA 514 (Asplund, 2008: 198) PRO/RO ad Korsnäs Orrmoan NM 22867 (Formisto, 1987; Seger, 1987; Vormisto, 1987) Cultural period Nr Site name, catalogue number and references EM ae Espoo Bergdal NM 30601 (Fast, 1997; Deckwirth, 2008) EM af Rauma Huilu 2 NM 34021 (Raike, 2003; Deckwirth, 2008) LN, EM ag Paimio Halkilahti NM 24134, NM 24557, NM 25438 (Poutiainen, 1988; Kontio, 1990a; Kontio, 1990b; Deckwirth, 2008) EM, IA ah Salo Isokylä Katajamäki NM 20251(Fortelius, 1980h). EM, IA ai Kaarina Hulkkio NM 25377, NM 25781, NM 26576, NM 27175, NM 27793 (Ukkonen, 1996a; Strandberg, 1996, 1998b 2002) EM, IA aj Vöyri Pörnullbacken NM 30282, NM 30332, NM 31853, NM 31395 (Hårding, 1996; Hårding, 1997; Hårding, 1999; Hårding, 2000; Viklund and Gullberg, 2002) LN, VM, MO ak Nousiainen Koivumäki NM 19349 (Fortelius, 1980g; Edgren, 1998: 154) LN,EM al Laitila Lalla 1 NM 19265, NM 19404 (Rönkkö, 1974; Rönkkö, 1976; Deckwirth, 2008) Late BA am Harjavalta Kaunismäki raunio 69 NM 11506 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 202; Salo, 1970: 140) Late BA an Harjavalta Kaunismäki raunio 71 NM 11594 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 203; Salo, 1970: 140) Late BA ao Harjavalta Kaasanmäki NM 5104 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 203; Salo, 1970: 140) BA ap Nakkila Uotinperä SatM 17459 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 208; Salo, 1970: 141) Late BA aq Nakkila Kivialho raunio 108 SatM 16454 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 206; Salo, 1970: 34) BA ar Nakkila Viikkala TYA 169 (Vormisto, 1985 152; Salo, 1981: 175e6) Late BA/PRO as Nakkila Uotinmäki NM 3470 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 205; Salo, 1970: 140) BA/PRO at Nakkila Tarringinmäki NM 10600 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 211; Salo, 1970: 141) Early RO au Pori Parkkali SatM 17172 (Lahtiperä, 1970: 212; Salo, 1970: 82e3) RO av Rauma Hevossuonmäki NM35794 (Salo, 2005a,b; Lesell, 2007: 72) RO ax Lieto Aittamäki TYA 597 (Fisher, 1994; Hautio, 1994; Tourunen, 2011) RO, IA ay Isokyrö Levänluhta NM6376, NM 21926, NM 21814 (Formisto, 1993: 140; Wessman, 2009) PRO, RO, IA az Salo Rikala TYA 105 (Asplund&Storå, 2010: 60) EM aaa Kemiönsaari Tjuda NM2503A (Tuovinen, 2002: 173; Asplund, 2008: 478) VM aab Jyväskylä Leppälahden leirikeskus NM 33304 (Mannermaa, 2002a; Kankaanpää, 2003) VM aac Liperi Juvonen NM 14554, NM 14980, NM 16131 (Luho, 1958; Björkman, 1960; Ukkonen, 1993b) VM, IA aad Mikkeli, Kenkäveronniemi NM 30484 (Kirkinen, 1997; Ukkonen, 1998a) CC, VM aae Kangasala Pohtiolampi NM 32000, NM 32554 (Mannermaa, 2000, 2001; Lavento, 2001: 267; Schultz, 2002) CC, VM aaf Ilomantsi Suiponniemi NM 23382 (Ukkonen, 1993a; Kankkunen, 1987) ME, VM aag Nastola Kilpisaari 1 NM 32180 (Poutiainen, 2001; Mannermaa, 2002b) ME, VM aah Taivalkoski Tervaniemi NM 28899 (Raike, 1996; Ukkonen, 1996b) CC, EM aai Taipalsaari Vaateranta NM18188, NM 19239, NM 20659, NM 30322, NM 30887, NM 31494 (Räty, 1974; Fortelius, 1980j; Ukkonen, 1998c; Ukkonen, 1999; Mannermaa, 1999; Katiskoski, 2004) EM aaj Ilomantsi Syväys NM 17810, NM 17875, NM 18200, NM 18218, NM 18374 (Saarvola, 1971; Fortelius, 1980e)

