Infant Cognition & Memory. Knowledge about Objects. Knowledge about Objects. Paradigms Search behavior Habituation Emotional reactions
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1 Infant Cognition & Memory Knowledge about Objects Knowledge about Objects Paradigms Search behavior Habituation Emotional reactions
2 Piaget s Theory Constructivist Schema - blueprint for action Reflexes are basic schemas that can develop Processes of Adaptation Assimilation: Incorporate into existing schemas Accommodation: Modification of existing schema. Balance between these is called equilibration Development occurs in stages Discontinuous Sensory Motor is the infant stage Sensori-motor Stage Interaction with and knowledge of the word based on perception and action Infants initially lack ability to form mental representations - develops over 24 mo. Divides stage into 6 substages (p. 163) Major Development Growth of Representation
3 Out of sight out of mind Search Behavior (Piaget) Object permanence task Basic SearchTask 1. Show toy 2. Cover with cloth 3. Can baby find it? A not B Search task 1. As above 2. Subsequent trial hide toy in new location 3. Can baby find it?
4 Where is it? Development of Object Permanence (p. 191) 8 mos. Search for hidden objects Still make A-not-B error mos. Search for objects observed moved (Visible Displacements) mos. Search for objects even if not seen moved (Hidden Displacements) Nativist Accounts Knowledge of objects present MUCH earlier Habituation paradigm
5 Habituation Repeatedly present stimulus Until looking time decreases Present new display Assess looking time (AND reaction) Habituation By 3.5 months, infants recognize impossible events Baillargeon
6 Result 1. Surprise 2. Longer looking time Is it really because the event is impossible or is it novelty? Cashon & Cohen Co-vary novelty and possibility Procedure 1. Habituate to 180 through block (impossible) 2. Test on 180 through block (impossible) and 180 with no block (possible) Result Look longer at the possible (but novel) event
7 Further Evidence... That Piaget was uh wrong. Plexiglass covers (Butterworth, Yates) Length of delay (Diamond) Looking-action mismatch (A not B error) (Diamond) Inhibition of motor response Example: E hides toy in well on right, baby finds it. Then. Conclusion What Develops? Memory? Inhibition? Graded knowledge?
8 Knowledge of Number Wynn (habituation) Test Trials 1 doll 2 dolls
9 Test Trials 1 doll 2 dolls Infant Memory Physiological responses Imitation Operant conditioning Operant Conditioning 1. Baseline of an action 2. Introduce reinforcement 3. Record infant action
10 Infant Memory Standard Procedure (Rovee-Collier) Subjects 2, 3, or 6-mos. old infants Procedure Baseline kicking measure Trained to kick to make a mobile move Time delay Re-introduce mobile/crib (not attached) Measure kicking behavior Infants are to remember either what is on mobile (Object) or...what is on sides (Context)
11 15 min/ 2 days Baseline kicking rate 2 Infant learns that kicking moves mobile 3 Assess kicking rate 4 Some time passes... 5 Present same or different mobile/crib assess kicking rate (Long term retention) 6 Present reinforcement again (control) 7 Extinction again Measures Baseline Response = rate at delayed test (#5) rate at baseline (#1) Example: 5 kicks in baseline vs 20 at test: BR=4 Retention Ratio = rate at delayed test (#5) rate at immediate test Example: 20 kicks at delay vs 40 immediate: RR=.5 Mean Retention Ratios 6-mo-olds No Forgetting Retention Interval (Days)
12 How long can babies remember? 2 mos. 2-3 days 3 mos. 6-8 days 6 mos days However...retention highly sensitive to parameters of training Distribution of training minutes 2-9 min vs 3-6 min sessions Adding a session or prolonging a single session How exact is their memory? Change 1 item in 5-item mobile, 2-3 mos. old will NOT remember at 1 day Encoding specificity hypothesis
13 Reactivation Procedure Expose infant to reminder Feature of mobile Feature of context (crib) Time Passage BL A Test Test RA R-E Reminder Time Windows
14 Do reminders help? Yes, but... 2 months Reactivation at 3 weeks, but not 4 3 months Reactivation at 4 weeks, but not 5 6 months Almost 3 months Limited period of time New memory consolidate with old Strengthens memory trace If beyond window - 2 separate events Does not affect memory strength Further... Developmental differences in TIME it takes to retrieve a memory 3 months 8 hrs. after reminder before reactivated memories emerge; complete recovery takes 3 days 6 months, 1 hr. before emerge, 4 hrs. complete
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