Findings from the Spring 2015 Sexual Assault and Relationship Violence Study

Findings from the Spring 2015 Sexual Assault and Relationship Violence Study Janel Sutkus, PhD Director, Institutional Research and Analysis jsutkus@cmu.edu 8/8729

TABLE OF CONTENTS Study development and administration 4 Notes on the measurements 6 Major findings of the study 7 Completed sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 8 Attempted sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 13 Relationship between completed and attempted sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 18 Affiliation of perpetrator in sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 19 Telling others about completed and attempted sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 20 Reasons for not reporting completed or attempted sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 23 Completed sexual assault experiences before enrolling at CMU 25 Attempted assault experiences before enrolling at CMU 28 Relationship between completed and attempted sexual assault experiences before enrolling at CMU 31 Telling others about completed and attempted sexual assault experiences since enrolling at CMU 32 Completed sexual assault experiences committed since enrolling at CMU 33 Attempted sexual assault experiences committed since enrolling at CMU 34 Relationship between completed and attempted sexual assault experiences committed since enrolling at CMU 35 Experiences indicative of relationship violence since enrolling at CMU 36 Telling others about experiences indicative of relationship violence since enrolling at CMU 39 Experiences indicative of relationship violence before enrolling at CMU 41 Behaviors indicative of relationship violence committed since enrolling at CMU 44 Opinions of CMU s message regarding sexual assault and relationship violence 47 Opinions of CMU s provision of sexual assault and relationship violence resources and support 51 Agreement with items related to consent 54 Responses in bystander situations 58 3

STUDY DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION PROJECT SCOPE: The scope of this study was set in October 2014 by a campus-wide advisory committee: Gina Casalegno, Dean of Student Affairs Dick Tucker, Professor of Modern Languages and Title IX Coordinator John Hannon, Associate Dean of Students Jim Mercolini, Deputy General Counsel Dan Munsch, Assistant General Counsel Holly Hippensteel, Assistant Dean of Students Lucas Christain, Coordinator of Greek and Upperclass Life Jess Klein, Coordinator of Gender and Sexual Violence Programming Janel Sutkus, Director of Institutional Research and Analysis We decided to limit the scope of this investigation to sexual assault and relationship violence, and to address issues related to sexual harassment and stalking in a subsequent project to be administered in October 2015. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: A smaller team (Sutkus, Hippensteel, Christain, and Klein) met in November and December of 2014 to create the set of research questions that would guide the study: What are students experiences with sexual assault and relationship violence? What are students behaviors around sexual assault and relationship violence? How often have students observed typical warning signs related to sexual assault? How have students responded to typical warning signs related to sexual assault? How well has CMU conveyed its position regarding sexual assault and relationship violence? How well has CMU delivered on its position regarding sexual assault and relationship violence? What are students attitudes related to sexual assault and relationship violence? What are the relationships between all of the above and student characteristics? DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING: I created the survey items to address each of these questions and pilot-tested them in February 2015 with three groups undergraduate and graduate students. I also made pre-study presentations with other members of the research question team to the Student Government Executive Branch, the SARV-P Committee of Student Government, and the Survivors Support Network. 4

ADMINISTRATION: The survey was administered between April 5 and 29, 2015. All Pittsburgh students were invited to participate. The emailed invitation and survey instruction page provided details of the study, including the sensitive nature of the questions and the potential to be upsetting to respondents. I included links to on- and off-campus support resources at the bottom on each survey screen and recommended to respondents that they complete the survey in a location in which others could not view the responses on their screen. Kurt Kumler, PhD, Director of Counseling and Psychological Services, reviewed all messages for sensitivity of language and accuracy. RESPONSE RATES: The total response rate was 34.4%. Degree level response rates were 37.1% (undergraduate), 31.4% (Master s), and 31.6% (PhD). 5

