Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching

Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching Second Edition M. D. Roblyer The State University oj West Georgia Jack Edwards The Webster School Merrill an imprint of Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio

Contents Part I Introduction and Background on Integrating Technology in Education 1 4 1 Educational Technology in Context: The Big Picture What Is "Educational Technology"? 5 Origins and Definitions of Key Terms 5 Four Perspectives on Educational Technology: Media, Instructional Systems, Vocational Training, and Computers 6 This Textbook's Emphasis on Technology in Education 7 Looking Back: How Has the Past Influenced Today's Educational Technology? 8 A Brief History of Educational Computing Activities and Resources 8 What Have We Learned from the Past? 11 Why Use Technology? Developing a Sound Rationale 12 Looking Around, Looking Ahead: What Factors Shape the Current and Future Climate for Technology in Education? 15 Current Educational Technology Systems and Their Applications 16 Today's Big Issues in Education and Technology: Societal, Cultural/Equity, Educational, and Technical 19 New Challenges and the Skills to Deal with Them 22 2 Planning and Implementation for Effective Technology Integration Technology Planning and Preparation by the Education Community 30 Who Should Be Involved in Planning? 30 Developing District and School Technology Plans Funding for Technology Resources 32 Training Teachers 33 Addressing Equity Issues 33 Addressing Ethical and Legal Issues 35 28 30 School Planning and Preparation for Technology Use 36 Optimizing School Level Technology Resources 36 Choosing the Right Software and Hardware for Your Needs Setting Up Physical Facilities 37 Maintaining Physical Facilities: Lab Rules, Maintenance, Security, and Virus Protection 39 36 Teacher Planning and Preparation for Technology Use 40 Step 1: Needs Assessment Matching Needs and Technology Resources 40 Step 2: Planning Instruction Designing Appropriate Integration Strategies 41

XVI Contents Step 3: Logistics Preparing the Classroom Environment 41 Step 4: Preparing You and Your Students to Use Resources 42 Step 5: Try It! Evaluating and Revising Integration Strategies 42 3 Learning Theories and Integration Models 48 Introduction 49 Changes Brought about by Technology 49 Current Educational Goals and Methods: Two Views 49 An Overview of Directed and Constructivist Instructional Methods 49 A Comparison of Terminologies and Models 49 Instructional Needs and Problems Addressed by Directed Instruction Strategies 51 Instructional Needs and Problems Addressed by Constructivist Strategies 52 How Learning Theories Shape Teaching Practices and Technology Uses 52 Theoretical Foundations of Directed Instruction 53 Learning Theories Associated with Directed Instruction 53 The Contributions of Behavioral Theories 53 The Contributions of Information-Processing Theories 53 Characteristics of Directed Instruction 56 Directed Methods: Problems Raised versus Problems Addressed 57 Theoretical Foundations of Constructivism 59 Learning Theories Associated with Constructivism 59 The Contributions of Early Cognitive Learning Theories 59 The Contributions of Later Work Based on Cognitive Principles 62 Characteristics of Constructivism 67 Constructivist Methods: Problems Raised versus Problems Addressed 68 Technology Integration Strategies: Directed, Constructivist, and Combined Approaches 69 Integration Strategies Based on Directed Models 69 Integration Strategies Based on Constructivist Models 70 Combining Integration Strategies in Curriculum Planning 71 Recommended Guidelines for Developing a TechnologyIntegrated Lesson 71 Recommended Guidelines for Developing a TechnologyIntegrated Curriculum 71 Examples of Technology-Integrated Units 71 The CCnet Inventorium: An Online Invention Project 71 Improving French Language Skills: Combining Drills, Tutorials, and Online Activities 72 Part II Using Software and Media Tutors and Tools: Principles and Strategies 4 Using Instructional Software in Teaching and Learning Introduction 81 What Is Instructional Software? 81 77 80

