Introduction The US Transportation System Philip A. Viton January 5, 2012 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 1 / 41
The Transportation Networks Airport Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 2 / 41
The Transportation Networks Navigable Waters Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 3 / 41
The Transportation Networks Natural Gas Pipeline Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 4 / 41
The Transportation Networks The Rail Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 5 / 41
The Transportation Networks Highway Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 6 / 41
The Transportation Networks Interstate Highway Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 7 / 41
Importance of The Transportation Sector Industrial Components of Nominal GDP ($b) Distrib 2000 2010 2010 Gross domestic product 9,817 14.660 Private industries 8,614 12,697 0.867 Mining + Utilities 310 557 0.038 Agriculture + Forestry + Fisheries 96 154 0.011 Construction 436 506 0.035 Manufacturing 1,426 1,718 0.117 Wholesale + Retail Trade 1,254 1,671 0.114 Transportation + Warehousing 302 407 0.028 Information 458 670 0.046 Finance and Insurance 741 1,235 0.084 Real estate, rental, leasing 1,191 1,859 0.127 Services, exc government 2,398 3,922 0.268 Government 1,203 1,964 0.134 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 8 / 41
Importance of The Transportation Sector Transportation Industry Component of Nominal GDP ($b) 2000 2009 Change Distrib 2009 Transportation and warehousing 302 390 1.291 Air transportation 58 62 1.069 0.159 Rail transportation 26 31 1.192 0.079 Water transportation 7 14 2.000 0.036 Truck transportation 93 113 1.215 0.290 Transit and ground passenger transportation 15 23 1.533 0.059 Pipeline transportation 9 12 1.333 0.031 Other transportation and support activities 70 95 1.357 0.244 Warehousing and storage 25 39 1.560 0.100 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 9 / 41
Importance of The Transportation Sector Personal Consumption Expenditures Component of Nominal GDP ($b) 2000 2009 Personal Consumption Expenditures 6,739.4 10,001.3 Transportation 798.4 890.7 Transportation % of PCE 0.118 0.089 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 10 / 41
Importance of The Transportation Sector Transportation Component of Nominal PCE ($b) Distrib 2000 2009 Change 2009 Transportation PCE 798.4 890.7 1.115 Motor Vehicle Purchases 321.4 269.4 0.838 0.302 Motor Vehicle Operations 404.0 544.3 1.347 0.611 Public Transportation 73.0 77.0 1.222 0.086 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 11 / 41
Importance of The Transportation Sector Federal Government Expenditures on Transportation Avg Ann. 1990 2008 % Change Total Transportation ($b) 29.5 77.6 5.52 % of federal budget 2.4 2.6 Percent Distribution Ground 64.4 64.4 Air 24.4 25.0 Water 10.8 10.4 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 12 / 41
Importance of The Transportation Sector State and Local Government Expenditures on Transportation Avg Ann. 1990 2008 % Change Total Transportation ($b) 0.080 0.205 5.37 % of direct budgets 5.3 7.2 Percent Distribution Highways 76.2 75.1 Transit 23.8 24.9 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 13 / 41
Mileage and Fleet System Mileage 1985 2009 Change Highway 3,863,912 4,051,000 1.048 Class 1 rail 145,764 94,921 0.651 Amtrak 24,000 21,178 0.882 Transit: Commuter rail 3,574 7,561 2.116 Heavy rail 1,293 1,623 1.255 Light rail 384 1,477 3.846 Navigable channels 26,000 25,320 0.974 Oil pipeline 213,605 172,048 0.805 Gas pipeline 1,118,875 1,540,000 1.376 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 14 / 41
Mileage and Fleet Bridge Inventory Year Number % Structurally % Functionally Deficient Obsolete 1996 581.862 17.4 14.0 2000 587,755 14.8 13.8 2008 601,411 11.9 13.3 2010 604,474 11.8 13.0 Structurally deficient: restricted to light vehicles, require immediate rehab, or closed. Functionally obsolete: bad deck geometry, carrying capacity, clearance, or approach alignment, relative to needs. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 15 / 41