NOTES ON THE MEASUREMENTS The research question team made a purposeful decision to measure all sexual assaults since enrolling at CMU as opposed to all sexual assaults that happened on campus. Our intent was to understand our students experiences, no matter where they occurred, in order to determine whether we have appropriate levels of sexual assault resources and support. We wished to learn the impact of sexual assault and relationship violence on our community, and this cannot be done well if we limit to experiences that happen only within our geographical boundaries. Therefore, experiences in this report are always framed as those that happened since enrolling at CMU or before enrolling at CMU. Findings from this study should not be reported elsewhere as those that happened at CMU. Our survey items for sexual assault were informed by the CMU Policy against Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault: Engaging in any physical sexual act perpetrated against a person s will, where that person does not give clear, voluntary consent, or where that person is incapable of giving consent due to drug or alcohol use, or due to intellectual disability SURVEY ITEMS: REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Have you had any of these experiences since you enrolled at CMU? Please include all experiences that happened since you enrolled, no matter how far from the CMU campus they happened. Someone fondled, kissed, or rubbed against the private areas of my body even though I did not want them to Someone performed oral sex on me or made me give them oral sex even though I did not want them to Someone inserted a penis, finger, or object into my vagina or anus even though I did not want them to Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration 6

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY Since they enrolled at CMU, twenty-six percent of undergraduate women have experienced sexual assault (fondling, oral sex, or penetration) which is similar to what has been reported in the media for undergraduate women (page 8) * Before they enrolled at CMU, thirty percent of graduate women experienced sexual assault which is similar to both what CMU undergraduate women experienced since they enrolled at CMU and what has been reported in the media for undergraduate women (page 25) Eight percent of graduate women have experienced sexual assault since they enrolled at CMU (page 8) Nine percent of undergraduate men and three percent of graduate men have experienced sexual assault since they enrolled at CMU (page 8) Less than five percent of each type of assault was reported to CMU for review (page 20) In addition to the low rates of reporting, less than fifteen percent of students told any employee (CaPS, UHS, faculty, staff other than CaPS and UHS) about any type of sexual assault since enrolling (page 20) Between twenty and forty-one percent of students did not make a report for CMU to review because they believed they might be partially at fault or might be mistaken they were assaulted (page 23) Between six percent and one-quarter of students did not make a report for CMU to review because they lacked knowledge of the process, did not trust the people or the process, or did not think they would be believed (page 23) Reports of experiences indicative of relationship violence are far more consistent across gender and degree level than reports of sexual assault (eighteen to twenty-three percent of each group) (page 36) Rates of making a report for CMU to review are less than one percent for experiences indicative of relationship violence (page 39) Less than nine percent of students told any employee (CaPS, UHS, faculty, staff other than CaPS and UHS) about any experience indicative of relationship violence since enrolling (page 39) Reports of committing behaviors indicative of relationship violence very consistent across gender and degree level (nine to twelve percent of each group) (page 44) The majority of CMU s messages about sexual assault and relationship violence are perceived as being conveyed moderately well (page 47) Messages about the sexual assault and relationship violence reporting processes are perceived as having been conveyed slightly well (page 47) For each set of messages (position, support, resources), the message about sexual assault is perceived as better conveyed than the matching relationship violence (page 47) All of CMU s sexual assault and relationship violence resources are perceived as being provided moderately well (page 51) For each set of resources, there is no significant difference between the perception of the sexual assault resource compared to the perception of the relationship violence resource (page 51) Being a woman or having experienced sexual assault or relationship violence since enrolling at CMU each have a negative effect on the perception of how well each of the messages is conveyed and how well each of the resources is provided (page 51) * Please click on the page number for the detailed finding. 7

COMPLETED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Have you had any of these experiences since you enrolled at CMU? Please include all experiences that happened since you enrolled, no matter how far from the CMU campus they happened. Someone fondled, kissed, or rubbed against the private areas of my body even though I did not want them to Someone performed oral sex on me or made me give them oral sex even though I did not want them to Someone inserted a penis, finger, or object into my vagina or anus even though I did not want them to REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences since enrolling at CMU Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Twelve percent of respondents reported experiencing at least one completed sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, ranging from two percent of male graduate students to twenty-six percent of female undergraduates Among the twelve percent who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 438 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, one-third reported experiencing multiple types of assaults 26.0% 277 women 8.1% 50 women 9.2% 87 men 2.5% 24 men 12.1% 438 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 12.1% 11.6% 2.8% 2.6% 2.1% 3.4% 2.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration 8

AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the twenty-six percent of female undergraduates who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 277 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, one-third reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between two and three percent of female undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault 26.0% 25.1% 3.1% 5.0% 2.0% 8.6% 2.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration Rates of being sexually assaulted and of experiencing multiple types of sexual assaults are greater for upperclass students than for underclass students FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE experienced a completed sexual assault of those who experienced a completed sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults FY Soph JR SR 18.9% 24.4% 27.9% 34.0% 29.6% 32.8% 40.3% 40.5% 9

