Europe After Napoleon 1815-1871
Europe after Napoleon Industrialization Reorganization of Europe Political Ideologies and Nationalism
Reorganization of Europe The Congress of Vienna Controlled by 4 of the 5 Great Powers of Europe Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia Guided by Klemens von Metternich (foreign minister of Austria)
Reorganization of Europe Metternich s goals: Reestablish the legitimate monarchs of Europe Prevent future French aggression Establish a new balance of power in order to keep any one country from dominating Europe
Reorganization of Europe Results of the Congress of Vienna 1. Territorial Changes: Kingdom of Netherlands formed Created the German Confederation (dominated by Austria) Switzerland recognized as an independent nation Kingdom of Sardinia annexed Genoa
Reorganization of Europe 2. Rulers reestablished The brother of Louis XVI of France became the constitutional monarch of France as Louis XVIII. Bourbon rulers placed on the thrones of Spain and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Various members of Hapsburg family established as rulers of the northern Italian states.
Reorganization of Europe 3. The Concert of Europe The Great Powers met regularly in order to maintain peace in Europe All, except Britain, accepted the principle of intervention
1. Political Ideologies A. Conservatism: Based on tradition and the desire for stability Believed in obedience to authority and the importance of religion for an orderly society Generally rejected individual rights and representative governments Popular view among royalty, nobility, and the very wealthy.
B. Liberalism Greatly influenced by the Enlightenment Held that people should be as free as possible from government restraints Desired the protection of basic civil liberties (freedoms of assembly, speech, and press) Believed in religious toleration and a separation of church and state Wanted constitutions and representative legislatures elected by people who owned property A popular view among middle class merchants, business leaders, and professionals
C. Radicalism Desired total democracy and the abolition of monarchies Popular among urban workers, intellectuals, and students
2. Nationalism The belief that one s greatest loyalty is to a nation of people, not a king or an empire Nation: a people who share a common culture or history Nation-state: a nation that also has its own independent government
3. Impact: A. 1830 Charles X of France was removed in favor of a Constitutional monarchy under King Louis Philippe Belgium rebelled against the Netherlands and created an independent state Greece gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire Rebellions in Poland and northern Italy were unsuccessful in freeing themselves from Russian and Austrian control
B. 1848 multiple revolutions in Europe France the monarchy overthrown Louis Napoleon elected president of the new republic German states liberals formed the Frankfurt Assembly Unsuccessfully tried to unify Germany under a constitutional government Austrian Empire revolutions by Hungarians and Czechs were crushed Revolutions in northern Italy were also unsuccessful
C. Why were most of the 1848 revolutions unsuccessful? Liberals and Radical pursued different goals In the confusion and disagreement, Conservatives were able to retake power.
4. Success of Nationalism A. Unification of Italy and Germany -- the use of realpolitik 1) Italy Cavour» Prime Minister of Sardinia» Instigated war with Austria» Assisted Garibaldi in the south» Convinced Garibaldi to relinquish his areas of success to create a unified Italy The new Kingdom of Italy created with Victor Emmanuel as king
2) Germany Otto von Bismarck» Prime minister of Prussia» instigated a war against Denmark» Instigate a war with Austria» Created the North German Confederation» Instigated war with France (Franco- Prussian)» Forced southern Germans to join the confederation» Humiliated France Created the new German Empire
B. Great Britain Avoided revolution by granting reforms that gave most industrial workers the right to vote C. Austria Compromise of 1866 created a dual monarchy of Austro-Hungary which included two separate constitutional governments
D. Russia In 1861 Czar Alexander II emancipated the serfs, and carried out other reforms But he was assassinated in 1881 and his son rejected his reforms. E. France In 1852 Louis Napoleon became emperor by plebiscite.
5. Why did Nationalism have some success after 1848? A. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe Crimean War of 1853 Austro-Prussian War of 1866 B. Use of realpolitik by Conservatives (Cavour and Bismarck)