Contents Problems in Identifying and Classifying Software Functions Programming Languages as Instructional Software 81 Drill and Practice Activities 83 Drill and Practice: Definition and Characteristics 83 Issues Related to Drill and Practice 83 How to Use Drill and Practice in Teaching 84 Tutorial Activities 85 Tutorials: Definition and Characteristics 85 Issues Related to Tutorials 86 How to Use Tutorials in Teaching 88 Simulation Activities 88 Simulations: Definition and Characteristics Issues Related to Simulations 89 How to Use Simulations in Teaching 90 81 88 Instructional Games 93 Instructional Games: Definition and Characteristics 93 Issues Related to Instructional Games 94 How to Use Instructional Games in Teaching 94 Problem-Solving Courseware 94 Problem-Solving Courseware: Definition and Characteristics 94 Issues Related to Problem-Solving Courseware 96 How to Use Problem-Solving Courseware in Teaching 96 Integrated Learning Systems (ILSs) and Other Networked Products 99 Integrated Learning Systems (ILSs): Definition and Characteristics 99 Issues Related to ILSs 100 How to Use ILSs in Teaching 102 Evaluating and Selecting Instructional Software 103 The Need for Evaluation 104 Courseware Evaluation Procedures: A Recommended Sequence 105 Courseware Evaluation Procedures: Recommended Criteria 105 Selecting Software for Constructivist versus Directed Uses 105 5 Using Productivity Software and Other Software Tools in Teaching and Learning Introduction to Technology Support Tools 113 Why Use Technology Support Tools? 113 Types of Software Support Tools 113 Software Suites versus Integrated Packages 113 Software Support Tools Covered in Other s: Web Tools and Multimedia Authoring 114 Using Word Processing Software in Teaching and Learning 114 Introduction to Word Processing 114 The Impact of Word Processing in Education 116 Word Processing in the Classroom 117 Learning Word Processing: Common Mistakes and Misconceptions 124 Using Spreadsheet Software in Teaching and Learning 126 Introduction to Spreadsheet Software 126 The Impact of Spreadsheets in Education 127 Spreadsheets in the Classroom 128

XVlll Contents Learning to Use Spreadsheets: Common Mistakes and Misconceptions 131 Using Database Software in Teaching and Learning 131 Introduction to Database Software 131 The Impact of Databases in Education 133 Using Databases in the Classroom 134 Learning to Use Databases: Common Mistakes and Misconceptions 139 Using Materials Generators 142 Desktop Publishing Software 142 Test Generators and Test Question Banks 144 Worksheet Generators 144 Puzzle Generators 145 Bar-code Generators 145 IEP Generators 146 Certificate Makers 146 Form Makers 146 Groupware Products 146 Using Data Collection and Analysis Tools 147 Gradebooks 147 Statistical Packages 147 Data Management (CMI) and Testing Tools 147 Using Graphics Tools 149 Print Graphics Packages 149 Draw/Paint and Image Programs 149 Presentation Software and Computer Projection Systems 150 Charting/Graphing Software 152 Clip Art Packages, Video Collections, and Sound Collections 154 Digitizing Systems and Video Development Systems 154 Using Planning and Organizing Tools 155 Outlining Tools and Other Writing Aids 155 Brainstorming and Concept Mapping Tools 154 Lesson Planning Tools 155 Schedule/Calendar Makers and Time Management Tools 155 Using Research and Reference Tools 156 Electronic Encyclopedias 156 Atlases 156 Dictionaries (Word Atlases) 156 Using Tools to Support Specific Content Areas 157 CAD and 3-D Modeling/Animation Systems 157 Music Editors and Synthesizers 157 Reading Tools 157 MBLs (Probeware) 157 Graphing Calculator 158 6 Using Multimedia and Hypermedia in Teaching and Learning Introduction to Multimedia and Hypermedia 165 Multimedia and Hypermedia: How Do They Differ? 165 Types of Multimedia and Hypermedia Systems 165 Current and Future Impact of Multimedia and Hypermedia on Education 166 Emerging Developments in Multimedia Systems: Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Virtual Reality (VR) 167