AMONG FEMALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the eight percent of female graduate students who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 50 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, one-quarter reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of female graduate students are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault 8.1% 7.1% 1.6% 1.8% 1.9% 2.3% 1.8% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration Rates of being sexually assaulted and of experiencing multiple types of sexual assaults are greater for doctoral students, whose length of time since enrolling is longer than Master s students, who are typically at CMU no more than two years FEMALE GRADUATE STUDENTS experienced a completed sexual assault of those who experienced a completed sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults Master s Doctoral 5.6% 13.9% 29.2% 19.2% 10

AMONG MALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the nine percent of male undergraduates who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 87 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, one-quarter reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and three percent of male undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault 9.2% 9.0% 2.6% 2.4% 1.6% 1.4% 1.5% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration Although the rates are smaller than among female undergraduates, the pattern is the same such that rates of being sexually assaulted are greater for upperclass students than for underclass students There is no clear pattern of reporting multiple types of assaults by class level, likely related to the small number of reported assaults MALE UNDERGRADUATES experienced a completed sexual assault of those who experienced a completed sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults FY Soph JR SR 4.1% 7.6% 10.5% 15.1% 27.3% 22.2% 38.1% 21.6% 11

AMONG MALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the three percent of male graduate students who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 24 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, twenty percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between three and four percent of male undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault 2.5% 2.2% 3.5% 0.7% 2.9% 0.2% 3.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration The rates of being sexually assaulted are the same for male Master s students as for male doctoral students, despite doctoral students typical longer enrollment than Master s students MALE GRADUATE STUDENTS experienced a completed sexual assault of those who experienced a completed sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults Master s Doctoral 2.1% 3.1% 7.7% 36.4% 12

ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Have you had any of these experiences since you enrolled at CMU? Please include all experiences that happened since you enrolled, no matter how far from the CMU campus they happened. Someone attempted to fondle, kiss, or rub against the private areas of my body even though I did not want them to Someone attempted to perform oral sex on me or make me give them oral sex even though I did not want them to Someone attempted to insert a penis, finger, or object into my vagina or anus even though I did not want them to REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences since enrolling at CMU Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Eighteen percent of respondents reported experiencing at least one attempted sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, ranging from four percent of male graduate students to thirty-eight percent of female undergraduates Among the eighteen percent who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 644 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, one-third reported experiencing multiple types of assaults 38.3% 408 women 11.8% 73 women 13.3% 126 men 3.8% 37 men 17.9% 644 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 38.3% 36.7% 2.7% 7.7% 1.9% 12.6% 2.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attempted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration 13

AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the thirty-eight percent of female undergraduates who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 408 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, one-third reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between two and three percent of female undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 38.3% 36.7% 2.7% 7.7% 1.9% 12.6% 2.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attempted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration Rates of attempted sexual assaults and of experiencing multiple types of sexual assaults are greater among upperclass students than among underclass students The range between first-year students and seniors who experienced an attempted sexual assault is 14.4 points, which is one-half-point less than the range for completed sexual assaults FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES experienced an attempted sexual assault of those who experienced an attempted sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults FY Soph JR SR 30.5% 36.2% 42.6% 44.9% 28.7% 37.0% 36.4% 43.2% 14

AMONG FEMALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the twelve percent of female graduate students who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by penetration and oral sex Of the 73 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, twenty percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of female graduate students are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 11.8% 10.7% 1.8% 1.6% 1.6% 3.1% 1.5% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attempted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration Rates of attempted sexual assaults and of experiencing multiple types of sexual assaults are greater among doctoral students, whose length of time since enrolling is longer than Master s students, who are typically at CMU no more than two years FEMALE GRADUATE STUDENTS experienced an attempted sexual assault of those who experienced an attempted sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults Master s Doctoral 9.8% 16.6% 28.6% 12.9% 15

AMONG MALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the thirteen percent of male undergraduates who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 126 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, thirteen percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and three percent of male graduate students are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 13.3% 12.7% 2.4% 2.4% 1.6% 2.3% 1.8% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attempted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration Although the rates are smaller than among female undergraduates, the pattern is the same such that rates of being sexually assaulted are greater among upperclass students than among underclass students The range between first-year students and seniors who experienced an attempted sexual assault is 16.4 points, which is five-and-one-half-points greater than the range for completed sexual assaults MALE UNDERGRADUATES experienced an attempted sexual assault of those who experienced an attempted sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults FY Soph JR SR 6.0% 11.4% 14.0% 22.4% 18.8% 25.9% 21.4% 21.8% 16

