Contents CHAPTER 1 The parts of speech: the basic labels 1 Defining the parts of speech. 1 Nouns and noun-related parts of speech: 2 Nouns 2 Pronouns 3 Adjectives 3 Prepositions 3 Verbs and verb-related parts of speech 4 Verbs 4 Adverbs 4 Other parts of speech 5 Conjunctions 5 Interjections 5 Phrasal "parts of speech" 7 Phrases 7 Clauses 9 Independent and dependent clauses 9 Terms 11 CHAPTER 2 The parts of speech: the basic functions 14 Transitive, intransitive, and copular verbs 14 Direct objects and subject complements. 17 Indirect objects and object complements 23 Terms 28 CHAPTER 3 The English word formation system 33 Identifying morphemes. 33 Practical English Grammar 6
Classifying morphemes: roots, affixes, and so on 37 Inflectional versus derivational. 38 Collocations 48 Terms 50 CHAPTER 4 Verb forms, constructions, and labels 56 The basic verb forms 56 The principal parts of the verb 57 Labelling tense-aspect constructions 59 Labelling tense-aspect constructions: the formula 60 Tense-aspect labels: some examples 61 Finite verbs, infinitives, and non-finite verb forms 68 Terms 70 Some Teaching Notes 72 Total Physical Response 72 Washing Your Hands 72 CHAPTER 5 The tenses: A general overview 80 Temporal setting, tense, and aspect. 80 The past time axis and the past tenses 83 The present time axis and the present tenses 88 Terms 92 CHAPTER 6 A text 94 CHAPTER 7 The individual tenses in detail 99 The present tenses 99 Some sample materials 103 Teaching the present perfect 104 The past tenses (review) 108 The "future" tenses 110 7 Practical English Grammar
Examples and Exercises 111 Showing overlap or a flashback to something earlier? 112 Present perfect 113 Future or present? 114 Other 115 Teaching notes: 122 Terms 122 CHAPTER 8 The passive 125 Passive voice 125 The use of the passive 131 1. The mugger 131 2. "Processing Milk" (Ronald White) 134 3. "How fish is canned" (also from Ronald White) 135 4. "Hit your neighbor" 136 The meaning of the passive 136 Teaching implications 139 139 Terms 139 CHAPTER 9 The modals and the conditionals 142 The modals and tense 142 Some tense-aspect labelling exercises. 144 The meanings of modals 148 The conditionals and how to teach them 152 Materials: Will it fall, or won't it? 155 Terms 159 CHAPTER 10 Other verb usage patterns 162 I. Indirect address 162 II. The future tense and subordinate adverbial clauses 163 Practical English Grammar 8
III. Progressive, past, and perfect participles 163 IV. Determination by other elements of the sentence 170 After a preposition 170 After certain adjectives 170 After certain verbs 171 Exercise 9.4: Governed verb forms 171 Exercise 9.5: A summary of tenses, modals, and other verb forms 172 Terms 174 CHAPTER 11 Adverbs (and adverbials) 179 Adverb types 180 I. Adjuncts 180 Adverbs showing time, place, manner, and so on 181 Intensifiers (expressing degree) 181 Too...to versus very: a digression 182 Focussing adjuncts: only, even, just 183 II. Conjuncts 185 Sentence compounding: correlative conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs 185 III. Disjuncts 186 Adverbs and subject-verb inversion 187 Terms 188 CHAPTER 12 The article system 190 Articles 190 The three article patterns: the forms 190 The meaning of the articles 193 Other notes: 194 Referential or generic? 195 Teaching the difference: an example 197 Terms 201 9 Practical English Grammar
CHAPTER 13 Prepositions 203 Free prepositions 203 Spatial prepositions 203 Time prepositions 204 Other prepositions 205 Governed prepositional choice 205 Prepositions governed by nouns 206 Prepositions governed by adjectives 206 Prepositions governed by verbs 206 Verbs with attached particles (Phrasal verbs) 207 Prepositions and cause-effect indicators 211 Terms 212 CHAPTER 14 Nouns and pronouns 216 Personal pronouns (=Definite) 216 Subject pronouns. 216 Object pronouns. 216 Possessive pronouns. 217 Reflexive pronouns. 217 Indefinite pronouns 218 Definite versus indefinite pronouns 218 Demonstrative pronouns 219 Terms 219 CHAPTER 15 Countables and uncountables 220 Countables 220 Uncountables 221 Distinguishing between countable and uncountable 221 Terms 225 Practical English Grammar 10
CHAPTER 16 Clauses within clauses 227 Relative clauses 228 Relative pronouns 228 Relative clause types 228 Reduced counterparts to relative clauses 232 Complementizers 233 Psychological verbs 240 Verb + -ing as nouns, verbs, and adjectives 240 Terms 242 CHAPTER 17 Analyzing texts: a teachable skill 247 Kennedy's inaugural address. 247 Asimov's "Fuel forever" 254 Student essays 258 Terms 265 CHAPTER 18 Spelling 267 English Spelling: Sounds and word parts. 267 Spelling: the -ie- / -ei- mess 269 Spelling 270 Spelling prefixes 271 Consonant doubling 272 The not-so-silent 'Silent' -e 274 A well-known spelling list 275 Terms 277 CHAPTER 19 An appendix: the sound system of English 280 The sound system 280 Transcriptions 281 Minimal pairs 281 Consonants 282 11 Practical English Grammar
Vowels 291 Short and long vowels 292 Transcription summary {from Mary Haas} 295 Classroom applications 300 Intonation 300 Teaching sound distinctions 301 Selective listening through the cloze procedure 303 Terms 306 Practical English Grammar 12
13 Practical English Grammar