Contents Ж Issues Related to Multimedia and Hypermedia Use in Education 167 Interactive Videodisc (IVD) Systems 168 IVD Formats and Levels of Interactivity 169 Advantages of IVD Technology 170 Disadvantages of IVD Technology 171 Level I Capabilities and Applications for Education 171 Level III Capabilities and Applications for Education 172 Example Lessons Using IVD Multimedia/Hypermedia Systems 173 Interactive CD-ROM and DVD Systems 175 CD-ROM and DVD System Capabilities and Applications 176 Advantages of CD-ROM and DVD Technologies 176 Disadvantages of CD-ROM and DVD Technologies 176 Classroom Applications for CD-ROM and DVD Multimedia/Hypermedia Systems 176 Example Lessons Using CD-ROM Multimedia/Hypermedia Systems 177 Hypermedia Authoring Systems 179 Characteristics of Hypermedia Authoring Systems 179 Hypermedia Authoring Resources 179 Hypermedia Authoring Software Packages 180 Hardware Requirements for Hypermedia Authoring 181 Hypermedia Authoring Procedures 181 Evaluating Hypermedia Products 182 Classroom Applications of Hypermedia Authoring 183 Example Lessons Using Hypermedia Authoring 183 Part III Linking to Learn Principles and Strategies 189 7 Distance Learning Opportunities and Options 191 Introduction: Reaching Out to a World of Resources 192 What Is Distance Learning? 192 Distance Learning Directions: Past, Present, and Future 193 Overview of Current Distance Learning Configurations and Applications 193 Major Implementation Issues with Distance Learning 195 Present and Potential Impact of Distance Learning 196 Research Evidence on Various Distance Learning Activities How Distance Learning Is Changing the Face of Education 197 198 Broadcast/Terrestrial Audio and Video Options and Uses 199 Audio-based Systems 199 Video-based Systems 199 Computer-based Options and Uses 200 Overview of Distance Learning Integration Strategies 201 Integration for Instruction: Virtual Lessons, Courses, and Degrees 201 Integration for Teacher Productivity: Support for Communication and Course Preparation 203 8 Integrating the Internet into Education Introduction: Enter the Internet 208 Where Did the Internet Come From? 208 207

XX Contents What Is the Internet Now? 208 Why Has the Internet Become So Popular? How Do Schools Get Connected? 209 Web Browsing and Searching 211 Using Web Browsers 211 Using Search Engines 211 Using Gophers 211 209 Communicating in Writing on the Internet 211 E-mail 211 Listservs 211 Bulletin Boards 212 Chatrooms 212 Communicating Visually on the Internet 212 Images and Animations 212 Regular and Streaming Video/Audio 212 Desktop Videoconferencing 212 File Transfer Options 212 E-mail Attachments 213 FTPing 213 Gophering 213 Web Page and Web Site Development: Languages and Web Development Programs 213 Web Languages and Tools 213 Web Development Programs and Procedures 215 Web Page Criteria 217 Optimizing Web Power 217 Push Technologies 217 Bookmarking 217 Site Capturing 217 Intranets 217 Internet-TV, Avatars, and Other Aspects of the Future 218 Internet-TV Products 218 Avatars 218 Internet Integration Strategies and Issues 218 Ethical Issues and Problems 218 Activities and Examples of Internet Integration Activities 219 Web Site Support for Classroom Projects 222 Directed versus Constructivist Approaches to Integrating the Internet 224 9 A Link to the Future Where Is Education Going with Technology? Introduction: Classrooms and Other Learning Environments of the Future 229 Historical Reinvention: A Technology-Infused History Curriculum Unit in the Not-Too-Distant Future 229 Five Trends Driving the Evolution of Technology 230 Trend 1: Emerging Developments in Networking 230 Increased Capability and Use of Home Systems 230 Higher-speed Connections 230 Rewiring of Educational Facilities 230 Wireless Communications 231 Implications of Networking for Education 231 228

Contents XXI Trend 2: Emerging Developments in Visualization 231 Advances in 3-D Visualization 231 Virtual Environments 231 Use of Avatars 232 Implications of Visualization for Education 232 Trend 3: Emerging Developments in Interfaces 232 Voice/Audio and Voice Recognition 232 Physical Log-in 232 Implications of Interface Developments for Education 232 Trend 4: Emerging Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) 232 Expert Systems 233 Coaches 233 Intelligent Agents 233 Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Education 233 Trend 5: Emerging Developments in Equipment 233 Wearable Systems 233 Electronic Books (E-Books) 234 Implications of Equipment Developments for Education 234 Future Challenges for Teachers 234 Visions of Technology's Role in Restructuring Education 234 Future Skills for the Technology-Savvy Teacher 235 Part IV Integrating Technology into the Curriculum 239 10 Technology in Language Arts and Foreign Language Instruction 241 Introduction 242 Issues and Problems in Language Arts Education 242 Phonics versus Whole Language 242 Standards in Language Arts 242 Keyboarding 242 Prerequisite Technical Skills 243 How Technology Is Integrated into Language Arts Education 243 Word Processing and Desktop Publishing 243 The Internet 243 Video 244 Instructional Software and Software Tools 244 Hypermedia Authoring 245 Useful Web Sites for Language Arts Instruction 245 Issues and Problems in Foreign Language Education 246 Foreign Language Education Standards 246 Skills versus Language Immersion 246 The Impact of Distance Learning 246 Teaching Foreign Language in Elementary Schools 247 Teaching Culture 247 Challenges for Foreign Language Teachers 247 How Technology Is Integrated into Foreign Language Education 247 The Internet 247 Computer Software 247