AMONG MALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the four percent of male graduate students who reported an attempted sexual assault, almost all of those assaults were fondling Of the 37 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, fourteen percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults 3.8% 3.4% 3.0% 0.8% 3.1% 0.2% 3.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attempted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration The rates of attempted sexual assault are the same among male Master s students as among male doctoral students, despite doctoral students typical longer enrollment than Master s students MALE GRADUATE STUDENTS experienced an attempted sexual assault of those who experienced an attempted sexual assault, those who reported multiple types of assaults Master s Doctoral 3.1% 5.1% 10.5% 16.7% 17

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPLETED AND ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU Nineteen percent of respondents reported at least one type of attempted or completed sexual assault Forty-one percent of female undergraduates reported any type of assault Thirteen percent of female graduate students reported any type of assault Fourteen percent of male undergraduates reported any type of assault Four percent of male graduate students reported any type of assault SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU experienced either completed or attempted assault experienced completed assault OR experienced completed assault and attempted assault experienced attempted assault only experienced neither completed nor attempted assault Female UG 40.9% 26.0% 14.9% 59.1% Female GR 13.4% 8.1% 5.3% 86.5% Male UG 14.1% 9.2% 4.9% 86.0% Male GR 4.3% 2.5% 1.8% 95.7% ALL 19.3% 12.2% 7.1% 80.7% 18

AMONG ALL STUDENTS: AFFILIATION OF PERPETRATOR IN SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU For more than sixty percent of each type of attempted or completed sexual assault since enrolling at CMU, the respondent indicated the person who did this to them was a current or past member of the CMU community this does not mean the respondents knew or had relationships with the perpetrator, only that they were aware of the perpetrator s affiliation Four to eleven percent of the respondents were not certain of the affiliation of the person who did this to them 71.2% 71.6% 73.1% 67.1% 67.3% 62.8% 11.4% 10.4% 6.5% 3.7% 8.2% 8.0% Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attempted fondling Completed fondling Attempted oral sex Completed oral sex Attempted penetration Completed penetration DIFFERENCES BY SEX: Females report higher rates than males of the perpetrator being part of the CMU community for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault Males report higher rates than females of not knowing the perpetrator s affiliation for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault DIFFERENCES BY DEGREE LEVEL: Undergraduates report higher rates than graduate students of the perpetrator being part of the CMU community for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault Graduate students report higher rates than undergraduates of not knowing the perpetrator s affiliation for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault 19

TELLING OTHERS ABOUT ATTEMPTED OR COMPLETED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU For each type of reported attempted or completed sexual assault type, students were asked separately for each type to indicate whether they told anyone at CMU and whether they told anyone outside of CMU. No, I did not tell anyone was an explicit option and should not be interpreted as the absence of all of other options. AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Less than five percent of each type of attempted or completed sexual assault type is reported to CMU; however, given our measurement of any experience since enrolling not all sexual assaults are within CMU s purview Rates of making a report of a specific type of sexual assault are higher for a completed assault than for an attempted assault of the same type Respondents most frequently tell another student about their experience, followed by telling no one Rates of telling faculty and staff other than CaPS and UHS are very low for each type of sexual assault Rates of telling staff at UHS are highest although still quite low for experiences more likely to have health consequences (completed oral sex and completed penetration) than for those less likely to have health consequences The highest rates for telling any employee of CMU are for staff at CaPS for each type of assault SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU Attempted fondling Completed fondling Attempted oral sex Completed oral sex Attempted penetration Completed penetration Another student No one at CMU CaPS UHS Faculty Staff other than CaPS or UHS CMU report 52.0% 43.4% 2.1% 0.8% 1.5% 1.2% 0.8% 56.2% 36.1% 3.6% 2.4% 1.4% 1.2% 1.9% 28.5% 53.7% 7.3% 3.3% 0.0% 2.4% 1.6% 35.1% 41.5% 12.8% 5.3% 2.1% 2.1% 4.3% 42.4% 43.5% 7.9% 2.8% 1.7% 2.3% 2.8% 54.6% 29.8% 14.1% 8.3% 6.6% 5.0% 4.1% Percentages will not sum to 100% as respondents could select multiple options. 20

