ABB_PPMV_Modular Systems Product Group, May 2012 Energy Storage Modules Developing a smarter grid using battery energy storage systems. May 31, 2012 Slide 1
Smart Grid Value Concept A smart grid is an electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information about the behavior of all components in order to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity services.
Smart Grid Value Priorities based on Customer Value Drivers Increased Capacity increase power delivery using existing infrastructure Improved Reliability reduce number and duration of outages, increase asset life Greater Efficiency improve power factor, perform voltage management, provide bidirectional power flow Sustainability solutions for distributed generation as well as increased usable life of assets through performance monitoring and analytics Interoperability and Integration of New Technologies: Storage, Wireless communications, FDIR, VVM, Monitoring/Diagnostics
Smart Grid Value Let s analyze the challenges of the grid Demand response is an established strategy for leveling load. There is no question but that the cheapest way to level load is to persuade electricity consumers to turn on and off their electrical appliances, whether they be heavy machinery, air conditioners, or electric vehicles, at exactly the right times The objective of the electricity service is to provide consumers with safe, reliable electricity on demand. Consumers should be free to use electricity whenever they like. It must be the grid that accommodates the consumer.
Network Challenges May 31, 2012 Slide 5
Network Challenges Power Generation and Consumption Utility Power Flow Power distribution reliability will always be concern and challenge for utilities, industrials and consumer end users. Minimize the Power Interruptions Reduce the effect of Power Interruptions Improve performance Users May 31, 2012 Slide 6
Network Challenges Balance: Energy Generated = Energy Consumed generation consumption The electricity market requires that power generation and consumption are perfectly balanced. The challenge is to maintain a near realtime balance between generation and consumption. May 31, 2012 Slide 7
Network Challenges Power Generation and Consumption Ideal Scenario kw f / V Utility ideal users: Flat Power Demand t Users ideal Power Source: Constant Voltage and Frequency t May 31, 2012 Slide 8
Network Challenges Reality Loads are not flat, Frequency shall be regulated 25 20 15 10 Demand in MW 5 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time of the day Typical Electrical Energy Consumption Pattern / Commercial May 31, 2012 Slide 9
Network Challenges Efficient electrical energy use = Deferral of Investments If the demand peaks are shaved > higher load factors: Demand in MW Deferral of new generation capacity Deferral of new transformer Deferral of new distribution and transmission lines Reduce fuel use > Increase environmental benefits 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 7:00 8:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 10:00 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 11:00 PM 12:00 May 31, 2012 Slide 10
Network Challenges Energy balance challenge Balancing generation and load instantaneously and continuously is difficult because the loads and generator are constantly fluctuating 3250 3150 3050 2950 2850 2750 2650 2550 2450 7:00 7:05 7:10 7:15 7:20 2350 7:25 7:30 7:35 7:40 7:45 7:50 7:55 8:00 8:05 8:10 8:15 8:20 8:25 8:30 Load in MW Generation in MW May 31, 2012 Slide 11
Network Challenges Regulation key point in the energy balance Regulation helps to balance the generation and load within the control area 50 40 30 20 10 Regulation in MW 0-10 7:00 7:05 7:10 7:15 7:20 7:25 7:30 7:35 7:40 7:45 7:50 7:55 8:00 8:05 8:10 8:15 8:20 8:25 8:30-20 -30-40 May 31, 2012 Slide 12
Network Challenges Regulation requires fast response time Match generation to load within the control range Fast response time (<1 minute), Duration typically 10 minutes. Power Flow Utility Regulation kw Regulation injection of Active Power Users May 31, 2012 Slide 13
Network Challenges Spinning reserve: injection of active power The unused capacity which can be activated on the decision of the system operator. Response time: seconds to 10 minutes. Duration from 10 to 120 minutes. Power Flow Utility Spinning Reserve kw Spinning Reserve (Active Power) Users May 31, 2012 Slide 14
Network Challenges Renewable source of energy = Variability Proliferation of intermittent renewable energy around the world such as wind and solar energy "Courtesy of Dr Frank S Barnes - University of Colorado at Boulder"
