THE OTTOMAN RENAISSANCE: SINAN
SINGLE-DOME MOSQUES FIRST CAPITAL: Iznik (1299-1335)
Green Mosque, Iznik, 1378-91 Single domed-square unit, Cut stone and brick, Brick minaret glazed with tiles
Green Mosque, İznik, 1378-91
Green Mosque, İznik, 1378-91 rear facade and door details
Green Mosque, İznik, 1378-91 mihrab and minbar
MULTI-DOMED MOSQUES (also known as ULUCAMİ )
İsa Bey Mosque, Selçuk, 1374
İsa Bey Mosque, Selçuk, 1374 NOTE: Corinthian capitals
İsa Bey Mosque, Selçuk, 1374 detail of upper window
Ulucami, Bursa, 1396-1400
Ulucami, Bursa, 1396-1400
Ulucami, Bursa, 1396-1400 entrance
Ulucami, Bursa, 1396-1400 central courtyard and dome
Ulucami, Bursa, 1396-1400 mihrab and minbar
INVERTED T MOSQUES Prayer Halls and Zaviye (lodging for dervishes)
Orhan Bey Mosque, Bursa, 1339 side rooms for teaching and guests of the dervishes to stay
Orhan Bey Mosque, Bursa, 1339 mosque and han courtyard
Orhan Bey Mosque, Bursa, 1339 main entrance
Orhan Bey Mosque, Bursa, 1339 http://www.3dmekanlar.com/tr/bursa-orhan-gazi-camii.html
Ishak Paşa Mosque, İnegöl, 1482
Bayezid Pasha Mosque, Amasya, 1414 Architect: Abu Bekir bin Mehmed Museymes of Aleppo
BURSA (OTTOMAN CAPITAL 1335-1421)
Imaret system as the basis of architectural patronage. Created as endowments accommodating two types of institutions: 1. Those founded with pious or charitable motives such as mosque, madrasah, hospital, roads and bridges 2. Those that provided revenue tor their upkeep such as han, market, caravanserai, bath house, mill, soup kitchen
Beyazıd I Complex, Bursa, 1390-95 (1) gate, (2) mausoleum, (3) madrasa, (4) site of royal garden palace, (5) mosque, (6) hospice, (7) bathhouse, (8) gate, (9) wall, (10) aqueduct
Beyazıd I Mosque, Bursa, 1390-95 combination of a royal chapel with a hostel for pilgrims
Beyazıd I Complex, Bursa, 1390-95 madrasah exterior
Beyazıd I Complex, Bursa, 1390-95 madrasa courtyard
Beyazıd I Complex, Bursa, 1390-95 mausoleum
Beyazıd I Complex, Bursa, 1390-95 mausoleum interior
Koza Han, Bursa, 1481-90
Koza Han, Bursa, 1481-90 entrance portal
Koza Han, Bursa, 1481-90
Koza Han, Bursa, 1481-90 raised masjid in the middle of the courtyard
E D İ R N E (OTTOMAN CAPITAL 1421-1453)
Üç Şerefeli (three balconied) Mosque, Edirne, 1430-47 Complex of mosque, madrasah and imaret. Students and dervishes can use the side entrance without disturbing the prayers. Note the hierarchy of domes.
Üç Şerefeli Mosque, Edirne, 1430-47 courtyard entrance and minaret detail
Üç Şerefeli Mosque, Edirne, 1430-47 mihrab and minbar
Beyazıd II Complex, Edirne, 1488 (1) mosque, (2) hospice, (3) caravanserai, (4) hospital, (5) madrasa, (6) site of bathhouse
Beyazıd II Complex, Edirne, 1488 mosque (right) and hospital (left)
İSTANBUL (OTTOMAN CAPITAL 1453-1923)
Fatih Complex, İstanbul, 1463-70 (1) Mosque of Mehmed II, (2) mausoleums of Mehmed II and his wife Gülbahar Sultan, (3) formal garden, (4) madrasas, (5) preparatory madrasas, (6) hospital, (7) guesthouse, (8) caravanserai, (9) hospice, (10) elementary school, (11) library
Mosque of Mehmet II ın the Fatih Complex, İstanbul, 1463-70
Mosque of Mehmet II ın the Fatih Complex, İstanbul, 1463-70
Mausoleum of Mehmed II ın the Fatih Complex, İstanbul, 1463-70
Covered Bazaar, İstanbul, 15th century onwards
Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, 1748-55
Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, 1748-55
Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye mosque, Istanbul, 1748-55
Mustafa Ağa and Simon Kalfa, Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, 1748-55 Baroque forms
Krikor Balyan, Nusretiye Mosque, Istanbul, 1823-26
Krikor Balyan, Nusretiye mosque, Istanbul, 1823-26 (Sultan s entry to a royal lodge above)
SINAN: THE CLASSICIST/ANTI- CLASSICIST AND EXPERIMENTALIST
Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK interior views
SINAN: ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS
SINAN: ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS
Mimar Sinan (c. 1489/1490 July 17, 1588) built mosques, bridges, aqueducts, madrasas, caravanserais, palaces, kiosks and fountains. Most common account of the steps in Mimar Sinan s career: The early years (till the mid-1550s) : apprenticeship period. Mid-1550s to 1570: qualification stage. The period from 1570 to his death: master stage. According to Jale Erzen: Sinan's mosques can, for purposes of study, be divided into three quite distinct phases, which here will be labeled pre-classical (1540-55), classical (1555-70), and anticlassical (experimentalist) (1570-85). Pre-Classical Period: these mosques present a clear definition of Sinan's intentions in structure and form-making which find their fully developed expression in the Süleymaniye mosque. Those intentions can be defined as (1) balancing all the parts, (2) making those parts subservient to the hierarchic order, and (3) making that hierarchic order in turn fully dependent on the arrangement of the cover system.
