Links to Objectives DEFINITION OF LEARNING LO 5.1 OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 2) LO 5.8 ling behavior and resistance LO 5.9 Behavior modification CLASSICAL CONDITIONING LO 5.2 Study of and important elements LO 5.3 Conditioned emotional response OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 1) LO 5.4, Skinner and Thorndike LO 5.5 Important concepts LO 5.6 ment problems LO 5.7 ment schedules COGNITIVE LEARNING LO 5.10 Latent learning, helplessness and insight OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING LO 5.11 Observational learning theory Definition of 1
LO 5.1 e a r n i n g Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience What does relatively permanent mean? How does experience change what we do? Conditioning Pavlov and Conditioning 5.2 How was classical conditioning first studied and what are the important elements? Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physiologist Discovered classical conditioning Reflexes, stimuli & responses 2
of Conditioning STIMULUS RESPONSE CONDITIONED (learned) UNCONDITIONED (unlearned) RESPONSE STIMULUS Putting It Together Conditioned Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Conditioned No Response GENERALIZATION & DISCRIMINATION CS during conditioning 3
Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery Acquisition CS + US Extinction CS alone Extinction CS alone Amount of spontaneous recovery TRIALS REST TRIALS Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) 5.5 What is a conditioned emotional response? SIGHT OF LOVER KISS RACING HEART Other Conditioned Responses 4
Why does classical conditioning work? Pavlov believed that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal s brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. He called this process stimulus substitution. -Page 187 (Ciccarelli & White) Conditioning What s in it for me? 5.4 How does operant conditioning occur? Who were Skinner and Thorndike? conditioning voluntary behavior learned through consequences Thorndike s Law of Effect responses followed f ll d by b pleasurable consequences are repeated Thorndike s puzzle box 5
Skinner s Contribution B. F. Skinner 1904-1990 Studied observable, measurable behavior operant voluntary behavior learning depends on consequences The Heart Of Conditioning learning a reflex really depends on what comes before the response the antecedant. But in operant conditioning, learning depends on what happens after the response the consequence. In a way, operant conditioning could be summed up as this: If I do this, what s in it for me? -Pages 189, 190 (Ciccarelli & White) Any consequence that makes a response more likely einforcement 6
ment 5.5 What are the important concepts in operant conditioning? Primary reinforcer meeting a basic biological need or drive Secondary reinforcing via pairing with primary reinforcer S-R-S () Theory Antecedant Stimulus Final exam for culinary arts school Pass cooking test and graduate Consequent Stimulus Choose to spend time preparing Response Different Types of ment Positive addition of pleasurable stimulus Negative removal, escape or avoidance of aversive stimulus 7
vs. Any consequence that makes a response less likely unishment Different Types of ment Application addition of unpleasant stimulus Removal removal of pleasurable stimulus ment by removal vs. negative reinforcement 8
ment Problems 5.6 What are some of the problems with using punishment? Severe punishment, fear and anxiety Severe punishment and avoidance Modeling of aggression Making ment More Effective of ment: FR 5.7 What are the schedules of reinforcement? Fixed Ratio FR: same number of desired responses required Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Rapid response rate with short pauses Variable Interval 9
of ment: VR Fixed Ratio VR: number of responses required varies for each event Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Rapid rate without pauses Variable Interval of ment: FI Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio FI: always same time before reinforcement opportunity Long pauses occur after reinforcement Fixed Interval Variable Interval of ment: VI Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio VI: ment possibilities after varying amounts of time Slower, steady rate without pauses Fixed Interval Variable Interval 10
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