Appendix C Bone material from Corded Ware sites. Site dating P P P D D D D ASB ASB ASB/E L L L L L L L L L P E E E E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L Total Site 1/b 2 3 a 4 5 6 c 7 8 d 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 e f 17 18 g 19/h 20 21 i j k l m Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) 1 e 1 4þ2 1 1 e þ12 e 3 11 6 42 Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 1 Goat (Capra hircus) 1þ2 3 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 4 1 6 1 e þ4 1þ3 21 Horse (Equus caballus) 1 1 Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) 4 4 1 2 11 Dog (Canis familiaris) 1 1 Dog family 1þ1 5 1 2 1 11 (Canis sp./canidae) c Cat (Felis catus) 1 1 2 Chicken (Gallus 1 1 2 domesticus) Wild mammals Arctic hare (Lepus timidus) 9 1 1 1 1 4 28 212 2 259 Brown bear (Ursus arctos) 1 1 1 1 4 European beaver 2 1 2þ1 9þ1 31 1 2 4þ2 1 5 1 17þ1 1 29 8 27 11 17 174 (Castor fiber) European elk (Alces alces) 4þ1 28 b 1þ1 1 1 13þ3 8 18 79 European otter (Lutra lutra) 6 3 9 Elk/Reindeer 1 1 2 Harbour porpoise 3 3 (Phocoena phocoena) Pine marten 1 1 5 14 21 (Martes martes) Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 1 1 3 1 1 7 Red squirrel 2 4 6 (Sciurus vulgaris) Roe deer 1 1 (Capreolus capreolus)d Seal (Phocidae) 2 380 1þ1 178þ13 15þ12 2 1 15 13þ1 4þ1 10þ3 33 8 21þ1þ3 6 50 965 601 81 2421 Wild forest reindeer 3 2 5 (Rangifer tarandus) Human (Homo sapiens) 1 3þ4þ8 1 1 1 19 Bird 2 27 3 2 1 21 65 80 34 235 Fish 55 2 8 88 1103 27 1 3 26 3 7 3 4 2 21 339 486 562 307 3047 Total 3 1 57 6 2 29 567 17 1307 55 2 4 18 41 11 28 1 1 45 1 1 2 48 35 2 1 74 447 1603 1527 451 6387 Sites 1e21 previously published in Bläuer (forthcoming).p¼ pure Corded Ware site, D ¼ material dominated by Corded Ware, ASB ¼ Corded Ware and Asbestos Ceramics, L ¼ Corded Ware is the latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ Corded Ware is the earliest identified culture on the site. E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites (P) 53. Loimaa, Kalamäki and (E) 54 Siuntio Dalamalm no identified specimens. a Only material from excavation area I. b 2 in table, 28 in text (Purhonen and Ruonavaara, 1994). 28 seem more likely. c Canis sp. could also include wolf or fox specimes. d The identification of this specimen has been challenged by Ukkonen (2001: 26). e Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification. A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1659

1660 Appendix D Bone material from Kiukainen Culture sites. Site dating P P P P P P P P L L E E E E E E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L E&L Total Site 22 23 24 25 26 n o 3 a 27 p 28 29/q b r 30/s t 6 19/h 20 31 32 i u Domestic animals: Cattle (Bos taurus) x d 2 c, g 1 g 1 11+2 17+x Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 g 1 2 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 g 1 1 3 Horse (Equus caballus) 1 1 2 Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) 1 g 1 2 Dog (Canis familiaris) 1 1 Dog family (Canis sp./canidae) e 1+1 1 1 2 6 Cat (Felis catus) 1 1 Wild mammals Arctic hare (Lepus timidus) 7 2 1 1 11 Brown bear (Ursus arctos) 1 1 European beaver (Castor fiber) 3 3 1 9+1 29 46 European elk (Alces alces) 2 1 1 4+1 1 13+3 26 European otter (Lutra lutra) 1 1 Martes family (Mustelidae) 1 4 1 6 Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) f 1 1 Seal (Phocidae) 3+1 3+1 11+1 1 2 391+1 3 17 1+1 80 2 15+6 22 15+3 3 21+1+3 1 6 615 Human (Homo sapiens) 1 1 2 Bird 11 1 2 2 1 17 Fish 88 1 609 34 9 8 3 8 2 28 7 21 818 Total 4 5 103 1 5 1027 8 52 4 92 2 34+x 23 23 3 28 35 2 31 8 74 14 1578+x P ¼ pure Kiukainen Culture site, L ¼ Kiukainen Culture is latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ Kiukainen Culture is the earliest identified culture on the site, E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites 55. Vöyri (Oravainen), Gamla-Paljak (P) and 56. Närpiö, Pörtom-Langbacken (E) no identified specimens. a Only material from excavation area II. b Figures based partly on MNI (Minimum number of individual counts) as NISP was not available in Asplund et al. (1989). c Cattle bones originally identified as possible cattle and artiodactyla by Ukkonen (1997a). d Unburnt cattle bones 80,8 g, no NISP (Asplund et al., 1989). e Canis sp. could also include wolf or fox specimes. f The identification of this specimen has been challenged by Ukkonen (2001: 26). g Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification. A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666