SINAN: PRE-CLASSICAL BUILDINGS
Classical Period: Although the relationships between the two- dimensional shapes are complex, the organization is based on the interplay of volumes. The same variety is seen inside, without, however, destroying the peace and balance provided by the expanse and homogeneity of the space. In Sinan's mosques of the classical period, although visual variety can exist at the lower levels, the meaning of space is not rendered through visual movement, but as one direct total encounter. With the Süleymaniye, Ottoman architecture attained a sophistication and maturity that represent the culmination of an effort to achieve a balanced composition of structure and form.
SINAN: THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Mimar Sinan Süleymaniye Complex, İstanbul, 1550-57 (1) mosque, (2) mausoleum of Süleyman, (3) mausoleum of Hürrem, (4) Koran recitation school, (5) public fountain, (6) elementary school, (7) (8) madrasa, (9) remains of medical school, (10) hospital, (11) hospice, (12) guesthouse, (13) Mimar Sinan's tomb with domed sabil and empty plot of his endowed school and residence, (14) the janissary agha's residence, (15) & (16) madrasa, (17) bathhouse, (18) hadith college, (19) madrasa
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Complex, İstanbul, 1550-57
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Complex, İstanbul, 1550-57
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Complex, İstanbul, 1550-57 courtyard portal
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Mosqsue, İstanbul, 1550-57 courtyard and interior
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Complex, İstanbul, 1550-57 guest housing
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Complex, İstanbul, 1550-57 medical school
Hagia Sophia (532-537) and Süleymaniye (1550-57) Architects in Christian countries may rank themselves above Muslims in technical skill, owing to the failure of the latter to achieve anything approaching the dome of Hagia Sophia. This assertion of insurmountable difficulty has wounded the author of these writings. However, with God s help and the Sultan s mercy, I have succeeded in building a dome for Sultan Selim s mosque which is four ells greater in diameter and six ells higher than that of Hagia Sophia.
Anti-Classical (Experimentalist) Period: In these mosques, the auxiliary space extensions compete with the central space. They attract the eye with their variety of vertical support elements and the light that makes them as bright as the central area. The continuity of space is also reduced by the contrast in height between the side extension and the central space under the dome. The smooth transition from cover to body that created the pyramidal silhouette and the continuous shell-like boundaries of the classical organizations have here begun to disappear... In the hexagonal structures, the outside walls become planar surfaces and grow taller. The great contrast of height between the east and west portions and the space under the dome is distinctive. The visual variety offered by the unequal distribution of light, the lavish tile decoration, and the support elements is new... Vaulting is used for ther first time.
SINAN: THE PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTATION
SINAN: POST-CLASSICAL BUILDINGS
Mimar Sinan Selimiye Complex, Edirne, 1569-75 (1) mosque, (2) madrasa (hadith college), (3) madrasa (Koran recitation school), (4) elementary school, (5) bazaar (arasta)
Mimar Sinan, Selimiye Complex, Edirne, 1569-75
Mimar Sinan, Selimiye Complex, Edirne, 1569-75
Mimar Sinan, Selimiye Complex, Edirne, 1569-75 mosque interior
Mimar Sinan, Selimiye Complex, Edirne, 1569-75 muqarnas niche of mihrab