Rates of making a report to a law enforcement agency outside CMU are very low for each type of sexual assault Respondents most frequently tell a family member or friend outside CMU about their experience, followed by telling no one Rates of telling a counselor, health care provider or advocate outside CMU are highest for completed oral sex and completed penetration SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU No one outside CMU Family member or friend Counselor, health care provider, or advocate Report to law enforcement agency Attempted fondling Completed fondling Attempted oral sex Completed oral sex Attempted penetration Completed penetration 70.3% 25.3% 2.6% 0.2% 61.5% 32.8% 5.5% 0.5% 62.6% 20.3% 6.5% 0.0% 58.5% 22.3% 10.6% 1.1% 61.0% 26.6% 4.5% 0.6% 46.3% 38.8% 10.7% 0.8% Percentages will not sum to 100% as respondents could select multiple options. Between one-quarter and forty-five percent of students who experience an attempted or completed sexual assault chose to tell no one about their experience SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU Told no one at CMU or outside CMU Attempted fondling 36.7% Completed fondling 26.6% Attempted oral sex 45.5% Completed oral sex 37.3% Attempted penetration 37.9% Completed penetration 24.0% 21

DIFFERENCES BY SEX: Females have higher rates than males of telling anyone and of making a report to CMU for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault Males have higher rates than females of telling no one at either CMU or outside CMU for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault DIFFERENCES BY DEGREE LEVEL: Undergraduates have higher rates than graduate students of telling anyone and of making a report to CMU for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault Graduate students have higher rates than undergraduates of telling no one at either CMU or outside CMU for each type of attempted or completed sexual assault No male graduate student who reported any type of attempted or completed sexual assault told CaPS, faculty, staff other than CaPS or UHS, or made a report or CMU to review 22

REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING COMPLETED OR ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES SINCE ENROLLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: What were the reasons you did not make a report for CMU to review? I did not think CMU had authority over the situation I thought I would not be believed I did not know how to make a report or what would happen after I made a report I did not trust the process or the people involved I did not want the person who did this to get into trouble I was worried the person who did this or their friends would retaliate against me I did not want anyone to know what happened to me It was too traumatic too talk about I thought I might have been mistaken that this was an assault I thought it might have been partially my fault Something else REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Non-reporting reasons No authority Not believed Did not know how No trust Not get person in trouble Retaliation Did not want anyone to know Too traumatic Mistaken Partially my fault Something else AMONG ALL STUDENTS: For each type of assault, between one-quarter and one-third of students indicated they did not believe CMU had authority over the situation, suggesting the assault happened off-campus and did not involve another member of the CMU community The next most reported reasons for not making a report are thinking I might have been mistaken this was an assault and thinking it was partially my fault Between six and twenty-two percent of students did not report because they thought they would not be believed or did not trust the people or the process Between ten and twenty-nine percent of students did not report because they did not know how The least reported reason for each type of assault (between three and fourteen percent) is it was too traumatic to talk about 23

DIFFERENCES BY SEX: Women have higher rates than men of not reporting due to thinking I might have been mistaken this was an assault and thinking it was partially my fault Women have higher rates than men not reporting due to fear of retaliation DIFFERENCES BY DEGREE LEVEL: Graduate students have higher rates than undergraduates of indicating they did not believe CMU had authority over the situation, suggesting the assault happened off-campus and did not involve another member of the CMU community Undergraduates have higher rates than graduate students of not reporting because I might have been mistaken this was an assault and it was partially my fault REASON FOR NOT REPORTING Attempted fondling Completed fondling Attempted oral sex Completed oral sex Attempted penetration Completed penetration My fault 20.3% 26.6% 28.1% 35.6% 30.58% 41.4% No authority 23.3% 25.1% 26.5% 32.2% 29.1% 32.8% Mistaken 23.6% 28.3% 24.0% 27.8% 28.5% 32.8% Did not want anyone to know Did not know how 10.1% 18.3% 23.1% 21.1% 23.3% 29.3% 9.8% 14.9% 14.1% 13.3% 16.7% 24.1% Not believed 5.6% 8.1% 10.7% 13.3% 14.5% 21.6% No trust 9.4% 12.0% 12.4% 11.1% 14.0% 21.6% Not get person in trouble 17.9% 22.2% 20.7% 26.7% 21.5% 21.6% Retaliation 7.6% 10.2% 9.9% 15.6% 15.7% 20.7% Too traumatic 2.6% 4.4% 5.8% 10.0% 6.4% 13.9% Percentages will not sum to 100% as respondents could choose multiple options. 24