A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 1661 Appendix E Bone material from Coastal Early Metal Period-sites. A Phase BA BA BA LBA/EIA PRO PRO PRO PRO PRO PRO/RO EM EM EM EM EM Total Site dating P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Site 33/v x y 34 35/z 36 aa ab ac ad 37 38 ae af ag Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) 4þ2þ1 h 1 1þ1 1 11 Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 h 1 Goat (Capra hircus) 2 2 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 3 3 1 h 7 Horse (Equus caballus) 1 h 1 Cattle/Sheep/Goat 8 1 9 Cattle/Horse 1 1 2 Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) 1 b,h 1 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 3 5 Dog family 7 3þ1 11 (Canis sp/canidae) f Wild mammals Arctic hare (Lepus timidus) 1 2 3 European beaver 2 1 3 (Castor fiber) European elk (Alces alces) 1 1 2 Elk/Reindeer 1 1 Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 1 1 4þ2 8 Seal (Phocidae) 2 25 45 1 27 1 282þ32 415 Aves 8 2 23 33 Fish 11 2 34 64 111 Total 26 19 2 1 1 25 13 53 2 27 1 1 3 38 414 626 B Phase BA BA Total Site dating E E E E L L L L L L L L L L L L L E&L Site 39 40/ah ai aj 17 28 29/q a 30/s 31 32 41 e g t u ak al 19/h Domestic animals Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 3þ1 c 46þ35 g 2 d,h 4þ2 11 þ2 1 109 Sheep (Ovis aries) 1 1 Goat (Capra hircus) 1þ2 3 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 3 e 6 1 h 4 1 16 Horse (Equus caballus) 2 1 3 Cattle/Sheep/Goat 2þ2 4 Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) 1 1 2þ4 4 1 13 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 2 Dog family 6 (Canis sp/canidae) f Cat (Felis catus) 1 1 Wild mammals Arctic hare (Lepus timidus) 1 2 1 4 European beaver 1 1 17þ1 20 (Castor fiber) European elk (Alces alces) 1 1 2 Pine marten 1 1 (Martes martes) Seal (Phocidae) 1 3 2 15þ6 15þ3 1 2þ1 15þ12 8 3 3 1 21þ1þ3 116 Human (Homo sapiens) 8 1 1 1 11 Aves 1 3þ1 1 6 Fish 8 3 28 7 27 4 4 2 83 Total 4 11 9 110 1 2 34 23 30 8 5 55 48 3 14 4 5 35 401 BA ¼ Bronze Age, PRO ¼ Pre-Roman Iron Age, RO ¼ Roman Iron Age, EM ¼ Early Metal Period, IA ¼ Iron Age. P ¼ pure Coastal Early Metal Period site, L ¼ Coastal Early Metal Period is latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ Coastal Early Metal Period is the earliest identified culture on the site, E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites (L) 56. Närpiö, Pörtom-Langbacken, (P) 57. Espoo, Dåvits, (P) 58. Espoo, Kirskunmäki, (P) 59. Laihia, Kullerinmäki, (P) 60. Laihia, Luhtalanmäki, (P) 61. Maalahti, Brännskogen-Viitala, (P) 62. Raasepori, Camillaskog, (P) 63. Raasepori, Katajamäki, (L) 64. Rösbacken, Länsi-Turunmaa and (L) 65. Pyhtää, Kaarlinsaari, no identified specimens. a Figures based partly on MNI (Minimum number of individual counts) as NISP was not available in Asplund et al. (1989). b Pig bone originally identified as possible pig. c In authors opinion none of the cattle bones can be reliably identified as cattle. d Cattle bones originally identified as possible cattle and artiodactyla by Ukkonen (1997a,b,c). e In authors opinion only one sheep or goat bone can be identifies as possible sheep or goat. f Canis sp. could also include wolf or fox specimes. g Unburnt cattle bones 80,8 g, no NISP (Asplund et al., 1989). h Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1. Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification.

