RAISING THE BAR IN NURSING EDUCATION Hester Klopper (PhD; MBA; RN) Professor and Head School of Nursing Science Chairperson: FUNDISA
OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION Introduction Challenges: Contemporary Higher Education Institutions Philosophical underpinnings Higher Education: International Trends Raising the bar: Recommendations School of Nursing Science
INTRODUCTION CHALLENGES in Nursing Education (SANC) Caring ethos National Health Priorities Lifelong learners and critical thinkers Assure quality practice Access Selection criteria and recruitment RPL School of Nursing Science
CHALLENGES: FOUR CITIES METAPHOR ATHENS BERLIN CALCUTTA NEW YORK
ATHENS Universitas - corporation of masters and scholars Philosophical goal: the pursuit of truth and learning Teaching was the main aim Latin - universal language of learning Lecturing was a slow process Oral debates
BERLIN Neo-humanistic University of Berlin One basic doctrine: to appoint the best intellects available, and to give then the freedom to carry on their research wherever it leads The three principles are: Unity of research and teaching confirmed the importance of original scholarship Academic freedom developed: Lernfreiheit ( freedom to learn ) Lehrfreiheit ( freedom to teach ) Centrality of the arts and the sciences
CALCUTTA The Calcutta University is driven by a mission of service to the public American higher education - Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 1904 - Wisconsin Idea - public service
CALCUTTA The Wisconsin Idea rested on two components: the entry of university faculty expertise into state government planning and the establishment of university extension services throughout the state The essence of the Calcutta University is embodied in a university for the people.
NEW YORK Subservient to blind market forces More entrepreneurial route than theoretical route Knowledge not capital, land or labour, is the basic resource The university is the pivotal institution in the rapidly globalization, postmodern environment because it produces (research) and transmits (teaching and service) the bulk of society s new information (Scott, 2006:30).
NEW YORK Students are clients, with a deliberate focus on throughput Balancing the teaching and research with service Intellectual property rights, technology transfer, spin-off companies Generate rands through third stream income Internationalization the university and knowledge production are increasingly international during the postmodern age.
PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS Scholarship Curriculum Better qualified nurses improved patient outcomes School of Nursing Science
SCHOLARSHIP The Carnegie Foundation (Boyer) Report Almost all colleges pay lip service to the trilogy of teaching, research, and service, but when it comes to making judgments about professional performance, the three rarely are assigned equal merit. The Carnegie Foundation report, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professorate, (Boyer 1990: xi) School of Nursing Science
What Is Scholarship? Discovery (Research) Integration (Service) Teaching (Teaching-Learning) Application
SCHOLARSHIP FORMS OF SCHOLARSHIP ELEMENTS FOR APPLICATION: DISCOVERY INTEGRATION APPLICATION TEACHING CHARACTER: Generates, synthesize, understands, interprets, demonstrate insight AUDIENCE: Peers, users, students, public, partners MEANS OF COMMUNICATION: Publications, presentations, patents, copyrights, exhibitions, performances CRITERIA FOR VALIDATING SCHOLARSHIP: Rigor, trustworthiness, Originality, significance, accuracy, replicability, scope MEANS OF DOCUMENTING: Present evidence validated by peers, communicate to audience, Recognition, acceptance, functional, make a difference
SCHOLARSHIP (http:/keystone21.cas.psu.edu/uniscope)
CURRICULUM Integrated Science Science of nursing forms a holistic unit (vs. unit standards) Atomistic vs. deep-holistic Describes the philosophical foundation on which the program is based including beliefs about: students; teaching and learning that reflect current and emerging trends in adult learning; and, professional nursing practice that is congruent with the Standards of Practice for Registered Nurses. Includes a conceptual framework that guides the development and implementation of the curriculum - congruence among the philosophy, conceptual framework and the curriculum School of Nursing Science
HIGHER EDUCATION: INTERNATIONAL TRENDS Islamabad Declaration on Strengthening Nursing and Midwifery, 4-6 March 2007 All people should have access to competent nurses and midwives who provide care, supervision and support in all settings. A coordinated, integrated, collaborative, sustainable approach to planning, policy and health care delivery is necessary to strengthen nursing and midwifery services and acknowledge that countries in crisis or conflict have unique needs. Urgent attention is needed in three key areas: scaling up nursing and midwifery capacity skill mix of existing and new cadres of workers positive workplace environments. Global Standards for Nursing and Midwifery (WHO; STTI) Degree entrance Evidence for improved patient outcomes School of Nursing Science
RAISING THE BAR Nursing Education Degree entrance (Global Standards) Unified Nursing Education System Access flexibility millennium babies Interprofessional Education Networks and collaboration (NEA/FUNDISA) UNITED VOICE DOE, DOH and NE - task team Resources, i.e. clinical grant extended to Nursing Education (SACOHSD/HESA) School of Nursing Science
RESOURCES More nurse educators improved student-staff ratio (SET 1:13) Age profile of nurse educators Where are the preceptors? Clinical facilities Scaling up resources Finances (Nursing Science excluded from Clinical Grant) Human resources Infrastructure School of Nursing Science
Diagram 1: Age distribution of Registered Nurses and Midwifes 36% 24% 24% 10% 2% 1% 3% < 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 > 69 N/R (SANC, 2006)
RAISING THE BAR Nursing Research Nurse led research - publications Partnerships Trans-disciplinary teams Increase in PhD prepared nurses in SA USA: 29.6% (undergrad uptake drop from 72% to 67%) UK: 19% AUS: 5.5% SA: 0.36% Knowledge transfer and knowledge utilization School of Nursing Science
RAISING THE BAR Policy Advocates for nursing policy Nursing and Health Care issues Response to Policy and Legislation Health Care Systems School of Nursing Science
CONCLUSION
BAIE DANKIE THANK YOU KE A LEBOGA NGIYABONGA Hester.Klopper@nwu.ac.za School of Nursing Science