COMPLETED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES BEFORE ENROLLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Did you have any of these experiences before you enrolled at CMU? Someone fondled, kissed, or rubbed against the private areas of my body even though I did not want them to Someone performed oral sex on me or made me give them oral sex even though I did not want them to Someone inserted a penis, finger, or object into my vagina or anus even though I did not want them to REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences before enrolling at CMU Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Fourteen percent of respondents reported experiencing at least one completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, ranging from six percent of male undergraduates and graduate students to thirty-percent of female graduate students Among the fourteen percent who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 497 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted before enrolling at CMU, one-quarter reported experiencing multiple types of assaults The rate of completed assaults among female graduate students before enrolling at CMU is consistent with the rate of completed assaults among female undergraduates since enrolling at CMU 30.2% 186 women 19.2% 200 women 6.0% 56 men 5.7% 55 men 14.0% 497 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 14.0% 13.1% 2.2% 3.5% 1.6% 2.6% 1.5% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration 25

AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the nineteen percent of female undergraduates who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 200 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted before enrolling at CMU, one-third reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of female undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU 19.2% 17.9% 1.9% 6.0% 1.2% 4.4% 0.9% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration AMONG FEMALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the thirty percent of female graduate students who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 186 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, one-quarter reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of female graduate students are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU 30.2% 27.9% 1.9% 8.1% 1.3% 4.2% 1.3% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration 26

AMONG MALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the six percent of male undergraduates who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling followed by penetration Of the 56 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted since enrolling at CMU, sixteen percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of male undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU 6.0% 5.9% 1.6% 0.3% 1.5% 1.0% 1.5% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration AMONG MALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the six percent of male graduate students who reported a completed sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling Of the 55 respondents who reported being sexually assaulted before enrolling at CMU, twenty percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between two and three percent of male undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU 5.7% 5.4% 3.2% 0.9% 2.4% 1.0% 2.5% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration 27

ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES BEFORE ENROLLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Did you have any of these experiences before you enrolled at CMU? Someone attempted to fondle, kiss, or rub against the private areas of my body even though I did not want them to Someone attempted to perform oral sex on me or make me give them oral sex even though I did not want them to Someone attempted to insert a penis, finger, or object into my vagina or anus even though I did not want them to REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences before enrolling at CMU Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Fifteen percent of respondents reported experiencing at least one attempted sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, ranging from six percent of male undergraduates to thirty-one percent of female graduates students Among the fifteen percent who reported an attempted sexual assault, the majority of the attempted assaults were fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 539 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, twenty-seven percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults 30.8% 190 women 21.7% 226 women 5.7% 53 men 7.2% 70 men 15.1% 539 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 15.1% 14.0% 2.4% 3.9% 1.7% 2.7% 1.7% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attenpted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration 28

AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the twenty-two percent of female undergraduates who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 226 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, twenty-two percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of female undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 21.7% 20.0% 2.1% 7.1% 1.0% 4.6% 1.1% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attenpted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration AMONG FEMALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the thirty-one percent of female graduate students who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling, followed by oral sex and penetration Of the 190 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, one-quarter percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Approximately one percent of female graduate students are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 30.8% 28.6% 1.3% 7.8% 1.3% 4.2% 1.3% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attenpted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration 29

AMONG MALE UNDERGRADUATES: Among the six percent of male undergraduates who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling Of the 53 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, seventeen percent reported experiencing multiple types of assaults Approximately two percent of male undergraduates are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 5.7% 5.3% 2.2% 0.4% 1.9% 1.1% 1.5% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attenpted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration AMONG MALE GRADUATE STUDENTS: Among the seven percent of male graduate students who reported an attempted sexual assault, the most reported type of assault was fondling Of the 70 respondents who reported an attempted sexual assault before enrolling at CMU, one-quarter experiencing multiple types of assaults Approximately three percent of male graduate students are not certain whether they experienced each type of attempted sexual assault 7.2% 6.7% 3.4% 1.3% 2.6% 1.4% 2.9% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attenpted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration 30