XXÜ Contents Video 248 Useful Web Sites for Foreign Language Instruction 249 Sample Integration Lessons for Language Education 249 11 Technology in Science and Mathematics Instruction 254 Introduction 255 Issues and Problems in Science Education 255 Science Education Standards 255 Inquiry Approaches 255 Integrating Technology 255 How Technology Is Integrated into Science Education 256 The Internet 256 Simulations 256 Hypermedia Authoring 256 Software/Video Resources 257 Probeware 257 Useful Web Sites for Science Instruction 258 Issues and Problems in Math Education 258 Standards in Math Education 258 Implementing Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment Standards 259 Opposition to Change 259 How Technology Is Integrated into Math Education 259 Software 259 The Internet 260 Simulations 260 Spreadsheet 260 Graphing Calculators 260 Useful Web Sites for Math Instruction 261 Sample Integration Lessons for Science and Math Education 261 1 2 Technology in Social Studies Instruction 268 Introduction 269 Issues and Problems in Social Studies Education 269 Social Studies Instruction Standards 269 Depth versus Breadth 270 Perils of the Information Explosion 270 The "History Wars" 270 How Technology Is Integrated into Social Studies Education 271 Simulations 271 Map Utilities 271 Global Positioning Systems 271 Spreadsheet and Database Software 272 Multimedia and Hypermedia 272 The Internet 272 Useful Web Sites for Social Studies Instruction 273 Sample Integration Lessons for Social Studies Education 273 1 3 Technology in A r t and Music Instruction 279 Introduction 280 Issues and Problems Common to Art and Music Education 280 Why Teach Music and the Arts? 280

Contents XXUl Separate versus Interdisciplinary Arts Instruction Standards in Arts Education 280 The Arts in the Information Age 281 Issues and Problems in Art Education 281 Academic versus Studio 281 280 How Technology Is Integrated into Art Education 282 Hardware 282 Paint and Draw Software 282 Animation, Graphics, and 3-D Design Software 282 Desktop Publishing with Graphics 282 Video 282 The Internet 283 Useful Web Sites for Art Education 283 Issues and Problems in Music Education 284 Theory or Performance? 284 How Technology Is Integrated into Music Education 284 MIDI 284 MIDI Synthesizers and Networks 284 Sequencers 285 Musical Notation Software 285 Multimedia Software 285 Instructional Software 285 Video 285 The Internet 285 Useful Web Sites for Music Education 285 Sample Integration Lessons for Music and Visual Arts Education 286 14 Technology in Physical Education and Health 292 Introduction 293 Issues and Problems in Physical Education and Health 293 Lack of Student Motivation 293 Meeting Standards for Physical Education 293 Meeting Standards for Health Education 293 Models of Health Education 293 A Focus for Health Education 294 Controversial Health Issues 294 Interdisciplinary Links with Physical Education and Health 294 How Technology Is Integrated into Physical Education and Health 295 Heart Rate Monitors 295 Video 295 Software 296 Portable Technologies 297 Internet Resources 297 Useful Web Sites for Physical Education and Health 297 Sample Integration Lessons for Physical Education and Health 298 15 Technology in Special Education 307 Introduction 308 Issues and Problems in Special Education 308 The Impact of Federal Legislation 308 Controversies Related to Mainstreaming and Inclusion 309

XXIV Contents Transition Needs 309 Access Issues Based on ADA 309 Costs versus Potential Benefits 309 Frustrations with Technology 310 More Resources for Parents 310 Trends and New Initiatives for Gifted Programs 310 Goals of Gifted Programs 310 The Role of Technology: Two Trends 310 How Technology Is Integrated into Special Education 311 Assistive Technologies 311 Recommended Resources and Applications for Physically Disabled Students 313 Recommended Resources and Applications for Gifted Students 314 Useful Web Sites for Special Education 315 Sample Integration Lessons for Special Education 315 Appendix 322 Fundamentals of Microcomputer Systems What Is a Computer and How Does It Work? 322 Hardware 322 Software 324 Computer Media 324 What Is the Desktop and Why Is It So Important? 325 Learning Microcomputer Operations 326 Learn General Information about Your Computer System Learn to Operate Your Computer 326 Pointers on Microcomputer Use 326 Using a Mouse 326 Using Disks 327 326 Glossary 329 Name Index 339 Subject Index 341 Integrating Technology Across the Curriculum: A User's Guide 347