Mileage and Fleet Transportation Fleet Non-Highway 1990 2009 Change Air: Air carrier 6,083 (NA) General aviation 198,000 223,877 1.131 Rail: Class I, freight cars 658,902 416,000 0.607 Class I, Locomotive 18,835 24,045 1.277 Nonclass I freight cars 103,527 108,233 1.045 Car cos., shippers freight cars 449,832 839,020 1.865 Amtrak, passenger train car 1,863 1,214 0.652 Amtrak, locomotive 318 274 0.862 Water Commercial vessels 40,080 40,400 1.008 Recreational vessels 10,997,000 12,722,000 1.157 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 16 / 41
Mileage and Fleet Transportation Fleet Highway 1990 2007 Change Highway, registered vehicles Passenger car 133,700,496 135,932,930 1.017 Motorcycle 4,259,462 7,138,475 1.676 Vans, pick-ups, SUVs 48,274,555 101,469,614 2.102 Trucks 6,195,876 9,027,624 1.457 Bus 626,987 834,436 1.331 Transit: Motor bus 58,714 65,429 1.114 Light-rail cars 910 1,810 1.989 Heavy-rail cars 10,567 11,222 1.062 Trolley bus 610 559 0.916 Commuter rail cars, locomotives 4,982 6,391 1.283 Demand response 16,471 64,865 3.938 Other 1,197 13,877 11.593 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 17 / 41
Mileage and Fleet Freight Movements on the Network, 2007 Value Ton-miles % % All modes 100.0 100.0 Single modes 80.8 84.6 Multiple Modes 16.4 14.0 Other 2.9 1.4 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 18 / 41
Freight Movements Freight Movements on the Network Single Modes Value Ton-miles % % Single modes 80.8 84.6 Truck 70.7 39.8 For-hire truck 40.3 29.0 Private truck 30.4 10.9 Rail 3.3 37.1 Water 0.9 5.0 Shallow draft 0.8 4.7 Great lakes 0 0.1 Deep draft 0.1 NA Air (includes truck + air) 1.8 0.1 Pipeline 4.1 NA Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 19 / 41
Freight Movements Freight Movements on the Network Multiple Modes, 2007 Value Ton-miles % % Multiple modes 16.4 14.0 Parcel services (incl PO) 13.5 0.8 Truck and rail 1.7 5.4 Truck and water 0.3 1.4 Rail and water 0.1 0.9 Other multiple modes 0.9 5.5 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 20 / 41
The Highway Network The Highway Network By Class, 2009 Total Urban Rural % Urban US 4,050,717 1,081,371 2,969,346 0.266 California 171,874 90,043 81,831 0.524 Florida 121,447 81,040 40,407 0.667 New York 114,546 48,431 66,115 0.422 Ohio 123,024 44,783 78,242 0.364 Texas 310,850 97,117 213,733 0.312 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 21 / 41
The Highway Network The Highway Network Control Distrib 1980 2008 Change 2008 Total mileage 3,955,000 4,059,000 1.03 Urban mileage 624,000 1,079,000 1.73 0.266 Under state control 79,000 152,000 1.92 0.141 Under local control 543,000 920,000 1.69 0.859 Rural mileage 3,331,000 2,980,000 0.89 0.734 Under state control 702,000 633,000 0.90 0.212 Under local control 2,270,000 2,223,000 0.98 0.746 Under federal control 262,000 124,000 0.47 0.042 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 22 / 41
The Highway Network The Highway Network By Type, 2009 Unit Inter- Other Total state Fwy Arterial Collector Local US 4,050,717 46,720 12,287 402,648 793,249 2,795,813 Distrib 0.012 0.003 0.099 0.196 0.691 California 171,874 2,460 1,537 27,423 32,251 108,203 Florida 121,447 1,471 771 12,779 14,409 92,017 New York 114,546 1,705 798 13,852 20,685 76,515 Texas 310,850 3,233 1,486 31,645 64,729 209,757 Ohio 123,024 1,572 483 10,978 22,737 87,255 Distrib 0.013 0.004 0.089 0.185 0.709 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 23 / 41
The Highway Network Interstate Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 24 / 41