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPLETED AND ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES BEFORE ENROLLLING AT CMU Nineteen percent of respondents reported at least one type of attempted or completed sexual assault Twenty-six percent of female undergraduates reported any type of assault Thirty-nine percent of female graduate students reported any type of assault Nine percent of male undergraduates reported any type of assault Nine percent of male graduate students reported any type of assault BEFORE ENROLLING AT CMU reported completed assault OR completed and attempted assault reported attempted assault only did not report an assault Female UG 19.2% 6.6% 74.2% Female GR 30.2% 8.3% 61.5% Male UG 6.7% 1.9% 91.4% Male GR 5.7% 3.1% 91.2% ALL 14.4% 4.8% 80.8% 31

TELLING OTHERS ABOUT ATTEMPTED OR COMPLETED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES BEFORE ENROLLLING AT CMU Each student who reported an attempted or completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU was asked whether they told at CMU what happened to them before they enrolled at CMU. No, I did not tell anyone was an explicit option and should not be interpreted as the absence of all of other options. AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Less than one percent of respondents who reported an attempted or completed sexual assault before enrolling at CMU told UHS, staff other than UHS or CaPS, or faculty once they enrolled at CMU One-quarter of respondents told another CMU student; seventy percent have told no one at CMU DIFFERENCES BY SEX AND DEGREE LEVEL: Women have higher rates than men of telling CaPS about their experiences before enrolling at CMU Graduate students have lower rates than undergraduates of telling another student about their experiences before enrolling at CMU and higher rates of telling no one about their experiences before enrolling at CMU BEFORE ENROLLNG AT CMU No one Student CaPS UHS Staff Faculty All students 71.7% 24.2% 4.2% 0.9% 0.6% 0.8% Female undergraduates 59.3% 35.9% 6.3% 1.1% 1.1% 1.9% Female graduate students 80.6% 14.8% 4.2% 0.8% 0.4% 0.0% Male undergraduates 79.5% 20.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Male graduate students 80.0% 16.5% 1.2% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% Percentages will not sum to 100% as respondents could select multiple options. 32

COMPLETED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES COMMITTED SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Have you done any of these since you enrolled at CMU? I fondled, kissed, or rubbed against the private areas of someone s body even though they did not want me to I performed oral sex on someone or made them give me oral sex even though they did not want me to I inserted a penis, finger, or object into someone s vagina or anus even though they do not want me to REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences committed since enrolled at CMU Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration AMONG ALL STUDENTS: One percent of respondents reported committing at least one completed sexual assault since they enrolled at CMU, ranging from 0.4 percent of male graduate students to two percent of male undergraduates this does not mean the respondents committed the assault against a CMU community member or on the CMU campus, only that only they committed the assault since they initially enrolled Among the one percent who reported committing a completed sexual assault, the majority of the assaults were fondling Of the 29 respondents who reported committing a completed sexual assault since they enrolled at CMU, one-quarter reported committing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of respondents are not certain whether they committed each type of completed sexual assault 0.5% 5 women 0.5% 3 women 1.8% 17 men 0.4% 4 men 0.8% 29 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 0.8% 0.7% 2.0% 0.2% 1.2% 0.2% 1.3% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Completed sexual assault Completed fondling Completed oral sex Completed penetration 33

ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES COMMITTED SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Have you done any of these since you enrolled at CMU? I attempted to fondle, kiss, or rub against the private areas of someone s body even though they did not want me to I attempted to perform oral sex on someone or make them give me oral sex even though they did not want me to I attempted to insert a penis, finger, or object into someone s vagina or anus even though they do not want me to REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences committed since enrolled at CMU Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Two percent of respondents reported committing at least one attempted sexual assault since they enrolled CMU, ranging from one-half percent of female graduate students to three percent of male undergraduates this does not mean the respondents committed the assault against a CMU community member or on the CMU campus, only that only they committed the assault since they initially enrolled Among the two percent who reported committing an attempted sexual assault, the majority of the assaults were fondling Of the 55 respondents who reported committing an attempted sexual assault since they enrolled at CMU, twenty percent reported committing multiple types of assaults Between one and two percent of respondents are not certain whether they committed each type of attempted sexual assault 1.1% 12 women 0.5% 3 women 3.3% 31 men 0.9% 9 men 1.5% 55 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 1.5% 1.3% 2.3% 0.3% 1.3% 0.4% 1.3% Yes Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Yes I'm not sure Attenpted sexual assault Attempted fondling Attempted oral sex Attempted penetration 34