Network Challenges Faults in the system It is not practical to design and build electrical networks so as to completely eliminate the possibility of failure in operation. A fault occurs when actual current flows from one phase conductor to another (phase-to-phase) or alternatively from one phase conductor to earth (phase-to-earth). Overloading - leading to overheating of insulation (deteriorating quality, reduced life and ultimate failure). Overvoltage - stressing the insulation beyond its limits. Under frequency - causing plant to behave incorrectly. Power swings - generators going out-of-step or synchronism with each other. May 31, 2012 Slide 16
Network Challenges Cost of Power Interruptions According to a 2004 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study, understanding the Cost of Power Interruptions to U.S. Electricity Consumers, sustained and momentary interruptions on the grid system cost the national economy $80 billion annually. The commercial and industrial (C&I) sectors, the engine of our national economy, bear 98 of these costs. Total Loss due to Power Interruptions Commercial 25% Industrial 72% Residential 3% May 31, 2012 Slide 17
What is Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)? From DC to 3 phase Voltage Network Power Converter rectifies the AC energy into DC to store in the batteries and then invert the DC energy into AC energy.
Components of BESS system The energy inverted into AC power can be connected to the electrical network at low (<1000 Volts) or medium voltage(<40.5 kv). Inverters rectify the AC energy into DC to store in the batteries and then invert the DC energy into AC energy, single or three phase at 50 or 60 Hertz. Some of the battery types are: Lead-acid, Li-Ion, Ni-Cd, Zinc Bromine, NaCl-Ni among others. The BMS (Battery Management System) measures the battery parameters to control the operation in order to extend the battery life and increase the safety of the system.
BESS Improves the performance, capacity and reliability of the grid How? May 31, 2012 Slide 21
BESS Contribution to the Network Regulation Provider: Fast injection of active power Power Flow Utility Active Power for Regulation Users Battery Energy Storage System May 31, 2012 Slide 22
BESS Contribution to the Network Reliability: stable and continuous power supply regardless of the supply source status. Storage will allow loads to operate through outages Utility Power Flow X Failure in the main line source or transformer X KW from the Energy Storage System Users May 31, 2012 Slide 23
BESS Contribution to the Network Reliability: stable and continuous power supply regardless of the supply source status. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study found that 67% of total economic losses are due to the frequency of short-term, momentary interruptions of service of five minutes or less. With several hours of discharge capacity BESS reduce customer vulnerability to grid events by: Provide a backup source of electricity during short-duration events Provide ride-through service during sustained interruptions greater than five minutes and upward of a few hours in duration = Avoid customer economic losses due to power failure. May 31, 2012 Slide 24
BESS Contribution to the Network Improving the efficiency with which electrical energy is being used Demand profile 1 Demand profile 2 Demand in MW Demand in MW 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cooling Load Other Loads 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cooling Load Other Loads 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM Area under the curve = energy consumed. Same energy consumed for profile 1 and 2 Demand profile 2 is more efficient, same energy consumed but lower peak demand. Load Factor = Energy Used in KW-hr / Time (hours in billing period) Maximum Demand in kw Load Factor profile 2 >load factor profile 1 May 31, 2012 Slide 25
BESS Contribution to the Network Allows the implementation of Demand Management actions to achieve an efficient use of electrical energy Benefits: a) Commercial and Industrial customers reduce their energy charges by improving their load factor b) Utilities reduce the operational cost of generating power in peak periods (reducing the need for peaking units) c) Investment in infrastructure is delayed because the system has flatter loads with smaller peaks. May 31, 2012 Slide 26
BESS Contribution to the Network Efficient use of electrical energy, Smart Grid Demand in MW Demand in MW 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7:00 Cooling Load 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 PM Other Loads 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 PM Cooling Load Other Loads 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM For utilities this means lowering the generation cost and maximize the assets of the network such as transformers and the power grids For users is to lower the electrical bills through the management of the energy consumption and demand May 31, 2012 Slide 27