The Highway Network Highway Finance ($m) 1990 2008 Change Total receipts 75,444 192,718 2.554 Current income 69,880 172,285 2.472 Highway-user revenues 44,346 94,152 2.123 Other taxes and fees 19,827 61,163 3.085 Investment income and other receipts 5,707 17,471 3.061 Bond issue proceeds 5,564 19,993 3.582 Funds drawn from or placed in reserves -36-10,660 296.11 Total funds available 75,408 182,058 2.414 Total disbursements 75,408 182,058 2.414 Current disbursements 72,457 173,869 2.400 Capital outlay 35,151 91,114 2.592 Maintenance and traffi c services 20,365 44,972 2.208 Administration and research 6,501 14,711 2.262 Highway law enforcement and safety 7,235 14,565 2.013 Interest on debt 3,205 8,477 2.645 Bond retirement 2,951 8,199 2.075 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 25 / 41
Moving People Commuting to Work 2009 Work at Area Drive alone Carpool Transit Walk Other Home US Average 76.1 10.0 5.0 2.9 1.7 4.3 California 73.0 11.6 5.2 2.8 2.3 5.2 NY 54.0 7.4 26.6 6.4 1.7 3.9 Ohio 83.0 8.4 1.8 2.3 0.9 3.6 Washington DC 36.5 6.7 37.1 11.1 3.5 5.2 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 26 / 41
Moving People Transit Users in Urban Areas 2009 Distribution Area Motor Heavy Light Commuter Bus Rail Rail Rail Other US avg 53.0% 34.6% 4.6% 4.6% 3.1% Boston 28.8 39.6 18.8 10.9 1.8 Chicago 55.1 32.0 0 11.9 0.9 Dallas 66.4 0 25.8 3.7 4.1 Los Angeles 83.6 6.7 6.5 1.7 1.5 New York 31.1 60.8 0.6 6.5 1.0 San Francisco 41.0 25.9 11.4 2.6 19.1 Washington DC 38.7 59.9 0 0.8 0.5 Cincinnati 98.3 0 0 0 1.7 Cleveland 83.5 9.7 5.1 0 1.8 Columbus, 2007 98.8 0 0 0 1.2 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 27 / 41
Moving People Highway Vehicles Average Annual Usage, 000 miles Year All Vehs Autos Buses Vans,SUVs Trucks 1970 10.0 10.0 12.0 8.7 13.6 1990 11.1 10.3 9.1 11.9 23.6 2009 11.6 10.4 17.1 15.2 26.2 Change 1970-2009 1.160 1.040 1.425 1.747 1.926 1990-2009 1.045 1.010 1.879 1.277 1.110 Annual Average Change 1970-2009 1.004 1.001 1.009 1.014 1.017 1990-2009 1.002 1.001 1.034 1.013 1.006 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 28 / 41
Moving People Highway Vehicles Average Fuel Economy, mpg Year All Vehs Autos Buses Vans, SUVs Trucks 1970 12.0 13.5 5.5 10.0 5.5 1990 16.4 20.3 6.4 16.1 6.0 2009 17.2 23.8 7.2 17.4 6.5 Change 1970-2009 1.433 1.762 1.309 1.740 1.182 1990-2009 1.049 1.172 1.125 1.081 1.083 Average Annual Change 1970-2009 1.009 1.015 1.007 1.014 1.004 1990-2009 1.003 1.008 1.006 1.004 1.004 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 29 / 41
Moving People Traffi c Congestion 2009 Area Daily VMT Ann Hrs Delay /Lane-Mile /Person US Average 15,391 25 Boston 15,610 28 Chicago 18,018 44 Dallas 17,199 32 Los Angeles 23,447 40 New York 15,735 24 San Francisco 19,110 30 Washington DC 18,048 41 Cincinnati 14,385 13 Cleveland 11,793 13 Columbus 14,909 11 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 30 / 41
Moving People Air Pollution Emissions, 2008 (thousand tons) PM- PM- Source NH3 CO NOx 10 2.5 SO2 VOC Total emissions 4,043 77,685 16,339 14,805 4,892 11,429 15,927 Fuel combustion stationary sources 685 5,2834 5,597 1,330 1,006 9,872 1,450 Industrial processes 206 3,767 1,047 1,461 751 1,025 7,142 Highway vehicles 308 38,866 5,206 171 110 64 3,418 Off-highway 3 18,036 4,255 304 283 456 2,586 Miscellaneous 3,457 11,731 260 11,540 2,742 85 1,332 Highway contrib. 0.076 0.500 0.319 0.012 0.022 0.006 0.215 Key: NH3: ammonia; CO: carbon monoxide; NOx: oxides of nitrogen; PM: particulate matter (-diameter); SO2: sulfur dioxide; VOC: volatile organic compounds. Off highway: agricultural/construction machinery, recreational marine vessels etc. Miscellaneous: forest fires, other burning, dust, natural sources. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 31 / 41
Moving People Motor Vehicle Accidents 1990 2009 Change Total (m) 11.5 10.8 0.939 Fatal crashes ( 000) 39.8 30.8 0.774 Persons involved in fatal crashes ( 000) Occupants 99 70 0.707 Non-Occupants 8 5 0.625 Fatalities /10 9 VMT 0.208 0.114 0.548 Fatalities / 10 6 licensed drivers 2.670 1.613 0.604 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 32 / 41
