A/517312 DEEP-SEA FISHERIES OF INDIA Vol.2 DR. G. SUDHAKARA RAO M.Sc., Ph.D. Foreword by DR. G.LUTHER M.Sc., Ph.D., FMBAI Former Head of Pelagic Fisheries Division Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute B.R. PUBLISHING CORPORATION DELHI-110 052
Contents 8. Deep-Sea Lobster Fishery of the Andamans 257 8.1 Geographical Distribution 257 8.2 Distinctive Characteristics 258 8.3 Exploratory Surveys., 258 8.4 Commercial Operations 258 ' 8.5 Processing 259 8.6 Marketing 259 9. Operations of Charter Fishing Fleets 261, 9.1 Advantages of Chartering 261 9.2 Monitoring of Charter Operations 262 9.3 Types of Vessels and Techniques 263 9.3.1 Tuna Longliners 264 9.3.2 Stern Trawlers. 273 9.3.3 Pair Trawlers 278 9.4 Closure of Charter Scheme 283 10. Joint Ventures with Foreign Companies 285 10.1 Joint Ventures: Benefits to Host Country 286 10.2 The Problems and Prospects of Joint Ventures 287 10.3 Joint Ventures in Deep-Sea Fishing 288 10.3.1 New India Fisheries Limited 289 10.3.2 Survey by M.T. Murena 290 10.3.3 M/s. Kelbex International Limited, Delhi 291 10.3.4 Peejay Indo-Bulgarian Fisheries Ltd., Delhi 291 10.3.5 Tata Oil Mills Co., Bombay (TOMCO) 291 10.3.6 Golden Hind Shipping (India) Pvt. Ltd. 292 10.3.7 Britannia Industries, Bombay 293 10.3.8 Indus Foods 293 10.3.9 Ting Tai India 296 10.3.10 Kali Sea Food Exports Limited 296 10.3.11 Policies of the Government 296 10.3.12 Recent Notifications on Joint Ventures 298 11. Poaching by Foreign Fishing Vessels in the Indian EEZ 301 11.1 Poaching Fleets and their Operations 301
vi Deep-Sea Fisheries of India 11.1.1 The Operations of Stern Trawlers 302 11.1.2 Bull Trawlers 303 11.1.3 Driftnet Fishing 303 11.2 Evidence of Poaching 303 11.3 Surveillance by Coast Guard 303 11.4 Poaching by Chartered Vessels 305 12. The High Seas Tuna Longline Fishing by Indian Fishing Fleets 307 12.1 Development of Longlining in Indian Ocean 308 12.2 Exploratory Longline Fishing by Indian Vessels 310 12.2.1 Southwest Coast 310 12.2.2 Northwest Coast 316 12.2.3 Southeast Coast 324 12.2.4 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 326 12.2.5 Lakshadweep Islands 333 12.3 Joint Ventures in Tuna Longlining 334 12.3.1 Fishing Falcons 334 12.3.2 Samura Maritime 335 12.3.3 Bay Liners Limited 336 12.3.4 Oceanic Tuna Production in the Indian EEZ 336 12.4 Longlining by Medium Shrimp Trawlers 337 13. Squid Jigging Explorations 339 13.1 Squid Jigging in Neretic Waters 339 13.1.1 Fishing Vessel and Gear 340 13.1.2 Fishing Operations 340 13.1.3 Area and Period of Operation 341 13.1.4 Distribution and Abundance of Neretic Squids 343 13.2 Jigging Experiments in Oceanic Waters 344 13.3 Squid Jigging Operations Off Gujarat Coast 345 13.4 Jigging Operations during 1988-98 346 13.5 General Remarks 346 14. By-catch and Discards 349 14.1 Discarding of By-catch 350 14.2 By-catch of Prawn Fisheries 350 14.2.1 By-catch Discards at Visakhapatnam 351 14.2.2 Discards of By-catch by Chennai Trawlers 355 14.2.3 By-catches of West Coast 355 14.2.4 Juveniles in the By-catch 355 14.3 By-catch Reduction Devices 356 14.3.1 By-catch Reduction Devices in Other Countries 356 14.3.2 By-catch Reduction Devices in India 358 14.4 By-catch in Groundfish Fisheries 359 14.5 By-catch in Tuna Fisheries 360 14.5.1 Tuna Purse-seines in Western Indian Ocean 360
Contents vii 14.5.2 South Pacific Tuna Fishery 360 14.5.3 By-catch of Tuna Longliners in Indian Waters 361 14.6 Suggestions to Reduce By-catch 362 15. The Deep-Sea Fishery Policy 363 15.1 Coastal Fishing Policy 364 15.1.1 Marine Fishery Regulatory Acts 365 15.2 Deep-Sea Fishing Policy 366 15.2.1 Development of Deep-Sea Fishing Fleet 366 15.2.2 Declaration of Exclusive Economic Zone 367 15.2.3 Charter of Foreign Fishing Vessels 368 15.2.4 The Revised Policy of 1986 376 15.2.5 The New Deep-Sea Fishing Policy of 1991. 380 15.3 Draft National Fisheries Policy. ' 387 15.3.1 Gopakumar Committee Report 387 15.3.2 Special Import Licences 387 15.3.3 The Flag of Convenience Route 388 15.3.4 New Guidelines 389 15.4 Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy 389 15.4.1 Reactions from Different Sectors 392 15.4.2 National Fisheries Development Board 392 15.4.3 National Marine Fisheries Development Board 393 15.4.4 Union Ministry of Fisheries 393 15.4.5 Training in Fishing Skills 394 15.5 General Remarks 395 16. Conservation and Management of Marine Fishery Resources 397 16.1 Management Objectives 399 16.2 Physical Assets 399 16.3 Development of the Fishery 400 16.3.1 The Production Trends 402 16.3.2 Increase in Fishing Intensity 405 16.3.3 Conflicts between Fishing Fleets 407 16.3.4 Production vis-a-vis Resource Potential 408 16.4 Biological Studies 408 16.4.1 Estimation of Potential Resources 409 16.4.2 Estimation of Growth Parameters 410 16.4.3 Tendencies of Overfishing 411 16.4.4 Variations in the Biological Factors 417 16.5 Methods of Stock Assessment 420 16.5.1 The Stock Concept 420 16.5.2 Fish Stock Assessment Models 420 16.6 Studies on Stock Estimates 423 16.6.1 Reasons for Discrepancies in the Estimates 428 16.6.2 Predictive Models 429 16.6.3 Meaningful Research Planning 430
viii Deep-Sea Fisheries of India 16.6.4 Interactions with Fishermen 431 16.6.5 Models of Trophic Dynamics 431 16.7 Management Strategies 432 16.7.1 Maximum Sustainable Yield 433 16.7.2 Maximum Economic Yield 433 16.7.3 Fishing to Biological Reference Points 435 16.7A Maintaining Spawning Stocks 435 16.7.5 Regulation of Mesh Size 436 16.7.6 Closed Areas 440 16.7.7 Regulation of Fishing Areas 441 16.7.8 Fishery Closed Seasons 441 16.7.9 Size Limits (Minimum Legal Lengths) 450 16.7.10 Control of the Amount of Fishing 451 16.8 Over Capacity and Overcapitalization 455 16.8.1 Over Capacity in World Fisheries 455 16.8.2 Over Capacity in Indian Fisheries 456 16.8.3 Technology Creep 456 16.9 Management of Shared Fish Stocks 457 16.10 By-catch and Discards 460 16.11 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 460 16.12 General Remarks/Conclusions 463 17. Conclusions and Remarks 465 References 471 Index 515