BESS Contribution to the Network Efficient electrical energy use = Deferral of Investments If the demand peaks are shaved > higher load factors: Demand in MW Deferral of new generation capacity Deferral of new transformer Deferral of new distribution and transmission lines Reduce fuel use > Increase environmental benefits 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 7:00 8:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 10:00 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 10:00 PM Demand provided by BESS 11:00 PM 12:00 May 31, 2012 Slide 28
Why is Energy Storage needed in the Wind and Solar energy Sources? Renewable energy sources like wind and solar may be part of the solution to improve the environment, but they come at cost, They are sporadic and erratic. Wind and Solar energy is identified as a not dispatchable. In the other hand Thermal and hydro generation are design to operate continuously, delivering power to the load. This is call dispatchable power, meaning the generator can be turned on and off as needed. Without energy storage renewable power can not replace coal, natural gas and nuclear generation on a megawatt-for-megawatt basis. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that, for every gigawatt (GW) of wind capacity added, 17 megawatts (MW) of spinning reserves must also be built to account for the system s variability. Also, utilities are building capacity to meet so-called needle peaks in electricity usage that occur for only a few hours per year. It is expensive and inefficient to size capacity to these peaks and energy storage technologies can play a large role in supplanting peaking generation ABB Group May 31, 2012 Slide 30
BESS Contribution to the Network Solar generation s capacity peak "Courtesy of George Gurlaskie Progress Energy" Load Solar Generation Solar generation peak is not aligned with load s demand peak
BESS Contribution to the Network Renewable Energy Capacity Firming Reducing intermittency of renewable sources " Courtesy of Sandia National Lab" Reduce the intermittency of the renewable generation, by discharging or charging active power, making easier the integration of renewable sources to the grid. Distributed Energy Storage (DES) is smoothing the slope of the solar farm power generation variability. The solar farm power is showed in blue, the DES system power in green and the smoothed output is showed in red.
BESS Contribution to the Network Injection of reactive power Power Factor (PF) = KW/ KVA Lagging power factors of less than 1.0 are caused by inductive load devices which requires reactive power to supply the magnetizing currents. Without corrective measures, this reactive power flows back and forth between the loads and power source, requiring greater generating capacity and larger infrastructure. May 31, 2012 Slide 33
BESS Contribution to the Network Injection of reactive power Power Flow Source VARs for Reactive compensation Loads Battery Energy Storage System May 31, 2012 Slide 34
BESS Contribution to the Network Injection of reactive power KVA1 =157 Power Flow Source Load= 94 kw PF1 =0.6 May 31, 2012 Slide 35
BESS Contribution to the Network Injection of reactive power KVA1 =157 KVA2=111 Power Flow Source VARs for Reactive compensation Battery Energy Storage System Load= 94 kw PF1 =0.6 PF2=0.85 May 31, 2012 Slide 36
Why BESS makes the grid smarter? The additional electrical power provided by BESS helps the network to overcome the operational issues and enhance its performance. Frequency Regulation Utility Control of line congestion caused by temporary overloads or the increasing demand of electrical vehicles Integration of the renewable sources of energy Users Efficient use of electrical Energy by shaving the demand peaks and load shifting Continuous Power May 31, 2012 Slide 37
Summary BESS is a technology which contributes to raise the efficiency at every stage of the energy chain by: Increasing the capacity factor of generation, transmission and distributions assets Improving the uniformity and efficiency with which electrical energy is being used Raising Power Quality with better voltage and frequency regulation as well as minimum interruptions Increasing the capacity factor of renewable energy sources in order to make clean energy available for longer periods Providing a reliable source of energy to communities The electrical energy stored is used for minutes up to several hours, when electric power is most needed or most valuable for the network. BESS makes the grid smarter by giving the option to use the electrical power when it has the biggest impact in the network s performance.
ABB Group May 31, 2012 Slide 39