Public Transit Transit Industry Structure Distrib 1990 2009 2009 Operating systems 5,078 7,200 Motor bus-only systems 2,688 1,088 Revenue vehicles, active 93,553 172,893 Motor bus 58,714 64,832 0.377 Commuter rail 5,007 6,941 0.040 Demand response 16,471 68,957 0.398 Heavy rail 10,419 11,461 0.066 Light rail 913 2,068 0.012 Trolley bus 832 531 0.003 Other 1,197 18,103 0.105 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 33 / 41
Public Transit Transit Industry Finances, $m 1990 2009 Change Operating funding sources, total 16,053 38,918 2.424 Agency funds 6,786 14,549 2.144 Passenger funding 5,891 12,273 2.083 Other 895 2,276 2.543 Government funds 9,267 24,369 2.630 Directly generated NA 2,543 Local 5,327 8,763 1.645 State 2,970 9,857 3.319 Federal 970 3,207 3.306 Operating expense 15,742 37,245 2.366 Vehicle operations 6,654 16,997 2.554 Maintenance 4,631 9,693 2.093 General administration 3,450 5,330 1.545 Purchased transportation 1,008 5,225 5.184 Capital expenditures (NA) 17,918 Net Operating Revenues -8,956-20,404 2.278 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 34 / 41
Public Transit Transit Industry Output (millions of miles) Distrib 1990 2009 Change 2009 Vehicle-miles operated 3,242 5,219 1.610 Motor bus 2,130 2,332 1.095 0.447 Trolley bus 14 13 0.929 0.002 Heavy rail 537 685 1.276 0.131 Light rail 24 91 3.792 0.017 Commuter rail 213 344 1.615 0.066 Demand response 306 1,529 4.997 0.293 Other 18 227 12.61 0.043 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 35 / 41
Public Transit Transit Industry Demand Met, Fare Distrib 1990 2009 Change 2009 Trips taken (m) 8,799 10,381 1.180 Motor bus 5,677 5,452 0.960 0.525 Trolley bus 126 104 0.825 0.010 Heavy rail 2,346 3,490 1.476 0.336 Light rail 175 465 2.657 0.045 Commuter rail 328 468 1.427 0.045 Demand response 68 190 2.794 0.018 Other 79 212 2.684 0.020 Average fare per trip, cents 67 118 1.761 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 36 / 41
Issues for Transportation Planning Issues for Urban Transportation Planning, I Highway System Construction Maintenance Control and Privatization Externalities generated by urban travel Congestion Air Pollution (Accidents) (Noise) Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 37 / 41
Issues for Transportation Planning Issues for Urban Transportation Planning, II Urban Transit Role of mass transit Role of public mass transit Effi ciency Demand management Construction of large systems (Non-motorized modes) (Day-to-Day operations) (Airport Planning) (Intercity Transport Planning) Regulation Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 38 / 41
Sources Latest data is from the 2012 Statistical Abstract of the United States Prior data is generally from an earlier edition (often the 2010 edition) of the same publication. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 39 / 41
Appendix 1 Price Changes All money data here is in current (nominal) dollars. The data below may help you convert to real (ie inflation-adjusted) dollars. Indices have PPI: 1982 = 1.000; CPI: 1982 1984 = 1.000 Year PPI CPI 1980 0.760 0.795 1985 1.047 1.041 1990 1.192 1.261 2000 1.379 1.666 2005 1.558 1.887 2006 1.605 1.948 2007 1.667 2.005 2008 1.770 2.082 2009 1.724 2.146 Change 1980-2009 2.268 2.699 1990-2009 1.446 1.702 2008-2009 0.974 1.031 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 40 / 41
Appendix 2 Average Annual Rates of Change In the data, columns marked Change show the absolute change between the two columns immediately to its left. It may be easier to think about the data if you convert it to an average annual rate of change. To do this, let a 1 be the smaller quantity, at time t 1, and let a 2 be the larger quantity at time t 2. The average rate of change r is given implicitly by The solution is: a 1 (1 + r) t 2 t 1 = a 2 1 + r = ( a2 a 1 ) 1 t 2 t 1 That is, if the series started at level a 1 at time t 1 and changed each period by the same rate (1 + r), then at time t 2 it would be at level a 2.. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, 2012 41 / 41