1662 Appendix F Bone material from inland Early Metal Period-sites. Site dating P P P P P P P E E L L L L L L L L L L E&L E&L E&L E&L Total Site 42 43 44 45 46 aab aac 47 a aad 20 21 48 49 50 aae aaf aag aah aai b 6 51 52 aaj Domestic animals: Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 18þ5 1þ3 1 f 1þ2 f 35 Cattle/Horse 2 2 Sheep/goat (Ovis/Capra) 1 f 2 f þ1 1þ1 c 5 11 Sheep (Ovis aries) 2 1 d,f 3 Horse (Equus caballus) 1 f 1 Pig (Sus scrofa) 3 6 9 Dog (Canis familiaris) 9 8 1 18 Dog family 7þ2 2 2 1 14 (Canis sp./canidae) e Wild mammals: Arctic hare (Lepus timidus) 1 2 5 2þ1 6 17 Brown bear (Ursus arctos) 1 1 5 3 10 European beaver 27þ5 1 7 7þ1 1 7þ4 1 15þ4 4 74 2 2 9þ1 90þ1 22 285 (Castor fiber) European elk (Alces alces) 2 8 230 46 100þ58 1 4þ1 1 1 3 455 Elk/Reindeer 1 1 16 18 European otter (Lutra lutra) 2 2 Martes family (Mustelidae) 30 1 1 32 Muskrat 1 1 (Ondatha zibethica) Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 16þ1 1 2 20 Red squirrel 2 2 (Sciurus vulgaris) Seal (Phocidae) 3 3 Wild forest reindeer 1 2þ2 1 1 7 (Rangifer tarandus) Human (Homo sapiens) 91þ25 116 Bird 1 38 6 5 7 2 2 186 3 250 Fish 1 10 1 3 20 3 23 1þ1 197 1 1398 255 389 16 952 8 3429 862 61 7631 Total 1 10 1 36 4 20 11 69 31 2 1 208 1 2 1773 266 528 183 1098 28 3713 863 93 8942 A. Bläuer, J. Kantanen / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 1646e1666 Bold ¼ unburned specimen, italics ¼ uncertain identification. P ¼ pure inland Early Metal Period site, L ¼ inland Early Metal Period is latest identified phase of the site, E ¼ inland Early Metal Period is the earliest identified culture on the site, E & L ¼ Both earlier and later cultures present on the site. Sites (P) 66. Iisalmi, Käänninniemi, (P) 67. Tammela, Vaihijoki 2, (L) 68. Lappeenranta, Rutola-Sahalahti and (L) 69. Nastola, Herneniemi, no identified specimens. a Excluding Area III with Comb Ceramic dating. b In this material unburnt and burnt bones has been separated by author. c Uncertain identification by author. d Sheep bone originally identified as sheep or goat (Fortelius, 1980j). e Canis sp. could also include wolf or fox specimens. f Bone radiocarbon-dated, see Table 1.

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