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPLETED AND ATTEMPTED SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES COMMITTED SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU Two percent of respondents reported committing at least one type of attempted or completed sexual assault One percent of female undergraduates reported committing any type of assault One percent of female graduate students reported committing any type of assault Four percent of male undergraduates reported committing any type of assault One percent of male graduate students reported committing any type of assault COMMITTED SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU reported committing completed assault OR completed and attempted assault reported committing attempted assault only did not report committing an assault Female UG 5 women 7 women 1032 women Female GR 3 women 2 women 609 women Male UG 16 men 18 men 899 men Male GR 4 men 6 men 955 men ALL 28 students 33 students 3495 students 35

EXPERIENCES INDICATIVE OF RELATIONSHIP VIOLENCE SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU SURVEY ITEMS: Have you had any of these experiences since you enrolled at CMU? Please include all experiences that happened since you enrolled, no matter how far from the CMU campus they happened. REFERENCE IN THIS REPORT: Experiences since enrolling at CMU A person I was dating on in a committed relationship with: tried to control who I spent time with tried to prevent me from going home to visit friends or family tried to prevent me from studying, doing homework, or participating in team projects tried to control how I spent my money monitored my phone calls, texts, or social media postings spread lies or rumors about me repeatedly made fun of me or criticized me flirted with someone else in front of me threatened to physically injure me physically injured me pressured me into sexual activity control relationships control visiting family and friends control academic pursuits control money monitor communication spread lies or rumors repeated criticism flirt with others threat of physical injury physical injury pressure into sex Appropriate interpretation of these findings requires understanding the definition of relationship violence a pattern of physically, sexually, or emotionally abusive behaviors used by an individual to gain and maintain power over or control of a partner in an intimate or dating relationship. Although physically abusive acts are those commonly associated with relationship violence, they are part of a larger set of interrelated behaviors designed to exert control, with or without the use of physical force. Although several of the experiences we measured might not be considered violent using the common definition of exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse for example, flirting or repeatedly making fun of or criticizing these experiences are not less worthy of concern than those with a physical or sexual component. Domestic/relationship violence experts do not organize these experiences into a hierarchy as is done within the legal system, in which flirting is not a crime and physically injuring someone is a crime. Rather, these experiences are characterized within a system of abuse depicted in a circular format referred to as the Power and Control Wheel in which the goal of the abuser is to exert control over the other person. In some cases, the goal can be achieved without physical or sexual violence. Defining each of these experiences as those indicative of relationship violence is important because relationships in which abuse is occurring but has not yet escalated into physical or sexual violence are those with the greatest opportunity for successful interventions. 36

AMONG ALL STUDENTS: Twenty-one percent of respondents reported experiences indicative of relationship violence since enrolling at CMU, ranging from eighteen percent of male graduate students to twenty-three percent of female undergraduates The most frequently reported experiences are trying to control who I spent time with (ten percent), flirting with someone else in front of me (eight percent), pressuring me into sexual activity (six percent), controlling academic pursuits (six percent), and repeatedly making fun of me or criticizing me (six percent) Of the 725 respondents who reported experience indicative of relationship violence since enrolling at CMU, fifty-nine percent reported multiple types of experiences Fewer than four percent of any group reported I don t know for a specific experience Reports of experiences indicative of relationship violence are far more consistent across gender and degree level than reports of sexual assault 23.2% 242 women 19.8% 121 women 20.2% 187 men 18.3% 175 men 20.5% 725 students Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL 37

EXPERIENCES INDICATIVE OF RELATIONSHIP VIOLENCE SINCE ENROLLING AT CMU Female UG Female GR Male UG Male GR ALL Control relationships 12% 9% 9% 10% 10% Pressure into sex 10% 5% 4% 3% 6% Flirt with others 9% 7% 9% 5% 8% Control academic pursuits 7% 5% 6% 6% 6% Repeated criticism 6% 7% 5% 5% 6% Monitor communication 5% 4% 4% 6% 5% Spread lies or rumors 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% Threat of physical injury 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% Physical injury 2% 1% 1% 1% 2% Control money 2% 2% 4% 5% 3% Control visiting family and friends 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% Reported any experience 23% 20% 20% 18% 21% Among those who reported an experience, those who reported multiple experiences 58% 55% 59% 64% 59% 38